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Dayis was tried in London for forging Bank of England notes, Mr. Flynn went to England and was able to identify him as the red-bearded man whom he had seen watching the bank in Grand Street in New York the day the five-pound counterfeits had been offered for exchange. Davis had collapsed entirely on hearing Mr. Flynn's testimony, had confessed his guilt, and had been allowed to turn State's evidence, while the other members of the most troublesome gang of counterfeiters that had ever menaced the Bank of England had been sentenced to long terms in prison.

Mr. Flynn had kept Davis in mind. He had ascertained who were his associates in this country, and he kept an eye on them, anticipating that Davis would be unable permanently to wean himself from the profitable occupation of counterfeiting. As Davis was well known to the English police, Mr. Flynn guessed that he would be as likely as not to set up his next plant in the United States. In the fall of 1903, counterfeit ten-dollar bills were discovered to be in circulation in Massachusetts, and simultaneously Mr. Flynn's agents reported that Davis was in the country. Through his former associates Davis was traced to Revere, a suburb of Boston. A comfortable cottage sheltered a small but well-equipped counterfeiting plant. Evidence was gathered against every suspicious acquaintance of Davis, and in December the place was raided. As the back door was broken down a little man with a red beard rushed into the kitchen and right up against the muzzle of Mr. Flynn's revolver.

"Why, John Davis," said Mr. Flynn, with a laugh, "you ought to be ashamed. of yourself."

The little man began to whimper, and told Mr. Flynn all his history since his trial in London the previous year. Scotland Yard had sent him to Australia, with a warning not to return to England. The lure of counterfeiting had drawn him to America, as Mr. Flynn had foreseen. His plant in Revere was ready to turn out a million dollars in counterfeit tens when it was raided.

cleared up, after many Secret Service men
had tried in vain, was that surrounding a
continuous run of counterfeit pennies
that had been circulating in New York
City for years. The making of pennies
is a profitable occupation in a small way.
A 13-cent sheet of copper will produce
130 cents.
130 cents. Mr. Flynn began investigating
this case the year he was made chief of
the eastern division of the Service. He
first obtained an assay of the copper in the
cent, and then he searched the country
from coast to coast until he found a dealer
in Connecticut who sold that very quality
of the metal. He examined the books of
this dealer, who had 416 customers in
different parts of the country. With
the help of his agents, Mr. Flynn canvassed
the customers, and finally found one in
Centre Street, New York, who sold sheet
copper to a Hebrew peddler. Mr. Flynn
trailed the peddler with a load of copper
on his pushcart to a room in Allen Street,
and breaking in a little later he found him
industriously stamping out new and shiny
one-cent pieces. Further investigation,
lasting more than a year, revealed another
one-cent plant in the mountains of Pennsyl-
vania, and still another in Pittsburg.

In the spring of 1906, while still awaiting the chance to catch Lupo and Morello, Mr. Flynn learned that an order had come from Portland, Ore., to a New York machine shop for what is known in the trade as a "corrugated collar," a tool that is used to mill the edges of coins, as well as for other purposes. It seemed rather a long distance to send for an article that might have been bought in Portland, and Mr. Flynn deemed it worth while to send a man out there with it. His agent followed the person who claimed the "collar" at the express office in Portland to a railroad station, and went with him. about a hundred miles by train into the interior, where a buckboard met him to take him to a ranch twenty miles from the railroad. A week later a group of Secret Service men visited the ranch and found a counterfeiting plant that was turning out five-, ten-, and twenty-dollar gold pieces, with the result that Edward R. Cool and three other professional counter

One counterfeit mystery that Mr. Flynn feiters went to prison for long terms.

These and other cases had given Mr. Flynn added experience and reputation, but the two Italians still remained at large. It was not until the summer of 1908 that there were indications of a revival of interest in spurious money in Little Sicily. The Secret Service "shadows" now reported to Mr. Flynn that Morello and Lupo had been called upon one evening by three Italians named Cina, Silvestro, and Palermo, who had been concerned in the distribution of the "Morristown fives,' had been convicted therefor, and had served their sentences. The next day Mr. The next day Mr. Flynn's men told him that Silvestro and Palermo had brought a fourth ex-convict, named Callacchio, to the bandit chief. Callacchio was an engraver by trade. The gang was going to take up counterfeiting again, as the presence of an engraver would seem to indicate, and the bogus money was to be made in America, not in Italy.

