Abolitionists, 160; first convention
of, 164; denounced in Democratic
platform, 165; petitions of, 222,
223, 277; as a political party, 261,
265; Lincoln denounced by, 344
Adams, John, elected President, 10,
125; exponent of centralization,
28; account of a caucus by, 120
Adams, John Quincy, brilliant career
of, 139; candidate for Presidency,
140; elected President, 142; in
Congress, 163

Alaska, purchase of, 418
Alien Law, 10, 28, 60

American Republican Party, 180, 246,
265

Anti-Catholic agitation, 179, 197, 244,
247

Anti-Federalist Party, 11, 15

Anti-Masonic agitation, 145, 242; end

of, 153

Cabinet, first meeting, 9
Calhoun, early political views, 105;
advocacy of state rights, 107, 113,
115, 221; opposition to tariff, III,
210; nullification doctrine an-
nounced, 112, 211; elected senator,
119, 218; Secretary of War, 141;
candidate for Presidency, 141, 172;
opposition to Jackson, 152, 153;
withdrawal from Senate, 172; re-
turn in 1850, 188, 225; advocacy
of slavery, 207, 223; support of the
administration of Madison, 208;
opposition to Adams, 208; as Vice
President, 210; letter to Governor
Hamilton, 217; as senator, 218;
debate with Webster, 219, 234;
written works, 224; theories of,
compared with Webster's, 240
California, admission of, 186, 282
Carpet-bag government, 397
Caucus, method of, in New England,
120; congressional, in selection of
President, 123, 125, etc. (criticism
of, 130, 134, 142; failure of, in
1820, 134; given up, 143, 424);
legislative, 143, 424

Centralization of power, 16, 18, 22,
72, 79

Citizenship, as determined by the
14th amendment, 391
Civil service reform, 415, 441
Civil War, 326; lesson of, 334; Sum-
ter bombarded, 342; extent of, 344;
effects of, 386, 405; Constitutional
amendments resulting from, 390;
issues growing out of, 406
Clay, Henry, supporter of centraliza-
tion, 107, 112; as a peacemaker,
119, 186; early career, 135; Speaker
of House of Representatives, 136;
political views, 136; candidate for
Presidency, 135, 147, 149, 151, 153,
159, 169, 184, 263; triumvirate with

Calhoun and Webster, 156; quarrel
with Tyler, 167; withdrawal from
Senate, 169; views on slavery, 174;.
views on Texas question, 174, 177;
Compromise of 1850, 186

Cleveland, Grover, elected President,
264; stand against free coinage of
silver, 408, 412

Clinton, De Witt, candidate for the

Vice Presidency, 127, 128; can-
didate for the Presidency, 100,
132

Compromise of 1850, 186, 282, 286
Confederate States of America, con-
stitution of, 342

Congressional campaign committee,
131

Conservatism against radicalism, 241
Constitution, first amendments, 8, 10,

26; interpretation of, in party or-
ganization, 9, 12; loose and strict
construction, 12, 15, 102, 333; op-
position to ratification, 24; 13th
amendment, abolishing slavery, 331,
368, 390; 14th amendment, 375,
384, 391; 15th amendment, 395,
396, 403

Constitutional Convention, 5
Constitutional Union Party, 248, 305
Continental Congresses, 421
Counties, 20

Dallas, Alexander J., 7

"Dark Horse" candidate for Presi-
dency, first triumph of, 178; Pierce
nominated as, 192, 193
Davis, Jefferson, leader of the South,
300, 301, 303; elected President of
the Confederacy, 342

Delegate convention, first, for Presi-
dential nominations, 146, 150, 152,
243

Democratic national convention, first,
152; two-thirds rule adopted, 153;
second, 155; apportionment, 155;
third, 164; in 1844, 175; in 1848,
182; in 1852, 192; in 1856, 198;
in 1860, 299; unit rule rejected,
300; Seceders' convention, 303,
305; in 1864, 347; in 1868, 387
Democratic Party, sweeping victory
of, in 1820, 101; platform in 1840,
denouncing Abolitionists, 165; plat-
form in 1852, 193; acceptance of

