corpse up towards Table mountain. In the mean time, the drunken musician revived sufficiently to find the danger of his situation, and to sound the alarm with his trumpet, which fortunately he had not relinquished. The wild beast became alarmed in turn, and fled. There is another species mentioned by Cuvier (the H. brunnea, Thunberg; H. villosa, Smith), of which little is known. It differs from the preceding, by having stripes on the legs, the rest of the body being of a dark grayish-brown. It inhabits the south of Afriça, and is known there under the name of sea-shore wolf. The bones of a species of this animal have, of late years, been found in a fossil state in various parts of Europe, but more particularly in England. The scientific world are indebted, in a great measure, to professor Buckland, of Oxford, for the information we have on the subject. This fossil or extinct species. (H. spelea), according to Cuvier, was about one third larger than the striped species, with the muzzle, in proportion, much shorter. The teeth resemble those of the spotted species, but are considerably larger.

HYALITE. (See Opal.)

HYBLA; a mountain in Sicily, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is, at the foot of the mountain, a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Etna, and a third near Catana (Paus., v. c. 23; Strab., vi. c. 2; Mela., ii. c. 7; Stat., xiv. v. 201). A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

HYcsos or HYK-SHOS (that is, shepherd kings), a nomadic people from Arabia, which conquered the greater part of Egypt, and held it from about 1700 to 1500 B. C. Their invasions were begun long before their final conquest of Lower and Middle Egypt. They destroyed the temples and cities, carried away women and children into captivity, and, as the Egyptian historians assert, committed the most brutal cruelties. On the eastern frontier of the country, near Pelusium, they built the fortress of Avaris, and founded a kingdom, the capital of which was Memphis. Thebes, however, and some other states, remained distinct governments, but became tributary. The Hyk-shos are supposed to have entered Egypt during the residence of the Israelites in that country, on account of which, the two nations have been confounded with each other. The Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red sea, when pursuing

the Israelites, is thought, by some, to have been a Hyk-sho. Manetho (q. v.) mentions a series of their kings, whom he reckons among the Egyptian dynasties. They were probably the builders of the pyramids, who are called, in the annals of the priests, oppressors of the people and enemies of religion. They were finally conquered by Tethmosis, king of Thebes. Avaris, was besieged, and they were obliged to leave the country. On the magnificent ruins of Karnac (q. v.), the events of this war are represented. The Egyptians detested them as the enemies of every thing holy or noble. They are always represented in the bass-reliefs as captives, often lying bound on the ground, serving as foot-stools, and their images were often painted under the sandals of the Egyptians. If, as is very probable, on the block of black granite in the museum at Turin, which represents three different nations, the Israelites, Negroes and Hykshos are intended, the latter appear in a state of barbarism, wearing a rough skin over their shoulders, with their legs and arms tattooed. This stone is described in one of Champollion's letters to the duke of Blacas. (See Spineto's Lectures on the Elements of Hieroglyphics, London, 1829.)

HYDASPES; a river of Asia, flowing by Susa.-Another in India, the boundary. of Alexander's conquests in the East. It falls into the Indus.

HYDE, Edward, earl of Clarendon. (See Clarendon.)

HYDE, Thomas, a celebrated Orientalist, was born in 1636, and went to King's college, Cambridge, at the age of 16. There he was recommended to Walton, as capable of assisting him in his great polyglot Bible. Such were his attainments at that time, as to enable him to make a Latin translation of the Persian Pentateuch for that work. In 1658, he went to Oxford, where he was admitted a student of Queen's college, and soon after appointed Hebrew reader to that society. In 1697, he was appointed regius professor of Hebrew, and canon of Christ church, Oxford. He died in 1703. His Veterum Persarum et Medorum Historia (3d edit., Oxford, 1760) is a valuable work. The Syntagma Dissert. (2 vols. 4to., 1767) was edited by doctor Sharpe.

HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Paul, count of, during the revolution and the imperial government, was distinguished for his secret machinations against the existing authorities in France. After the restoration, he sat on the extreme right in the cham

ber of deputies. He was born at Charité sur Loire, where his father, who left him a considerable fortune, was a button-manufacturer, and, at the commencement of the revolution, he went to Paris, without, however, acquiring any political importance till 1797. He then joined the party known under the name of Clichy, the object of which was to overthrow the liberal institutions, and to restore the old government. This they endeavored to effect by keeping the nation in agitation, and exciting prejudices against the advocates of freedom, by confounding them with the monsters of the reign of terror, and reiterating in their public speeches that the character, cultivation and the manners of the nation were totally incompatible with free institutions. Through the weakness of the directory, the project was already so far successful, by the aid of a number of venal pens, that hopes were entertained of lighting again the torch of civil war, which had been hardly extinguished by rivers of blood in the western departments. When the whole was frustrated by the unexpected return of Napoleon from Egypt, Hyde de Neuville played his part so warily, that, for a long time, no suspicion fell on him, although he had undertaken several journeys to England, in the service of the royalist party. About the end of 1799, he formed connexions with the insurgents in the western departments, particularly with George Cadoudal, Dandigné and Bourmont, and likewise presented to the British ministry the plan of a counter revolution, when the project was overthrown by the 18th Brumaire. The scheme, nevertheless, was not entirely abandoned, and M. Hyde had the assurance to propose to the first consul the restoration of the Bourbons. As this attempt failed, with the aid of some congenial spirits in Paris, he formed a counter police, the object of which was to watch all the steps of the government, in order to take advantage of any opportunity that might present itself. This was soon discovered, and the arrest of M. Hyde was ordered; but he succeeded in escaping to England. His papers, which contained important disclosures, fell into the hands of the government, and were published in May, 1800, under the title of Correspondance Anglaise, in which he is designated under the name of Paul Berri. He was subsequently accused, in a report of Fouché, the minister of the police, of having been engaged in the plot of the infernal machine, but in a memorial published in 1801, he repelled this charge.

He soon after repaired to Lyons, where he lived in great secrecy till 1805, when, through the intercession of his friends, the prayers of his wife, and especially through the influence of the empress Josephine, he received permission from Napoleon to arrange his affairs in France, and then remove to Spain. He remained in that country but a short time, but repaired with his family to the U. States, where he purchased an estate in New York, in the neighborhood of general Moreau. He is said to have had the principal agency in persuading the general to return to Europe, and take up arms against Napoleon. M. Hyde returned to France after the fall of Napoleon in 1814, followed Louis XVIII to Ghent, and, after the second restoration, was elected member of the chamber of deputies, where he took his place among the ultra royalists, and was distinguished for his violence in urging the severest measures, by which means he not unfrequently embarrassed the ministers themselves. His zeal was particularly manifested against retaining the imperial officers (whose places he wished should be supplied by pure royalists) against the laws of amnesty, against the tribunals of justice, not occupied with men of his views, &c. The Parisians, therefore, called him and his partisans, Les Hideux. After the dissolution of the chamber of 1815, he was made count by Louis XVIII, and sent as a minister plenipotentiary to the U. States of North America; also received the grand cross of the legion of honor. In 1822, he returned from the U. States, was chosen a member of the chamber of deputies for the department of the Nièvre, in 1823, and soon after sent as ambassador to Lisbon. On occasion of the disturbances raised by prince Miguel in that country, he supported the cause of the legitimate monarch; in return for which, king John VI appointed him count of Bemposta. But the British influence being predominant there, he left Lisbon in 1824, returned to Paris, and resumed his seat in the chamber, where he incurred the displeasure of the govern ment, and lost his diplomatic prospects, by his opposition to Villèle and his close connexion with Chateaubriand. In March, 1828, he received the portfolio of the marine in the Martignac ministry, Chabrol having resigned that charge. He was succeeded, Aug. 9, 1829, on the formation of the Polignac ministry, by d'Haussez. Since the late revolution, he has continued to sit in the chamber of deputies.

