Churches and Charities.-In 1895 there were 157 churches and missions, of which 39 were Meth. Episc., 31 Bapt., 17 Presb., 12 Christian, 10 Rom. Cath., 9 Prot. Episc., 7 Luth., 6 Congl., 5 Ger. Ref., and 4 each Jew and Friends.-The charitable institutions included the Central Hospital for the Insane, City Hospital, City Dispensary, County Infirmary, Friendly Inn, Ger. Luth. Orphans' Home, German Prot. Orphan Asylum, Guardian Home, Home for the Aged Poor, Home for Friendless Colored Children, Ind. Institution for the Education of the Blind, Ind. Institution for Educating the Deaf and Dumb, Ind. Reform School for Girls and Women, Indianapolis Home for Friendless Women, Indianapolis Orphan Asylum, Catherine Home, Maternity Hospital, Rescue Home and Mission, St. Vincent's Infirmary, Alpha Home for Aged Colored Women, and a mission of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd.

Education. The public school system, supported by state and local taxation and a share in the state school fund, has 2 high schools, 37 primary and grammar schools, and a city normal school, with school property valued at over $1,500,000. Institutions for higher education include a classical school for girls, one for boys, the Flower Mission Training School for Nurses, a business college, the American Medical College, Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, Eclectic College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ind. College of Embalming, Ind. Dental College, Medical College of Ind., Physio-Medical College of Ind., and the Ind. Veterinary College. In 1895 there were 78 newspapers and periodicals-7 daily, 30 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, 37 monthly, and 1 quarterly. The libraries of various kinds numbered 15.

Finances, Banking, and Insurance.-In 1895, Jan., the city had a total funded debt of $1,885,500 and a temporary loan debt of $20,000; owned $500,000 of bonds of the Union Railroad Transfer and Stock Yards Co.; and had a real property valuation of $165,000,000, assessed at $103,547,925.-There were 3 national banks (cap. $1,600,000), 2 state banks (cap. $400,000), and a private bank; and 5 fire insurance companies, with gross assets of $1,406,441, liabilities, excepting scrip cap. and surplus, $242,379, and surplus over all liabilities $675,638.

Commerce.-I. is an interior port to which merchandise can be transported without appraisement at the port of original reception. During the fiscal year 1893-4, the imports of merchandise aggregated in value $342,129; exports none. In the calendar year 1894 the imports were $306,837.

Manufactures.-The following table shows the increase in the manufacturing industries by the census reports of 1880 and 1890, and the principal industries in the order of the value of products, reported 1890:

16-6

All ind's 1890.... 1189 15,266,685 18,061

8,854,812 21,247,116 36,426,974 1880.... 688 10,049,500 10,000 3,917,114 19,198,102 27,453,089

Other Business Interests.-The city has a wholesale trade exceeding $40,000,000 in value per annum, and annual bank clearings of nearly $215,000,000. Over 1,000,000 cattle, hogs, and horses are received annually at the stockyards, which occupy more than 100 acres of ground. The grain industry has 6 elevators, 8 mills, annual receipts of about 6,000,000 bu. of grain, and annual output of flour 600,000 bbl. In 1893 there were reported 130 building and loan assocs., of which 12 were national and 118 local, with a total of 48,091 shareholders.

History.-The first settlement on the site of I. was made 1819, before the cession of that part of the state to the govt. by the Indians. In the following year commissioners selected the site for the capital city of the state, and 1821 the locality was laid out as a town by Alexander Ralston, who had been connected with the laying out of the national capitol. The streets and avenues were named after the states of the Union as far as they would serve at that time, but the principal one was called Washington. The name of I. was suggested by Jeremiah Sullivan, subsequently a judge of the supreme court. The town superseded Corydon as the capital of the state officially 1821 and actually 1825; was incorporated 1836; and chartered as a city 1847. Postal service was established 1822; the legislature met here for the first time 1825, Jan. 10; the first church was built by the Presbyterians 1823-4; the first private school was opened 1821; the first Sunday school, a union enterprise of all denominations, was opened 1823, Apr.: the first public school was the old seminary, built 1833-4; the first newspaper was pub

Hished 1822, Jan.; and the first municipal organization was effected 1822. In 1834 a branch of the state bank was established here, and 1847 the first railway was completed to the city. Industrial effort had its beginnings in the opening of a dry-goods store and saw and grist-mills 1821. and of an iron foundry and a steam mill (which proved a failure) 1832. From the first the city has had a steady growth, and 1890 ranked 27th in pop. It now has the Holly system of water-works (cost $1,000,000), 11 public parks, thorough sewerage, more than a dozen bridges across the river, gas and electric light and electric railways. Pop. (1840) 2,692; (1850) 8,091; (1860) 18,611; (1870) 48,244: (1880) 75,056; (1890) 105,436; (1895) estimated, 120,000. IN'DIAN ARCHIPELAGO: see MALAY ARCHIPEL

AGO.

