suffrage, and, though she has smashed no windows, she journeyed to London in the summer of 1910 to march with sister suffragettes in the great world's woman suffrage demonstration. The same year she attended, as a delegate from Michigan, the world's conferences of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the missionary societies, at Glasgow and Edinburgh, respectively. Then she stole away for a few days to sleepy little Ofvertornea to visit her old mother, who little realizes the active part which her Kreeta is playing in the life of the new world.

It is not to be expected that one could accomplish as much as Miss Walz has done during her labors of more than a quarter of a century in the north country without arousing envy and jealousy. Many of her sisters of the more fashionable women's clubs cannot forget that she is a "roundhead." They whisper, too, that Miss Walz has amassed a fortune through her philanthropies. Miss Walz does not deny that she can write her check for six figures; that she owns some of the most valuable business property in Calumet and expects to own more, but she asks that charges against her come from those whom she has striven to help, through practical

methods, and not from those who have remained inactive when there was so much to be done. Miss Walz is aggressive; business-like and self-assertive. Yet she

is not masculine. She has never married because, she says, she has been too busy

busy from the day when she trudged on skis over the hills of the Portage Lake mining locations selling sewing machines and steamer tickets to the people of Suomi, to the present day, when in her handsome offices in Calumet she receives daily reports from the scores of business enterprises and reform movements and charitable institutions in which she is interested. And, with several thousand Finnish votes at her back, she is a power in politics.

To-day the status of the Finns in northern Michigan has entirely changed. In business, politics, and in the professions, they are more than holding their own. They have been found to be composed of the same stuff from which has been made such satisfactory citizens of the Norsemen, Swedes, Danes, and Germans. The term "roundhead" is no longer applied in scorn. and everywhere the Finns have become valued and welcome members of society. And Maggie Walz has lived to see her dreams come true.

MR

ORE than a score of men now in the Government's service have sacrificed millions that might have been theirs, because they have felt that public duty outweighs all possible private gain. They are the inventors of utilitarian articles that might have been sold to the public or to the Government at handsome prices. Some inventors in the Government's service have claimed all

possible profits from their inventions even men in the War Department and in the Navy Department who had been trained by the Government from their early youth at West Point or Annapolis. But most of the men of whom I speak have trained themselves, have studied extensively at home and abroad, have spent much time and money in independent investigation, and have subsequently made inventions while drawing salaries from the

Government. That the inventor was poor, that the thing he had called into being was of very great money value, and that he was in no way bound to turn it over, has seemed to make no difference.

There is the case, for instance, of Prof. Charles E. Munroe, the inventor of smokeless powder. During the Harrison Administration, the United States found itself greatly embarrassed because the powder that it used for military purposes was very much inferior to the powder used by France and Germany. This country was then using a powder that produced so much smoke that it would obscure the view when a battle was on. The trouble was that more than 50 per cent. of the material failed of combustion at the moment of discharge and not only did not perform any service but created inconvenient masses of smoke.

Professor Munroe was at that time chemist to the torpedo corps and was assigned to the naval torpedo station of the War College. He was a thoroughly trained scientist and had served for a decade as professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy. A quarrel was at that time in progress between the War and Navy departments because the War Department had demanded that it be given. the torpedo station. The Navy Department protested and, that it might have a basis for holding the station, urged the importance of its work in the development of a smokeless powder. The station really had been doing little toward developing a smokeless powder. Having made a claim, however, it decided upon an attempt to make good upon it. Mr. Benjamin Mr. Benjamin F. Tracy, Secretary of the Navy under Harrison, asked Professor Munroe to make the necessary experiments, and gave him all the time and money he needed.

In two years the powder was evolved. Professor Munroe found that powder makers mixed various substances the chemical union of which, when ignited, converted them into expanding gases which produced the explosion. The union was always so imperfect that much material was left over in the form of smoke. Professor Munroe concluded that such a union would always be incomplete and that

there consequently would always be smoke. If he could get a single chemical element that would produce the proper sort of power in changing from the solid to the gaseous form, the ignition would be complete, and no matter left over as smoke.

Not only must this chemical substance. flare from the solid to the gaseous form, without leaving any residue, but it must do so in just the right way to throw a bullet farther. Dynamite, for instance, is much stronger than gunpowder, but it explodes so suddenly that it would burst any gun. Gunpowder must ignite with a push. The first few particles that ignite should start a projectile on its way and every remaining particle should give it an additional kick to increase its velocity.

When the proper chemical was at last developed and turned over to the Navy, there was great rejoicing in the military branches of the Government. Here was a single invention that put the United States on a different war basis from a world standpoint. Near the close of President Harrison's administration, in summing up its accomplishments, he declared that his greatest pride was that smokeless powder had been invented while he was President and by a government expert.