HYDE PARK is situated at the west

extremity of London. This park derived its name from having been the manor of the Hyde, belonging to the abbey of Westminster. It contains nearly 400 acres, and abounds with fine trees and pleasing scenery. At the south-east corner of Hyde park, near the entrance from Piccadilly, is a colossal statue of Achilles, executed by Mr. Westmacott, and dedicated to the duke of Wellington and his companions in arms. This statue was cast from cannon taken in the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse and Waterloo, is about 18 feet high, and stands on a basement of granite, making the whole 36 feet above the level of the ground. It was cast from 12 twenty-four pounders, and weighs upwards of 30 tons. The sheet of water called the Serpentine river, although in the form of a parallelogram, was made between 1730 and 1733, by order of queen Caroline. It is much frequented in summer for bathing, and during frosts for skating. At the eastern end of it is an artificial waterfall, constructed in 1817. On the south side are the barracks of the life-guards. The park is much frequented as a promenade.

HYDERABAD, as a province (subah) of the Mogul empire containing 42 districts (circars), and upwards of 400 townships (perganahs), comprehending nearly the whole territory between the Godavery and the Krishna, has been much reduced by the diminution of the Mussulman power in India, but still comprehends the territories of the most powerful Mohammedan prince, the nizam of the Deccan. It is now divided into 16 districts. Nearly the whole country is parcelled out into feudal lordships, the possessors of which are bound to maintain an armed force. The soil is fertile, but agriculture and commerce are equally discouraged by the badness of the government. A small quantity of muslins, salt and opium are almost the only articles of commerce. On the death of Aureng-Zebe, this country, which had formed a province of his empire, was taken possession of (1717) by his viceroy, who still preserved the title of nizam or minister. His successors, alarmed by the growing power of the Mahrattas, who had already seized a valuable part of their territory, formed treaties with the British (1798 and 1800), by which it was agreed that a British force should be stationed in the country, and that all the foreign affairs of the nizam should be managed by the English government. Hyderabad the capital, is in 17° 15 N. Lat; 78° 35 E. lon. It is about four

miles long and three broad, and is surrounded by a stone wall. Its streets are narrow, crooked, ill-paved, formed by rows of houses of one story. The palace and some of the mosques are the only re markable buildings, but the tank is worthy of notice; it is nearly 17 miles in circumference, and covers about 10,000 acres. It is filled by a canal from the river, and is formed by an embankment, consisting chiefly of granite, 3350 feet long and 50 feet high, which closes the open end of a valley, surrounded on the other three sides by mountains. It was finished in 1812. The population is 200,000.

HYDER ALLY KHAN; an Asiatic prince, who rose by his talents to sovereign pow er, and was a formidable enemy to the English in Hindoostan, in the latter part of the last century. He was born at Dinavelli, in the Mysore, and after some military service under his father, a petty chief of the country, he joined his brother in an alliance with France, and introduced European discipline among his troops. He became general-in-chief of the forces of Cinoas, who then reigned at Seringapatam as a vassal of the Great Mogul; and having quarrelled with the grand vizier of his master, he marched against the capital, and obliged Cinoas not only to deliver the vizier into his power, but also to appoint him regent. He subsequently assumed the sovereignty himself; and having deposed the royal family, he founded the Mohammedan kingdom of Mysore, in 1760. He so greatly extended his dominions, that, in 1766, they contained 70,000 square miles, and afforded an immense revenue. His reign was passed in wars with the English and with the Mahrattas, the former of which powers excited his peculiar jealousy. A treaty which he made with the East India company, in 1769, was violated in 1780, and he was opposed with success in the field by the English general, sir Eyre Coote. The Mahrattas joining in a league against him, he carried on a disadvantageous war, during the continuance of which he died, in 1782. (For an account of the subsequent fate of his empire, see Tippoo Saib.)