Compromise of 1850, 195; plat-
form in 1856, 199; attitude toward
state rights, 204, 340; divided on
the slavery issue, 205, 293, 300, 305,
341; strict construction favored by,
334, 348, 405; declaration for bi-
metallism, 408, 412; position on
the tariff, 412; attitude toward ex-
pansion, 418, 419; attitude toward
trusts, 420; rule of, 436; debt
owed to, 439

Democratic societies, 6, 60
Douglas, Stephen A., 196; exponent
of popular sovereignty, 284, 294;
political views of, 285, 292; de-
bates with Lincoln, 290, 299, 318,
320; elected senator, 292; loyal
to the Union, 297; candidate for
Presidential nomination, 298, 301,
302; nominated, 305; defeated, 313
Dred Scott decision, 288, 392

Electoral college, 124, 422; failure
of, to elect a President, 126, 142,
428; vote in, compared with popu-
lar vote, 263, 313, 427; method
followed in electing a President,
428

Electoral Commission of 1877, 432
Emancipation, gradual, urged by Lin-

coln, 321, 329; demand of the
North for, 330; proclamation of,
331, 390; attitude in Virginia to-
ward, 389

Embargo Act, 14, 35

England, development of self-govern-
ment in, 16

Expansion question, 418

Federal Convention, 5, 421

Federal regulation of business in-
terests, 420, 441
Federalist, the, 25, 71

Federalist Party, 11, 15, 42, 46, 50, 99,

127, 131, 418, 436, 437, 438
Fillmore, Millard, nominated for
Vice Presidency, 184; becomes
President, 194; candidate for
Presidential nomination, 194; nom-
inated, 198, 248
Financial legislation, 406
Foreign relations, 416

Free Democratic movement, 181
Free trade, convention favoring, 113

Free-Soil Party, 195, 249, 261
Freedmen's Bureau bill, 371
Fremont, John C., nominated for
President, 201, 346

Garrison, William Lloyd, 157, 162,
249, 276

Genêt, results of his visit to America,
6

Georgia, assertion of state sovereignty,
27

Gold Democratic movement, 253
Gold standard, 407

Government control of productive
utilities, 420, 441

"Grandfather clause," 399, 402
Grant, Ulysses S., elected President,
339, 340; report to Johnson on the
South, 368; Secretary of War, 380;
nominated for Presidency, 387
Greece, decentralization in, 16
Greenback Party, 256, 420; alliance
with Labor Party, 257
Greenbacks, 255, 409, 410

Habeas corpus, Lincoln's suspension
of writ of, 327, 332
Hamilton, Alexander, exponent of
centralization, 19, 22, 25, 26, 68;
opposed to Alien and Sedition
Laws, 30; opposition to Burr, 44;
death, 45; financial policy, 59;
leadership and views of, 64; bril-
liant career, 67; plan of govern-
ment, 70; the Federalist articles,
71; dissatisfaction with the Con-
stitution, 72; in the New York
convention, 75; Secretary of the
Treasury, 76; petulance in defeat,
80; aims, 81; compared with Jeffer-
son, 82; criticism of Adams's ad-
ministration, 126

Harrison, William Henry, candidate
for Presidency, 157, 160; pictur-
esque campaign, 166; death, 167
Hartford Convention, 48
Hawaii, annexation of, 418
Hayes-Tilden election dispute, 428
Hayne, Robert Y., supporter of state
sovereignty, 112; debate with Web-
ster, 113; governor of South Caro-
lina, 119
Henry, Patrick, opposition to ratifi-
cation of the Constitution, 24, 84;

