Overhead Costs: Some Essays in Economic Analysis

abnormal profits advertising argument assets average cost buyers cargoes charter rates co-operative commodity competing competition consumer consumer's surplus consumption coupons department stores distribution economic economies of scale effect efficiency elasticity of demand electricity entrepreneur equal escapable cost excess capacity fact firm fixed charge fluctuations forms of retailing freights increase indivisible cost indivisible expenses industry large shopping centre less licensing loyalty manufacturers marginal cost monopolists monopoly nationalised number of customers number of shops off-peak offer optimum out-of-pocket expense output outward rates patent peak perfect competition price discrimination price maintenance principle problem production profits public corporation purchases quantity discount rail tracks railway rebates reduce resale price maintenance road and rail road transport routes sell seller shipowners ships shopkeeper subsidy sumers supply surplus trade combinations trading stamps traffic transport costs tribunal two-part charging two-part tariff undertaking unit United Kingdom variable charge