And now Mr. Flynn began the construction of his biggest man-trap. A counterfeiting plant is not complete without a printing press, which requires a printer. It was only a day or two after the conference of these members of the old "Morristown fives" gang that, by a strange coincidence, Cina was appealed to in the street for assistance by a young Italian. He told Cina that he was a Calabrian in need of work; by name Antonio Comito; by trade a printer. To Cina's gratification, on questioning Comito, he found that he knew all about color printing, the texture of paper, and the working of hand presses. (Whether or not Mr. Flynn had anything to do with bringing about this strange coincidence no one but himself and Comito knows.)

In September, Cina purchased a small farm about three miles from Highland, N. Y., a village on the Hudson, opposite Poughkeepsie, the farmhouse being half a mile from the nearest neighbor. The young Calabrian, Comito, who was now boss printer, accompanied Cina and Callacchio when they purchased a printing press that was set up in the farmhouse, and with them he made many trips back and forth between Highland and New York

traveling by way of Poughkeepsie and

crossing the bridge over the Hudson - for the purchase of dies, inks, paper, and other materials that were shipped to the farm. On every one of these visits to the city a Secret Service agent at the Poughkeepsie railroad station made a note of their going and coming, and another agent followed them from the Grand Central Station in New York and jotted down memoranda of the shops and warehouses where purchases were made.

It was not until midwinter that the counterfeiting plant was set up and in running order, and then a man named Antonio Cecela brought from New York plates made by Callacchio for the printing of five-, two-, and one-dollar bills. Before the plant was abandoned Comito had run off his press $46,000 in bogus money, $3,000 of it in fives and the rest in ones and twos. Cina, Palermo, Cecela, and a man named Giglia were constantly at the farmhouse. They took away the spurious notes for circulation, invariably visiting Morello and Lupo when they came to New York. New York. The ruffians at the plant in Highland, all Sicilians, took an instinctive dislike to Comito, the Calabrian. He was virtually a prisoner, not being allowed to leave the house by himself, and probably he would have been killed when the counterfeiters had no further use for him if he had not escaped at the last moment. He had no opportunity of communicating with the outside world during the winter and spring, and a boy named Bernandino, a relative of Cina, was employed especially to watch him.

Cina himself, as having discovered Comito, was more malevolent than the others. "Dog, you have brought the evil eye upon the house," he would shout at him when anything went wrong. "I will have your head under my feet!"

Meanwhile, Mr. Flynn was waiting for Morello and Lupo to visit the farm at Highland, that there might be no mistake about their connection with the counterfeiting plant. However, Lupo did not visit the workers at Highland until the latter part of February. To have taken him into custody then would have necessitated the arrest of the others, and Morello

- whom most of all Mr. Flynn was anxious

to "put away"- had not yet sufficiently implicated himself. When Morello finally did go to Highland, early in March, Lupo was on his way to Italy with a consignment of the counterfeits that he intended to put into circulation there.

It now became necessary to wait for Lupo to return from Italy, if Mr. Flynn's purpose of "bagging" both the leaders of the counterfeiting gang was to be carried out.

If he had arrested Morello and the others, Lupo would probably not have come back at all, and so Mr. Flynn decided to wait for him.

During the winter and spring certain Secret Service agents, who did not know that the plant where the counterfeits were being made was under surveillance by other Secret Service men, were arresting the passers of the spurious money in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and even Buffalo and Cincinnati, and more than twenty of them were convicted. The risk of distribution reduced the price of counterfeits below a margin of profit, and in the latter part of May it was decided to shut down the plant at Highland. Comito escaped the night before this was done, and his associates in the farmhouse did not see him again until they met in the Federal Court.