Jay's treaty, 9, 60

Jefferson, Thomas, and the Kentucky
Resolutions, II, 30; elected Presi-
dent, 13, 33, 125, 126; the Louisi-
ana purchase, 14; exponent of
decentralization, 19, 22, 26, 29, 32;
policy in appointments to office, 34,
61; leadership and views of, 51;
public services, 54; writer of Dec-
laration of Independence, 55; work
for religious freedom, 56; attitude
toward slavery, 57, 270, 276; atti-
tude toward the Constitution, 59;
strained relations with Washing-
ton, 59; inconsistency between his
views and his administrative acts,
61; founder of State University of
Virginia, 62; opposition to a na-
tional bank, 78; compared with
Hamilton, 82

Johnson, Andrew, nominated for
Vice Presidency, 346; loyalty to
the Union, 347, 361; becomes
President, 361; efforts toward Re-
construction, 362; opposed by Con-
gress, 365; first annual message,
366; vetoes, 371, 374, 377, 378, 382,
384, 385; proclamation ending the
war, 372; attack on Stevens, 374;
appeal to the people, 375; growing
opposition to, 376; third annual
message, 379; quarrel with Stanton,

380; impeachment trial, 380, 382;
proclamation of pardon, 384; views
for and against, in quarrel with
Congress, 385

Kansas-Nebraska agitation, 196, 282,

286

Kentucky Resolutions, 11, 30, 104
Know-Nothing Party, 197, 247, 305
Kuklux Klan, 397

Labor and capital, 419
Labor Party, 243, 257
Liberal Republican movement, 253
Liberty Party, 166, 180, 248
Lincoln, Abraham, votes for and
against, 205, 206, 339, 347; democ-
racy of, 206; elected President,
283, 313, 341; views on Dred Scott
decision, 290, 323; debates with
Douglas, 290, 299, 318, 320; de-
feated for the Senate, 292; Repub-
lican leader, 307, 310, 325; nomi-
nated for Presidency, 312; early
career, 314; democracy of, 316,
324; attitude toward slavery, 316,
318; in Congress, 317; candidate
for the Senate, 319; views on the
Union, 326, 330; argument against
secession, 328; gradual emanci-
pation urged, 329; emancipation
proclaimed, 331; executive prerog-
atives extended, 332; fitness for
Presidency, 335; opposed by Abo-
litionists, 344; renomination, 346;
reëlected, 347; views on Recon-
struction, 348, 356; proclamation
of pardon, 350; disagreement with
Senate on Reconstruction, 352;
denounced in the Wade- Davis
manifesto, 354; last speech, 358;
death, 359
Locofocos, 244

Louisiana, Reconstruction in, 351, 355
Louisiana purchase, 14, 418

McKinley, William, elected President,
409

Madison, James, and the Virginia
Resolutions, II, 31; exponent of
centralization, 25, 84; in the War
of 1812, 40, 130; elected President,
100, 128, 132
Maine, prohibition in, 250

Marshall, John, and state sovereignty,
27, 38; views on implied powers in
the Constitution, 72; judicial mind
of, 83; public services, 84; expo-
nent of centralization, 85, 96; ad-
vocate of a strong judiciary, 86;
Chief Justice, 87; opinions of con-
temporaries on his work, 96; place
in history, 97

Massachusetts and the Embargo Act,
36, 47

Missouri Compromise, 277; repealed,
196, 282, 286, 298

Money, theories of, in politics, 254;
specie payments, 256, 410; phases
of discussions on, 406; electorate
not controlled by, 441

Monroe, James, elected President,
IOI; first candidacy for Presidency,
129; Secretary of State, 130; nomi-
nated for Presidency, 133, 242
Monroe Doctrine, 417
Municipal ownership of public utili-
ties, 441

Native Republican Party, 180
Nativist movement, 179
Negroes, free, 388, 389; right of
suffrage, 394, 397

New England, in the controversy over
state rights, 13, 36, 42, 46; early
governments in, 19; measures for
defense in the War of 1812, 47;
nominations by caucus in, 121
New Hampshire, assertion of state
sovereignty, 28

