chase. The latter occupy a number of trading stations along the Missouri river in the S. and S. W. parts of the territory, and in the valley of Red river, near the British frontier. The Indians belong to the Yankton, Sissiton, Dacotah or Medawakantwan (Sioux), and Wahpetonwan (Sioux) tribes, many of whom receive an annuity from the U. S. government, but the efforts made to improve their condition have thus far had little effect. In 1858 delegations from these tribes met in Washington, and ceded to the government valuable agricultural lands on the Sioux, Missouri, and Red rivers. The white settlements are almost exclusively in the south-east, on the Minnesota border. The surface of the territory is elevated, but not mountainous. A plateau called the coteau des prairies, or "prairie heights," with an average elevation of 1,450 feet above the sea and a breadth of 15 or 20 m., runs for 200 m. near its E. boundary, while a similar table-land, of less height, occupies the middle and N. portions. The basin of Red river, in the north-east, is covered with open grassy plains, and the south-west presents high rolling prairies. The face of the country is moreover pleasantly diversified with a vast number of lakes and ponds, affording a constant supply of good water. The largest of these are lakes Tchanchincanah, Poinsett, Abert, Preston, Traverse, and White Wood, beside Benton and Big Stone, which lie partly in Minnesota. In the N. part is a large expanse of salt water, 40 m. long and 12 m. in maximum breadth, called Minni Wakan, or Devil lake, of which no outlet has yet been discovered. More than half of the frontier of Dacotah is bounded by large rivers. The Missouri after receiving the White Earth separates it from Nebraska, and at the S. E. extremity of the territory is joined by the Big Sioux, dividing it from Iowa. The N. half of the Minnesota line is formed by the Bois des Sioux and the Red river of the North, the latter of which flows into British America. These streams receive innumerable smaller rivers, the chief affluents being, of the Missouri, the Yankton, East Medicine Knoll, Wananri, Tchan-sansan or Rivière à Jacques, Vermilion; and of the Red river, the Bois des Sioux, Wild Rice, Shayuen, Maple, Rush, Goose, Turtle, Buffalo, and Pembina. The Tchan-sansan (also called the James or Dacotah) rises near Devil lake and flows almost due S. through the middle of the territory, receiving numerous tributaries. The Mouse river enters from British America, and, after a long sweep through the N. W. part, recrosses the frontier. The climate of the south is mild and healthy, but that of the north is very severe. At Pembina, near the 49th parallel, the cold is sometimes so intense as to freeze quicksilver, and according to observations made there in 1847, the mean temperature of the month of January was 12° below zero, the lowest 48° below, and the highest 30° above zero. The mean temperature of June and July was 69°, and the highest 96°. The soil of the S. and S.

E. parts is said to be excellent, and the valleys of the Red, Missouri, and other rivers are highly productive, yielding Indian corn, oats, wheat, tobacco, the sugar cane, and nearly every kind of kitchen vegetable. Much of the land is well timbered. Coal is said to abound on Big Sioux river, fine building stone, limestone, and good clay for brick making are found in the south, and the north contains rich deposits of salt. There are good roads from Sioux City, at the mouth of the Big Sioux, as far N. as Medary, on the same stream, a distance of 180 miles, where they meet the great Pacific wagon road which crosses the territory, and from which other roads diverge in many directions. The unexplored parts of Dacotah are the hunting ground of the Indians, and are still ranged by vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope; the black bear, wolverine, muskrat, otter, mink, marten, and wolf are found in large numbers; the grisly bear and moose are occasionally met with, and the fur trade is prosecuted by the halfbreeds of the north more extensively than in almost any other part of the United States. Dacotah formed part of the territory of Minnesota, from which it was separated on the erection of the latter into a state, May 11, 1858. The inhabitants elected a legislative assembly, which met at Sioux Falls in Oct. 1858, adopted a code of laws, divided the territory into counties, and applied to congress for its formal organization.

DACOTAH, a S. E. co. of Minnesota, bounded N. by the Mississippi, N. W. by St. Peter's or Minnesota river, and S. E. by the Cannon; area, 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 8,158. The surface is nearly level and the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. Capital, Mendota.

DACTYL, in prosody, a metrical foot composed of one long and two short syllables; thus, temporă. It was esteemed by the Greeks the most ancient of all the poetical feet, and its origin was ascribed to Bacchus, who was said, anterior to Apollo, to have recited the oracles of Delphi in verses of this measure. It enters into the composition of the noblest verses, as hexameters, pentameters, and alcaics.