It was a long wait for Lupo, but Mr. Flynn believed that it was worth while to hold out for his return before arresting Morello and the others, who meantime were kept under the closest scrutiny. Not until January of the next year, 1910, was Lupo discovered by the Secret Service agents to be in New York. He had probably returned by way of Canada or Mexico, for all seaports of the United States had been watched for him. On January 9th, Mr. Flynn triumphantly sprung his trap, which contained Morello, Lupo, Callacchio, Silvestro, Cina, Giglio, Palermo, and Cecela, with eight subordinates who had been concerned only with the passing of the counterfeit money.

In February the eight principals were tried together before Judge Ray and a jury in the Federal District Court. Entirely unaware of the extent of the evidence in the possession of the Secret Service, none of them felt any great con

cern when the trial began, even after they learned that Comito was to appear as a witness against them. They were defended by able lawyers, to whom they had paid big fees. Morello and Lupo in particular considered themselves perfectly safe from conviction, not only because they knew that Comito's testimony that they had been connected with the plant at Highland would be controverted by all the others who had been there with him, but because each of the bandit chiefs had prepared himself with the testimony of a physician that he had been ill in bed on the day that Comito would swear that he had been at Highland. Both had found that sort of evidence effective in similar circumstances before.

But this time Mr. Flynn was ready for them with counter alibis. He had had their family doctors, both Italians living in the Italian settlements, shadowed by his agents during the entire period of his watch on the counterfeiters themselves. Consequently, the Secret Service men were able to show not only that neither of these physicians had visited Morello or Lupo on the days they professed to be ill, but also just what the movements of the men of medicine had been on those particular days. Corroboration of this evidence came from an unexpected source. Gen. Theodore A. Bingham, who was police commissioner during this period and was endeavoring to break up the gangs under Morello and Lupo, had had his own detectives trailing those undesirable aliens for several weeks covering the time they claimed to have been ill in their beds. The reports of these detectives, taken from the files at police headquarters, showed that Morello and Lupo had left New York from the Grand Central Station for Poughkeepsie on the same days that Comito had previously testified they had visited the counterfeiting plant at Highland.

Mr. Flynn was further prepared to convict the entire gang of counterfeiters on other testimony than that of his own men or of Comito. To this end not only did the Secret Service men at the Grand Central Station and at the station at Poughkeepsie corroborate Comito as to the visit of

Morello to Highland, but the conductor and brakemen on the trains coming and going, the ticket agent and a newsboy at Poughkeepsie, the livery stable man who drove him from the village to the farm, the letter carrier on the country road, and the proprietor and clerks of the drug store in Poughkeepsie where he used the telephone, came to court and swore positively that they had seen the maimed Sicilian going to or coming from the counterfeiting plant on the day in question. As many witnesses testified to having seen Lupo on the day he had visited Highland, and additional evidence against him was found in letters, which experts proved to be in his handwriting, that he had sent to Comito at the farm on counterfeiting business.

The evidence against the other six principals was as overwhelming. Mr. Flynn had in court merchants and their clerks who identified Cina and Callacchio

as the men who had come with Comito to purchase the printing press, the paper, dies, inks, and all the other material used at the Highland plant. Express and freight agents testified to delivering these articles to different members of the counterfeiting gang, whom they pointed out to the jury. Silvestro, Giglio, Palermo and Cecela, as well as Cina and Callacchio, were identified as having frequently traveled between New York and the farm at Highland by a veritable cloud of witnesses railroad conductors, trainmen, newsboys, village tradesmen, farmers, school children. In all, about three hundred witnesses against the counterfeiters were heard. The trial lasted three weeks, and it ended in the conviction of the eight prisoners and their sentence to a total of 150 years' imprisonment. So far as they were concerned, the new broom had swept clean.

THE MOTION PICTURE TEACHER

THAT IS BRINGING THE INTIMATE KNOWLEDGE OF GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, LITERA-
TURE, AND SCIENCE TO THE EYES OF ALL THE PEOPLE - WHAT THE
CINEMATOGRAPH IS DOING TO TEACH THE PUBLIC HOW TO FIGHT
TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES — ITS
SERVICES TO SOCIOLOGISTS, TO THE POLICE, AND TO
TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

Y

BY

CARL HOLLIDAY

OU now have Shakespeare reeled off a spool and human life taught at the end of a crank. You travel over land and sea without leaving your seat and see the great personages of the world perform their mighty deeds. We unconsciously derive knowledge of life and the world which makes a difference in our entire viewpoint."