Newspapers, earliest, 122
Nomination processes, 120
Nullification, in the Kentucky Reso-
lutions, 30; formal pronouncement
of doctrine of, 112, 114, 211; Ordi-
nance of, 116; opposition to, 118,
218

Parties, political, in the United States
as contrasted with Europe, 1; ear-
liest organizations, 7; in the con-
troversy over state rights, 12, 19,
27; development in Jefferson's ad-
ministration, 34, 60; new alignment
after overthrow of the Federalists,
103; election machinery devel-
oped, 122, 133; change of front
in Jackson's administration, 203;

conservative and radical, 241; third,
242,260,262,265; numerical equality
of the two leading, 262, 438; in-
fluence of slavery on, 341; prin-
ciples of division of, 436; control
of government by, 436; criticism
of, 439; necessity of, 442
Pennsylvania, assertion of state sover-
eignty, 38; in the Bank controversy,
103; early nomination processes,

121

People's Party, 259, 420
Phillips, Wendell, disunion demanded
by, 187; candidate for governor of
Massachusetts, 257

Pierce, Franklin, nominated for Pres-
idency, 193; elected, 196; ad-
ministration of, 196; candidate for
renomination, 199

Platform, party, earliest form of, in

an address to the people, 148, 150,
153; first regular, 151
Polk, James K., nominated for Presi-
dency, 175; elected, 178
Popular sovereignty, doctrine of, 284,
294; in the Democratic convention
of 1860, 301
Populism, 259

President, nomination of (by con-
gressional caucus, 123, 125, etc.;
by nominating convention, 132; by
legislative resolution or caucus, 143;
by legislative convention, 143; by
state convention, 144; by delegate
convention, 146); methods of elect-
ing, proposed in the Federal con-
vention, 422; methods of selecting
electors of the, 423; method of
electing, 428; failure to elect, 428
Presidential succession, 166, 428
Prohibition Party, 249, 264, 265

Quids, 242

Radicalism against conservatism, 241
Randolph, John, of Roanoke, 9; leader

of the House, 35; opposition to
Madison, 100; opposition to tariff,
III; opposition to caucus method,
128, 129; leader of the Quids, 242
Reconstruction, problem of, 348;
Lincoln's steps toward, 349; views
of the Senate on, 351; Congres-
sional plan for, 353; Lincoln's

position on, strengthened, 355;
Johnson's steps toward, 362; Con-
gressional Committee on, 367; rad-
ical plan for military control of, 377
(plan adopted, 378); opposite views
of, 385
Representatives, House of, in election
of President, 126, 142; from slave
and free states, 280; in impeach-
ment trials, 382; apportionment in,
392
Republican national convention, first,
201; in 1860, 306; majority rule
adopted, 308; in 1864, 346; in 1868,
387
Republican Party, victory of, over the
Federalists, 122, 125; new form of,
arising out of slavery discussions,
200, 341; first platform, denouncing
slavery, 201; strong showing of, in
its first campaign, 202, 249; rule of,
since 1860, 249, 437; never a third
party, 261; position of, in 1860, 308;
broad construction adopted, 334,
347, 405; sectional character of,
338; control of, in South, 398; posi-
tion on the money question, 408;
position on the tariff, 412; attitude
toward expansion, 418; attitude
toward trusts, 420; debt owed to,
438

Revolution, effects of the, 18
Rhode Island, tardy ratification of the
Constitution, 24

Rome, centralization in, 16

San Domingo, question of annexing,
418
Scott, Winfield, 194; nominated for
Presidency, 195; defeated, 247
Secession, right of, first declared, 115;
reaffirmed, 117; accomplished, 283,
342; convention favoring, 303, 305;
Lincoln's views on, 326, 348, 356
Sedition Law, 10, 29, 60

Senate, in election of Vice President,
159; equilibrium of, related to
slavery, 186, 279; views on Re-
construction, 351; in impeachment
trials, 383

Seward, William H., speech on the
Compromise of 1850, 191; attitude
toward the Catholics, 245; Repub-
lican leader, 306; candidate for