DACTYLOLOGY, the art of communicating with others by spelling words with the fingers. By whom or at what period this method of conversation was first devised is uncertain. The first manual alphabet of which we can find any account was published by J. P. Bonet in 1620, in his "Reduction of Letters and Arts, for the Purpose of Teaching the Dumb to Speak." Of this he claimed to be the inventor. It was the basis of the single-handed alphabet now in general use in this country and France, though it has been somewhat modified. The idea of this alphabet is the formation of figures resembling the several letters by the position of the fingers of the right hand. In 1680 George Dalgarno, of Oxford, Eng., published his Didascalocophus, in which he gave a drawing of a manual alphabet invented by himself requiring the use of both hands. The design of this was to

designate the different letters, not by their form, but by their position on the ends and joints of the fingers and the hand; thus, the vowels were designated by touching the ends of the thumb and fingers of the left hand with the fore finger of the right; B, C, D, F, and G, by touching the 1st joint of the thumb and fingers; H, K, L, M, N, the 2d joint; P, Q, R, S, the 3d joint of the fingers; T, V, W, the 3 prominences of the inside of the hand immediately below the fingers; and X and Z, the base of the thumb and hand. All the consonants were designated by touching their location with the thumb of the other hand. This, with some modifications, is the alphabet in use among deaf mutes in England. Numerals are also designated by the fingers. The 10 digits undoubtedly formed the first abacus, but for purposes of convenience it is preferable to be able to designate all the numbers by one hand only. Mr. Stansbury, the first principal of the New York institution for the deaf and dumb, invented a method of designating numbers, which is in general use in European institutions. It is as follows: the thumb free with the hand closed denotes 1, the thumb and forefinger 2, and so on to 5; 6 is designated by the little finger being extended with the remainder of the hand closed; 7, the little finger and ring finger; 8, the little, ring, and middle finger extended; 9, the 4 fingers extended and the thumb closed; 10, the whole hand closed. For tens, the position of the hand is changed from perpendicular to horizontal; for hundreds, the hand is pointed downward; for thousands, the left hand is placed across the body toward the right shoulder, and each sign has then the value of thousands; tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands are designated in the same way as tens and hundreds; by changing to the left shoulder millions, tens of millions, and hundreds of millions may be designated. This system has been modified in American institutions by designating 6 by touching the thumb to the little finger; 7, by touching it to the ring finger; 8, to the middle finger; 9, to the fore finger; and 10, by placing the closed hand horizontally with the thumb extended and making a slight backward motion of the hand. De Gerando, in his work on the education of deaf mutes, says with truth that dactylology is to alphabetical writing what the latter is to speech. Formed upon writing as its model, it represents it precisely as writing represents words. It is a valuable means of communication with deaf mutes, and although less rapid than speech and possessing none of those qualities of the voice by which we judge so much of the person speaking, it yet serves to convey the ideas of those who but for its aid might often be desolate even in the midst of a crowd. It affords the means of communica tion between the deaf and dumb and the blind, as well as between deaf and dumb persons in darkness. It should not be confounded with the natural language of signs used by the deaf and dumb. The latter is not, and, in the nature

of the case, never can be used, except for expressing words or ideas; the manual alphabet only designates letters, or, at most, syllables. Syllabic dactylology has been used by several teachers, but is attended with many difficulties. Péreire invented a system which he used with great success, but it perished with his papers. Several attempts have been made to introduce it within a few years past, and plans have been presented for adoption; but at the meeting of the convention of teachers of the deaf and dumb at Staunton, Va., in 1856, the committee appointed to report upon them were unanimous in the opinion that they were impracticable.

DADE, the name of counties in several of the United States. I. A N. W. co. of Ga., bordering on Tenn. and Ala.; area, 160 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 2,527, of whom 182 were slaves. It occupies Lookout valley, and is encompassed by mountains of considerable height. Iron, coal, and other minerals are found in various parts of the county. The productions in 1850 were 147,849 bushels of corn, 17,965 of wheat, and 15 bales of cotton. There were 15 churches, 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 1 iron forge. Value of real estate in 1856, $375,510. Named in honor of Major Francis Langhorne Dade, who was killed in the Florida war, in December, 1835. Capital, Trenton. II. A S. co. of Florida, bordering on the Atlantic; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. 150. The surface is low, level, and almost wholly occupied by the Everglades, a vast expanse of shallow water, dotted over with innumerable small islands. Proposals have been made to drain these portions of the county by means of canals. During the rainy season they are quite impassable. The county has one good harbor for vessels drawing 9 feet of water, and on Cape Florida, at the entrance to this harbor, is a lighthouse. Indian Key is the principal village. III. A S. W. co. of Mo., with a diversified surface and a productive soil; area, 498 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 6,061, of whom 267 were slaves. În 1850 it yielded 825,958 bushels of corn, 11,371 of wheat, 105,545 of oats, and 588 tons of hay. Sac river, a tributary of the Osage, is the principal stream. There were 4 grist mills, 5 saw mills, and 223 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Greenfield.

