SCHOOL OF LOGIC AND MENTAL AND

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

I.-FORMAL LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. How would you distinguish the problem of Formal Logic from that of Transcendental Logic? And

how is Formal Logic related to the science of Psychology?

2. It has been said that Logic, as a formal science, can borrow nothing from experience. Consider the meaning and accuracy of this statement.

3. Give the theory of the Concept as held by Hamilton, or by Veitch, in its bearing on the problem of Nominalism and Conceptualism.

4. What precisely is the office of the copula in categorical propositions? How would you deal with the statements (a) that the copula should always be regarded as affirmative; (b) that, in a correct analysis of propositions, it should not be separated from the predicate?

5. Show the relation of Disjunctive and Hypothetical propositions. What form, or forms, of the Disjunctive Syllogism would you recognize as valid, and why?

6. Can it be said that every categorical proposition logically implies the existence of objects denoted

by its terms? Consider this question in detail.

7. Reduce the following to logical form, pointing out fallacies, if any :

(a) "In Government, it is good to use men of one rank equally; for to countenance them extraordinarily, is to make them insolent, and the rest discontent; because they may claim a due."

(b)

-BACON.

"The cause must either precede the effect, or be simultaneous with it, or succeed it. The last supposition is absurd, and the second would render it impossible to distinguish the cause from the effect. On the first supposition, the cause must cease before the effect comes into being; but, surely, that which is not cannot be a cause. Either, then, there is no cause for any effect, or we are unable to discover it."

8. How would you deal, in Symbolic Logic, with a statement in which disparate terms are equated? Justify your answer, and consider its bearing on the analysis of complicated symbolic statements.

9. It is the rule of a certain library, that all books may be lent out to subscribers, with the exception of new works of reference, and works which are at once old and rare. Give the fullest description possible on these data of all the old books which the library may possess, working out the question symbolically by Venn's inverse process.

II.-INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Point out the connexion between Mill's analysis of Things denoted by names, and his analysis of the Import of Propositions.

2. Mention reasons which have been given for and against the conclusion that the axioms of geometry are inductions from physical facts.

3. Compare the treatment of the Method of Agreement by Mill and Venn respectively.

4. When it is found by experience that a given effect can always be obtained when certain circumstances are present, what method, or methods, may be employed in excluding indifferent circumstances from the actual conditions of the event? Illustrate your answer.

5. Enumerate, with any comments, the postulates which Venn considers necessary for a material system of Logic.

6. Do laws of sequence and coexistence exhaust the range and significance of the Uniformity of Nature, or must we admit uniformities of other kinds? Consider this question in connexion with the answer given to it by Venn.

7. State the characteristics of Explanation (a) of facts; (b) of laws. Are explanation and verification ever one and the same thing?

8. Write a short essay on the value of Hypothesis in scientific discovery.

III.-PSYCHOLOGY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Do you consider that the localization of the cerebral conditions of mental facts should form part of the science of Empirical Psychology? Give your reasons.

2. State, and examine, arguments which have been used in favour of the doctrine of unconscious mental modifications.

3. Explain, psychologically, the conditions of our acquisition of a knowledge of Space.

4. Give the law of association by contiguity, as stated by Sully, with any comments.

5. What is the nature of Judgment, and what its psychological relation to Conception?

6. On what grounds has it been held that a basis for Psychology must be sought in Metaphysics?

7. Admitting the unity of consciousness, may it be regarded as a resultant of many components? Consider Lotze's answer to this question.

8. Re-produce Lotze's theory of the local signs connected with visual sensations.

IV.—METAPHYSICS.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Explain the place occupied by the Schemata in Kant's Transcendental Analytic.

2. State, as precisely as you can, the distinction taken by Kant between phenomena and noumena.

3. Examine, critically, Kant's view of the nature and source of Transcendental Illusion.

4. Explain the attitude of Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, towards the necessity of nature and the causality of freedom.

5. What, in Caird's view, is the essential truth which Kant had to express in insisting on a priori factors of experience? And by what imperfection was it chiefly marred?

6. It has been remarked that the possibility of science and of morality rests on the universality of consciousness. Explain and comment on this

statement.