IN'DIAN ARCHITECTURE: of styles varying at different times in India, as in other countries, according to the religion prevalent at the time. The earliest religion of which we have any architectural monuments is that of Buddhism (q.v.). About B.C. 250, Asoka, a powerful monarch, became a strenuous supporter and propagator of Buddhism, and to his zeal are due the oldest architectural remains of India. The Buddhist remains are of two kinds: 1. Commemorative monuments, called Stupas or Topes (q.v.); the earliest stupas are single pillars, bearing evident traces of a western origin, and thus affording a clue to the history of Indian art. 2. Temples (chaityas) and monasteries (viharas). Of the chaityas and viharas, no built examples remain; they are all excavated out of the solid rock. There are no less than 40 or 50 groups of these monuments, each group comprising 10 to 100 distinct excavations. The great majority are Buddhist, and nearly the whole are monasteries, not over 20 to 30 being temples. The oldest are at Barhar and Cuttack in Bengal (B. C. 200), but they are few in number, nine-tenths of the caves being in the Bombay presidency (where there is softer stone). The latter date from the Christian era to about the 10th c. The cave-temple at Karli is one of the largest and finest: see BUDDHISM. In plan and general arrangements, it strongly, though no doubt accidentally, resembles a Christian basilica, with nave, aisles, and vaulted roof; and an apse with the shrine in the place of the altar. There is also an outer hall or atrium, and a gallery like the rood-loft. On the roof, are numerous wooden ribs, attached to the vault; these and other portions indicate that the building from which the cave was copied was wooden. This cave is 126 ft. long, 45 ft. 7 inches wide, and 40 to 45 ft. high.

The Vihara (q.v.) or monastery caves are numerous, as was required by the enormous number of Buddhist priests. The oldest and simplest examples are in Bengal, but the finest are in w. India. They consist of a central hall, with cells round three sides, and a verandah on the fourth side, next the open air; opposite the central entrance, there is usually a large cell or shrine, containing an image of Buddha. There are fine caves at Ajunta, Baugh, etc., many of them beautifully carved and painted. The pillars

are most elaborately ornamented, and have the bracket capitals which distinguish all Indian architecture From the absence of any built example, there has been great difficulty in forming a correct idea of the exterior of the buildings from which these caves were copied. By following the style into other countries where the religion has prevailed at different times, Fergusson has been able to trace it up to the present day, and to establish by analogy the probable external appearance of the early Buddhist architecture.

The temple of Brambanam, in Java, seems to show the original form of built cells. They are quite detached, and arranged in a square round a central temple-evidently suggesting the arrangement in the caves at Ajunta. Some rock-cut temples which have an exterior (at Mahavellipore), show the cells attached to the main building. In Burmah, where the monastic system still prevails, the monasteries, which are of wood are built in stages in a pyramidal form. The temple of Boro Buddor (q. v.,) in Java, has a similar arrangement, consisting of a large number of cells or niches in tiers; but in place of being occupied by priests, they are filled with cross-legged Buddhas, a conversion quite common in later Hindu architecture. In many styles of architecture, the niches or other subordinate parts are frequently copies on a small scale of the façade of the building itself. Thus, for instance, the windows with pillars and pediments in classic architecture, are a repetition of a temple end The niches inside the caves, containing statutes of Buddhist saints, are in a similar manner imitations of the main façade. In the same way externally, the Burmese pagodas and Hindu temples are ornamented all over with models of the buildings themselves. Buddhist architecture, whatever its artistic qualities may be, has at least the interesting feature of being a style which has existed from B.C. 200 to the present day.

The other styles of Indian architecture are illustrated by the temples of the Jainas and those of the Hindus. The former seems to have been an imitation of the Buddhist temples without the cells for the priests. Their religious structures consist of a sanctuary surmounted by a spire; in front of this, a pillared vestibule, with a dome, and round the whole an arcaded inclosure, with cells all round, containing images. The cells also are surmounted with spires, and the arcades with domes are often repeated to a considerable number within one inclosure. The most striking feature of this style is the dome, constructed by horizontal jointing, not with regular arches. The domes, with the pillars. bracket capitals, etc., all are elaborately decorated.

Hindu architecture is divided into two styles-northern and southern. All the finest examples are southern, and are found s. of Madras. The temples consist of the temple or vimana, in front of which is the pillared porch or mantopa, the gate pyramids or gopuras, forming the entrances to the inclosure, and the pillared halls or choultries. In the south, the temple is always pyramidal, and in many stories; in the north, the outline is curved, and in one story.

The finest example is the pagoda of Tanjore. It is 82 ft. square at base, and 14 stories, about 200 ft. in height.

The gopuras are similar to the pagodas, but oblong in place of square.

The pillared halls are very wonderful structures, containing sometimes as many as 1,000 columns, and as these are all elaborately carved. and all different, the labor of their construction must have been enormous. The halls are used for many purposes connected with Hinduism, their most important use being as nuptial halls, in which the mystic union of the divinities is celebrated. The general arrangement of these halls sometimes produces a good effect; but from their flat roofs, they cannot equal the beauty of the domed arcades of the Jains. These buildings are of various dates, from the Christian era to the 18th c.; and it

Leading into the inclosure of the temple at Seringham. is remarkable that the oldest examples are the finest -the style growing gradually more and more debased, till at the present day, it has become. like the religion, a mass of absurdity and obscenity. The celebrated rock-cut temple, called the Kylas, at Ellora (q.v.), belongs to this style.

When the Mohammedans conquered India, they imitated the style of the country in their mosques, and afterward the Hindus borrowed from them, and thus a mixed style was created, which in the palaces, tombs, etc.. of the native princes, produces picturesque effects. The Mohammedans also covered the country with specimens of their Moorish style: see SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE.

Some of the finest building of India are the ghauts or landing-places, at the rivers, with their broad flights of