So said the Rev. Herbert Jump, of Oakland, Cal., in a recent lecture at the University of California. The average intelligent American does not at all comprehend the significance of this new and powerful agency in education. Mr.

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Thomas A. Edison has said, “I mean to try to do away with school books;" Professor Münsterberg, of Harvard, has invented a cinematographic nerve test; the United States Government is using pictures to show its officers and congressional committees the status of affairs in Panama, the Philippines, and Alaska; Congress has before it a bill to appropriate a large sum for moving pictures in the Washington City schools; Beerbohm Tree, the most famous of English actors, has said, "I have no doubt the moving picture will be one of the most important aids to education." The state of Texas recently bought a large number of projecting machines to

be used throughout its school system; such cities as New York, Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit make frequent use of motion pictures to instruct their children.

All this means a revolution in peda revolution in pedagogy. It means vividness where vagueness has reigned before. It means a true visualization and realization of life where hitherto only an indefinite printed description of it was acquired. As the Rev. Robert Burdette recently said: "The picture show is the hand-maiden of education. It is difficult to estimate its true value. It is a great teacher." Members of the Académie Française, in reply to a question from the Paris Figaro, recently declared themselves in favor of this living photography in the schools of France. The Prussian authorities last winter used motion pictures in one of the most advanced educational systems in the world the schools of Berlin. And the faculty of the University of Rochester recently introduced a four-year course in the art and science of cinematography. By means of this speechless pedagogue the American people have probably learned more during the last five years about the development of American social life and about the physical, industrial, and social geography of the world than during any previous quarter of a century.

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Far more important, however, is its use in teaching people how to combat disease and death. The United States is saving millions of dollars' worth of workers annually because the motion picture is teaching them how to live. The National Association for the Study and Prevention. of Tuberculosis is using a film to illustrate the ravages of the white plague and the methods by which they can be stopped. The Dental Society, of Youngstown, is teaching the children, free of charge, the principles of oral hygiene. The University of Minnesota, through its extension work, is showing thousands of farmers how to handle cream and butter, how to make the Babcock test, how to mix cattle feed, and how to cook a wholesome meal. The Mississippi Federation of Woman's Clubs, in cooperation with the State Board of Health, is sending motion pictures over swamp, valley, and hill to explain to

the people the menace of dirty dairies and of the disease-carrying fly, the proper care of the baby, and other things that will aid people to become healthy. The Vermont State Board of Health has procured a machine that possesses its own electric generator, so that the inhabitants not only of the city but of the country may see vividly the dangers of tuberculosis. Chairman George P. Fraser, of the Detroit Public Health League, recently declared that the message of public hygiene must be carried throughout his state by means of the motion picture. The street railway authorities of Düsseldorf and Vienna, to avoid further accidents, are teaching by this modern method the correct and the incorrect ways of entering and leaving cars. "The anti-fly, pure milk, antidrunkenness, and social justice films are the most powerful teachers in the country. In overwhelming majority the film dramas encourage goodness and kindness, virtue and courage," one authority says.

The medical profession is awake to the possibilities of this new means of instructing and illustrating. At a recent meeting of three hundred visiting physicians at Mercy Hospital, Denver, a motion picture, obtained with the aid of the X-ray, showed all the processes of digestion and an operation for grafting a healthy bone into an arm from which a diseased bone had been taken. At the third annual session of the Clinical Congress of Surgeons, in New York City, Dr. Lewis Gregory Cole astonished his fellow workers with a motion picture of the serial radiography of the stomach, in which he exhibited by aid of the X-ray all the stages of digestion, or rather of indigestion, from the moment food entered

a

diseased stomach a series of pictures which will aid greatly hereafter in the study of ulcerated stomachs and intestines. Dr. T. H. Welsenburg, professor of Clinical Neurology in the Philadelphia MedicoChirurgical College, uses twenty-five thousand feet of motion pictures in his teaching or lecturing to illustrate nervous and mental diseases. It is evident, therefore, that in the battle against human disease and death the motion picture is going to play an astonishing part.

The usefulness of motion pictures in

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