6. Give in detail the modern subdivisions of the Laurentian, Cambrian, and Silurian geological systems, with the more characteristic fossils of each.

7. Enumerate as many as you can of the species of fossils peculiar to the London Clay, the Bagshot Sands, the Red Crag, the Aymestry Limestone, and of the cornstone and marl of the Old Red Sandstone.

8. Give the generic characters of Harpes, Catenipora, Ampyx, Asaphus, and Diplograpsus, with the geological range of each.

9. What are the peculiar characteristics and the ranges in time of Favosites, Cystiphyllum, Pleurodyctium, Petraia, and Calceola?

10. Give the generic characters of Coccosteus, Chiracanthus, Diplacanthus, Diplopterus, and Holoptychius, with the geological range of each.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Determine, concerning each of the following names, whether it is univocal or equivocal; singular, general, or collective; abstract or concrete; connotative or non-connotative:

Volume, brotherhood, dictionary, noble, parliament, astronomy, nation, emotion, England, the Legislative Assembly of Victoria, home, truth, the Chief Justice of Victoria, pity, recollection.

2. How would you treat, logically, (a) Exceptive, (b) Exclusive, (c) Indefinite, propositions? Give an example of your treatment of each.

3. Given a minor premiss in E or O, what must be the character of the major premiss in order that a valid conclusion may be drawn in a categorical syllogism? Justify your answer by referring to the principal rules of syllogism.

4. Give an example, in significant terms, of an enthymeme of the second order, expanding it into a

syllogism, then into an epicheirema, and lastly into a Sorites.

5. How would you define a Dilemma? Give examples of the different kinds of Dilemma.

6. On what principle did Hamilton found his doctrine of the quantification of the predicate? Give his list of propositional forms. On what grounds has it been held that no more than five thoroughly quantified propositional forms should be recognised?

7. What is the original meaning of ignoratio elenchi? Mention and describe the principal forms of this fallacy.

8. Examine the following, stating them in logical form, and pointing out fallacies if any :—

(a) Every good government tends to promote the prosperity of the country; the administration of Lord X is not a good government, and therefore has not that tendency.

(b) It is desirable that employment should be provided for all; and therefore, when the work available is insufficient to employ fully those who are willing to labour, the hours of work should be shortened.

(c) His vanity is apparent from his fondness for flattery; for every vain man listens eagerly to

the voice of the flatterer.

(d) The desire for popularity leads to the adoption of liberal opinions. May we conclude, therefore, that among those who do not desire popularity are some who have not adopted liberal opinions?

9. In a certain examination, all candidates taking Latin also took Greek, and those taking mathematics took also natural philosophy. No candidate in natural philosophy took Latin, nor did any candidate entered for Greek take natural philosophy. What, on these premisses, can be asserted (1) of those taking Greek, and (2) of those taking mathematics? Work this question by Jevons's Indirect Method.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. How would you seek to establish the utility of Inductive Logic?

2. Examine Mill's treatment of Relations, showing how this affects his enumeration of Nameable Things.

3. The syllogism is "not the type of reasoning, but a test of it." Explain Mill's position here.

4. Consider fully the importance to be attached to induction per enumerationem simplicem as a method of proof.

5. Investigate the claims which have been made on behalf of the Methods of Agreement and of Difference, that they enable us to single out, from among the circumstances which precede a phenomenon, those with which it is connected by an invariable law.

6. Are we entitled to assert that every modification of a cause involves a change in the effect? Is this assumption made in any of the Methods of Experimental Inquiry as stated by Mill?

7. Show in detail the connection between the Deductive Method and the Explanation of Laws of Nature.

8. Mention different kinds of empirical laws, giving examples of each. Consider the degree of reliance which may justifiably be placed in each kind of empirical law.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.-(2ND YEAR.)

The Board of Examiners.

1. By what methods may the human mind be studied? Show that each method has its characteristic difficulties.

2. What are the general characteristics of mental development? Summarise the process of development of the human intellect.

3. Define perception, and examine the relation of visual to tactual perception.

4. May a concept be properly described as a "typical or generic image?" Give your reasons.

5. Examine the position taken up by Kant in his Transcendental Esthetic, that we know not things in themselves, but appearances only.

6. Explain precisely the function of the Categories, as conceived by Kant, among the elements of our knowledge.

7. Explain the importance attached by Kant to the synthetic unity of apperception.

8. "Ultimate scientific ideas, then, are all representative of realities that cannot be comprehended." On what grounds is this statement made by Spencer? Can it be substantiated?

9. Consider, critically, Spencer's definition of Philosophy as completely-unified knowledge.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.-(3rd Year.)

The Board of Examiners.

1. Mention reasons which have been given against regarding Psychology as a branch of Physiology.