HYDRA; a celebrated monster, which infested the neighborhood of the lake Lerna in the Peloponnesus.. It was the fruit of Echidna's union with Typhon. It had a hundred heads according to Diodorus, 50 according to Simonides, and 9 according to Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. The central head was immortal. As soon as one of those heads was cut off, two immediately grew up, if the wound was

not stopped by fire. It was one of the labors of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolaus, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. The central head the conqueror buried in the earth, and covered with a piece of rock. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched, and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra. From that circumstance all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. Some writers consider this fable as a symbolical representation of the clearing and draining of the Peloponnesus by the first authors of civilization.

HYDRA, the centre of the Greek maritime trade, and the palladium of Greek independence, with the neighboring Spezzia, is situated south-east of the Peloponnesus, between two and three leagues from the coast, and is guarded by steep rocks and batteries from the attacks of an enemy; so that vessels in the port are in no danger but from fire-ships. Spezzia, on the contrary, is unprotected, and its inhabitants, at the approach of an enemy, flee for shelter to Hydra. The two islands together contain about 85 square miles and 40,000 inhabitants, although without springs, herds or agriculture. They subsist by navigation and trade. The city of Hydra, containing 30,000 inhabitants, rises like an amphitheatre over the harbor. The houses are very beautiful, and adorned with modern works of art in marble. In the interior, they are very neat and tasteful. A natural grace shows itself even in the dress of the sailors. The ladies live very retired, in the bosom of their families. The first inhabitants of Hydra and Spezzia were of Albanian descent. They differ in their Arnaout dialect, as well as in their character, dress and manners, from the Romaics or modern Greeks. When the Russians, in the war of 1774, evacuated the Morea, many of the Peloponnesians fled with their property from the vengeance of the Turks, to the rocks of Hydra. They now built greater vessels, and undertook more distant voyages, especially since France, in consequence of the war of 1792, was obliged to give up its trade to the Levant. These modern Argonauts were seen in every harbor of Italy, France,

Spain, the Baltic, and even America. In Marseilles, they exchanged the Greek corn for the cloths and silks of Lyons. As bold as they were dexterous, they escaped the British cruisers, and safely entered blockaded harbors, and gained large profits in this way; so that they were enabled, by the extension of their trade, to establish mercantile houses in the first cities of Europe, before 1810. They equipped their vessels with cannon, to secure them against the Algerine corsairs. Accustomed from youth to great activity, to moderation, and the dangers of a sea life, the Hydriots and the other islanders of the Archipelago are the boldest and the most active sailors in the Mediterranean. Commerce has not merely filled their purses; it has also enlightened their minds. Besides the common schools, Hydra has erected, within 30 years, an institution for the cultivation of classical literature, and the Italian and French languages. The rich Hydriots, the Sciots and others, encouraged the translation and publication of books in foreign languages. They sent their sons to the best schools in Germany, France and Italy. Thus they became acquainted with the sciences, and acquired a taste for the arts; their manners were refined, and they were enabled to establish, on their return, good seminaries of learning. The late war exhausted their wealth, and caused a total stagnation of their trade. Scarcely were the magistrates able to defray the expenses of the sailors and vessels. On this account, they have, in times of danger, contemplated leaving their country, taking with them their families and property. The restoration of peace, we trust, will restore their ancient prosperity.

HYDRANGEA; a genus of plants, including three or four shrubs, having somewhat of the general appearance of the gelder-rose or viburnum, but differing in the structure of the flowers. All the species are, in their wild state, exclusively confined to the U. States, but they are frequently cultivated in the European gardens, for ornament. The H. vulgaris grows on the Alleghanies, and in other parts of the Union, but not north of Philadelphia, in the Atlantic states. The H. nivea, a more ornamental shrub than the preceding, and differing by the white inferior surface of the leaves, and the large size of the marginal flowers, seems to be more exclusively confined to the region about the southern portion of the Alleghanies, extending, however, as far north as Pennsylvania. The H. quercifolia, dis