Yet this inventor, who placed the Nation on a new war footing, was entirely without reward. He was even forced to spend his own money in protecting his inventions from men who might find it profitable to seize upon them and subsequently levy tribute upon the Government for smokeless powder. Professor Munroe urged the Government to protect these inventions. The Government completely failed to do so. The inventor realized that some manufacturer of powder might at any moment seize upon his methods, patent them, and not only deprive the Nation of all benefit but the inventor of all credit. He therefore completed his patents at his own expense, at a cost of nearly a thousand dollars, and then turned the patents over to the Government. He has never been recompensed for the money spent in thus protecting the Government against its own carelessness.

The value of this invention is almost

beyond computation. All the powder that the United States uses is manufactured under it. If the invention had come into the possession of a manufacturer it would have given him an indefinite monopoly that would have been worth a great many millions of dollars. Yet its inventor did not even continue to hold a position in the government service. Soon after the invention was completed he took a position in George Washington University and has been connected with that institution ever since.

Dr. Marion Dorset, a young scientist of the Department of Agriculture, invented a serum that will go far toward making hogs immune to cholera, a complaint which has caused the death of fifteen million dollars' worth of them every year in the United States alone. Dr. Dorset is a biochemist of the bureau of animal industry, Department of Agriculture. Hog cholera had long baffled scientists. It was supposed to be caused by germs, but the bacteria had never been isolated because they were so minute. It was after years of scientific research that Dr. Dorset finally isolated the specific germ of hog cholera, and having done so was in a position to experiment with various antitoxins and develop one that would counteract it. When the desired serum was developed, its inventor took out patents which would effectively protect it. This was done to prevent some private individual patenting the serum and exploiting it. The world at large was then informed that it had the inventor's permission to make, sell, or use the serum. Thus all manufacturers have been put upon the basis of an open competition in supplying farmers with preventive measures against one of their worst enemies.

Formerly, when hog cholera broke out there was no method of stopping its spread. And it was one of the most deadly of all diseases of swine. To-day, when an epidemic starts, it is necessary only to treat all the hogs surrounding the centre of the epidemic and the disease never gets through this belt of immunity. Inoculation with the serum is practically an unfailing specific against infection.

This same young scientist has other inventions to his credit. One of the duties of the bureau of animal industry is to inspect all meats that go into interstate trade. Every packing house in the country that does a business that crosses state lines is subject to this inspection. Every piece of meat that goes out of such a packing house must have the Government's stamp indelibly upon it.

The inspectors formerly used tags. The manufacture of these tags under contract cost the Government $60,000 a year. Dr. Dorset evolved an ink which he did not patent because of the necessity of keeping the method of its manufacture secret. It is made by the government. Stamps for use with this ink were also invented by Dr. Dorset and these are used in placing the government mark upon meat. The invention saved the Government nearly the entire $60,000 a year and gave it a method of marking meat that was superior to the old method.

Yet this young scientist, with these inventions to his credit, is working in a government laboratory in Washington on a salary. He has derived no profit whatever from his inventions.

A very interesting experiment is now being tried by a.patriotic inventor, Mr. F. G. Cottrell, who works for the Government in the Bureau of Mines. Mr. Cottrell is a scientist, also, and has been a college professor. He has made an invention which is probably worth millions of dollars. He is more interested in science than in the amassing of wealth, and has consequently donated his invention to the benefit of science rather than attempt to realize upon it personally. His method of doing this has been to turn his patents over to the Smithsonian Institution under an arrangement whereby that institution is to receive all royalties. Thus, instead of giving the invention to the Government, he has given it to a semi-governmental institution which is to realize upon it and use the money so made in furthering science and inventions.

Mr. Cottrell's invention is a condenser, to be attached to the chimneys or smokestacks of industrial plants of all kinds and to take from the smoke or fumes whatever

physical properties they may have. If a plant manufactures cement, whatever dust particles are escaping will be precipitated if this condenser is used. If the condenser is fitted to a chimney in a city that is fighting the smoke nuisance, that chimney will cease to smoke. If it is fitted to the smokestack of a battleship, that ship will never be betrayed through smoke. If it is attached to a smelter it will prevent the escape of sulphur fumes which poison vegetation and of lead which causes the death of much livestock about such plants. In fact, the application of the principles of this invention is so wide and the need has long been so great for some such device, that scientists believe that the Smithsonian Institution will be greatly enriched by the royalties from its sale. This invention is based upon the principle of electrical polarization. Sheets

of iron or other metal, four or five inches apart, are inserted into a chimney. In this way positives and negatives are set up between these plates, and the fine particles of matter that are passing through the flue are flung against these metal sheets by the action of electricity upon suspended particles.

To utilize Mr. Cottrell's invention, the chimney must be rigged with two flues in which the magnets are placed. When one set of plates is laden with the matter that it has condensed, the second flue is brought into action and the plates of the first are shaken down and cleaned.