tinguished by its lobate leaves, inhabits the country bordering on the gulf of Mexico, and is not unfrequently cultivated in our own gardens. The hortensia or Japan rose, a plant closely allied to the preceding genus, and even united with it by some authors, is more frequent with us, and has very commonly usurped the name of hydrangea. This plant is a general favorit in China and Japan, the countries from which it was originally brought; and, indeed, the fine corymbs of large rose-colored flowers, which retain their freshness for a long time, and succeed each other throughout the whole season, added to the ease of cultivation, afford well founded claims for distinction. The fruit is yet unknown, the large flowers, so much resembling those of the snow-ball tree, being constantly barren.

HYDRAULICON (water-organ), in music; an instrument acted upon by water, the invention of which is said to be of higher antiquity than that of the wind organ.

HYDRAULICS (from idwp, water, and avλos, a pipe, referring to the movement of water in certain musical instruments used by the Greeks); that branch of hydrodynamics which has for its object the investigation of the motions of liquids, the means by which they are produced, the laws by which they are regulated, and the force or effect which they exert against themselves or against solid bodies. This subject naturally divides itself into three heads: 1. the effects which take place in the natural flowing of fluids through the various ducts or channels which convey them; 2. the artificial means of producing motion in fluids, and destroying their natural equilibrium by means of pumps and various hydraulic engines and machines; and, 3. the force and power which may be derived from fluids in motion, whether that motion be produced naturally or artificially. The particles of fluids are found to flow over or amongst each other with less friction than over solid substances; and as each particle is under the influence of gravitation, it follows that no quantity of homogeneous fluid can be in a state of rest, unless every part of its surface is on a level, that is, not a level plane, but so far convex as that every part of the surface may be equally distant from the centre of the earth. As the particles of all liquids gravitate, any vessel containing a liquid will be drawn towards the earth with a power equivalent to the. weight it contains, and if the quantity of the fluid be doubled, tripled, &c., the gravitating influence will be doubled,

tripled, &c. The pressure of fluids is, therefore, simply as their heights,—a circumstance of great importance in the construction of pumps and engines for raising water. As liquids gravitate independently, if a hole be made in the bottom of the vessel, the liquid will flow out, those particles directly over the hole being discharged first. Their motion causes a momentary vacuum, into which the particles tend to flow from all directions, and thus the whole mass of the water, and not merely the perpendicular column above the orifice, is set in motion. If the liquid falls perpendicularly, its descent will be accelerated in the same manner as that of falling solid bodies. (See Mechanics.) When water flows in a current, as in rivers, it is in consequence of the inclination of the channel, and its motion is referrible to that of solids descending an inclined plane; but, from want of cohesion among its particles, the motions are more irregular than those of solids, and involve some difficult questions. The friction between a solid and the surface on which it moves can be accurately ascertained; but this is not the case with liquids, one part of which may be moving rapidly and another slowly, while another is stationary. This is observable in rivers and pipes, where the water in the centre moves with greater rapidity than at the sides, so that a pipe does not discharge as much water in a given time, in proportion to its magnitude, as theoretical calculation would lead us to suppose. As water, in descending, follows the same laws as other falling bodies, its motion will be accelerated; in rivers, therefore, the velocity and quantity discharged at different depths would be as the square roots of those depths, did not the friction against the bottom check the rapidity of the flow. The same law applies to the spouting of water through jets or adjutages. Thus, if a hole be made in the side of a vessel of water, the water at this orifice, which before was only pressed by the simple weight of the perpendicular column above it, will be pressed by the same force as if the water were a solid body descending from the surface to the orifice; that is, as the square root of the distance of those two points; and, in the same way, water issuing from any other orifices, will run in quantities and velocities proportionate to the square root of their depths below the surface. Now, the quantity of water spouting from any hole in a given time, must be as the velocity with which it flows: if, therefore, a hole A be four times as deep below the