Very often this condensation of escaping material is profitable. At one small plant the saving in sulphuric acid that was reclaimed amounted to $120 a month. A cement plant, which had been declared a nuisance because of the dust it scattered over the countryside, after applying the condenser not only ceased to be a nuisance but saved the material that had been escaping through its flues. Much to the surprise of its owners this escaping matter was found to be rich in potash and is now being used in the manufacture of fertilizer. Practically every manufacturing plant has trouble with its flues and wastes material through them, which the application of this invention may turn into profitable by-products.

Mr. Logan Waller Page is chief of the government's office of public roads. That office has long studied the composition of various materials that may go into the surfacing of a road or the building of bridges and culverts. In this latter connection it has devoted a great deal of study to the manufacture of concretes and cements. It was in the prosecution of these studies that Mr. Page happened upon the invention of a waterproof cement.

Ordinary cement is more or less porous and not well adapted to construction in which it is important that water should be kept in or kept out. The principle upon which Mr. Page's waterproof cement is based was the mixture of certain amounts of oil with the cement as it was prepared for use. After it had hardened into stone the cement still retains its oily nature and repels water. Water spilled upon a floor made of this cement rolls up into little globules instead of being absorbed and keeping it wet. If a tank is built of ordinary cement more or less water will ooze out of it. If it is built of this waterproof cement, however, it will hold water indefinitely. The advisability of facing such a structure as the Gatun Dam with waterproof cement or of surfacing a bridge with it or of walling a cellar or lining a cistern with it is obvious.

No sooner was this invention announced than Mr. Page received many handsome offers from private sources for his invention. These he declined in accordance with the unwritten law of the Department of Agriculture. The invention is protected from monopoly, but the public is freely given permission to use the cement for whatever purpose it may desire.

Another patriotic inventor of the Department of Agriculture is Mr. J. W. T. Duvel, who is the Government's authority upon grain standardization. It is not generally known, except among grain dealers, that the moisture in wheat or barley or oats may make a difference of from 5 to 75 per cent. in its weight. given quantity of wheat weighing 20 per cent. more than another given quantity may have in it no more flour-making materials. The two quantities should have an identical value. As weight is the

A

current measure of grain, it is necessary that there should be some method of determining the amount of moisture in every case. Mr. Duvel invented a moisture tester which has come into general use and the principle of which is applied in instruments used in practically every grain elevator in the United States.

The moisture test is based upon a very simple principle. A small quantity of grain is placed in a receptacle containing an oil which has a boiling point far above that of water. When this oil is heated, the water boils and in a few moments is converted into steam. This steam is caught and reduced again to water, and its weight in proportion to the weight of the sample gives the basis for figuring the amount of moisture in the grain.

This invention has done a great deal toward making it possible to standardize grain. The Government is most anxious to bring about this standardization and thereby place the grain business upon the basis of the exact grain content. Mr. Duvel's invention has done much toward accomplishing this end but it has been of no profit whatever to its inventor. Had he patented it as an individual and manufactured the instruments for this moisture test, he would have been able to get a large price for them.

Many complicated inventions have been made by men in the government service that are useful chiefly in that service: for instance, the rotary printing press for stamps, which is a most remarkable piece of machinery but which is of little value outside the Government's Bureau of Engraving and Printing, because that is the largest postage stamp factory in the United States. The director of the bureau, however, estimates that the development of this machine has been worth a million dollars to the Government.

Into this machine runs a band of white paper which emerges at the other end in the form of postage stamps ready for use. They are so printed as to defy the counterfeiter, they are perforated ready for tearing apart, and they are gummed on the back. The machine even counts the stamps and registers that count. Mr. Benjamin R. Stickney is the inventor

of this press. He is a veteran employee of the Government's money factory, but has received no remuneration for the development of this complicated and valuable machine.

Another very intricate machine that is used almost exclusively by the Government was developed in the Geodetic Survey. It automatically figures the time and degrees of maximum and minimum of tides at any given place. In computing such a problem as the moment of highest tide at Santa Catalina at some date five years hence, nineteen elements must be taken into consideration. This tide-predicting machine figures all these elements and automatically turns out the correct answer. One man operates this machine, and it works out all the Government's figures of high and low tides for the entire American coast. The machine takes the place of thirty computers that would otherwise be required to do the work. Thus the Government, through this machine, is saving the salaries of twenty-nine men— which, at the rate of $1,200 a year, would amount to an expenditure of $34,800 a year. It has been doing this for thirty years and the saving will probably continue indefinitely. Mr. William Farrell, a genius for figures and mechanical devices, worked out and patented the machine. For this he was never in any way rewarded.

The extraordinary invention of the multiplex telephone, by Major Squier, of the Signal Corps of the United States Army, which demonstrates the possibility of sending many telephone messages over the same wire at the same time, opens a new era in the development of the telephone. Engineers believe that it has great commercial possibilities. Major Squier took the position, however, that he developed the principle upon which his inventions were based while in the Government's service and that the Government was entitled to all their benefits. He therefore turned his patents over to the Government.

Other inventors in the army and the navy have, on principle, turned over inventions to the Government, though this rule is not rigidly adhered to in those de