DÆDALUS, a mythical personage, under whose name the ancient Greek writers are supposed to have personified an early period of the development of the arts of sculpture and architecture, or their introduction from Egypt. He is generally repesented as an Athenian of the royal house of Erechtheus, though, from his long sojourn in Crete, he is also called a Cretan. Having become a great sculptor, he instructed in his art Calos, Talus, or Perdix, his sister's son, but afterward killed him through envy, when he saw the skill of his disciple surpassing his own. Condemned to death by the areopagus, he fled to Crete, where he gained the friendship of Minos, but having constructed the wooden cow for Pasiphaë, and the labyrinth of Cnossus, in which the Minotaur, the monster

to whom she gave birth, was kept, he attracted the revenge of the king, and was imprisoned. He was released by Pasiphae, and finding no vessel to escape from the island, as Minos had seized all those which were on the coast, he procured wings for himself and his son Icarus, which were fastened on with wax. He took his flight over the Egaan, and arrived safely in Sicily; but Icarus flying too near the sun caused the wax on his wings to be melted, dropped down, and perished in that part of the sea which, after him, is called the Icarian. According to some, Daedalus on his flight alighted at Cuma in Italy, where he erected a temple to Apollo, dedicating to that divinity the wings which had saved him. When Minos knew his place of refuge, he sailed with a fleet to Sicily, where he was treacherously murdered by Cocalus, king of the Sicani, who protected the fugitive; or according to others, he was protected by the daughters of that king. Several works of art in Greece, Italy, Libya, and the islands were attributed to Daedalus, as well as the invention of several tools belonging to his art. The Greeks gave the name of Dadala to certain ornamented wooden statues or images of their gods.

DAENDELS, HERMAN WILLEM, a Dutch general, born at Hattem in 1762, died in Guinea, on the coast of Africa, in June, 1818. During the troubles which convulsed the United Provinces in 1787 he favored the party of the patriots, and was obliged by the momentary triumph of the Orangists to take refuge with many of his political friends in France. He devoted himself for a while to commercial enterprises in the city of Dunkirk, but became commander of a corps of volunteers in the wars of the French revolution, and rendered important services to Dumouriez in his expedition against the Netherlands. In 1794, having assisted Pichegru in taking possession of all Holland and in causing the flight of the Orange family, he entered into the service of the Batavian republic. In 1799 he commanded one of the divisions of the Batavian army, and, in conjunction with Gen. Brione, obliged the Anglo-Russian force, which had made a descent on the Dutch coast, to capitulate. In 1803 he resigned; but in 1806 he offered his services to the king of Holland, and was restored to his former rank. He was soon after made a marshal, and appointed governorgeneral of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. He resided upon the island of Java for 3 years, devoted his attention particularly to the cultivation of coffee, and gave an account of his administration in a work full of valuable information as to the statistics and moral state of the island. After his return from the Indies he served in the Russian campaign of 1812, and as governor of Modlin in Poland. He was next appointed to take possession of the provinces of Guinea, which had been restored to Holland, and to organize their administration. He entered with energy upon this duty, conciliated the neighboring negro states, favored the establish

ment of new colonies, and mitigated as far as he was able the treatment of the slaves. He died in the midst of these labors.

DAFFODIL, the old English name given to the narcissus pseudonarcissus and its allies, popular garden flowers, commonly known as bulbous roots. The hardiest as well as earliest of the daffodils is the N. pseudonarcissus (flore pleno), whose double, yellow, and conspicuous blossoms visit us as soon as the snow leaves the ground. Later the poetic narcissus or white daffodil, both the single and double kinds, add to the charms of spring and breathe forth a pleasant and inviting odor. Several beautiful kinds are largely cultivated, some of which are styled polyanthuses, from the many-stalked blossoms, white or yellow, crowning the scape or flower stem. The bulbs are imported from Holland, and are generally hardy.

DAGGETT, DAVID, LL.D., an American lawyer and judge, born at Attleborough, Mass., Dec. 31, 1764, died at New Haven, Conn., April 12, 1851. He was graduated at Yale college, with high honor, in 1783; was admitted to the bar in New Haven in 1786; was chosen representative to the legislature in 1791; speaker, in 1794; and was a member of the council, or upper house, from 1797 to 1804, and again from 1809 to 1813. In 1811 he was appointed state's attorney for New Haven county, and in 1813 was chosen to the U. S. senate, where he continued till 1819, when he returned to his extensive practice at the bar in his adopted state. In 1824 he became instructor in the law school in New Haven; in 1826 was appointed Kent professor of law in Yale college; and in the same year was chosen judge of the superior court, and received the degree of LL.D. from Yale college. In 1832 he was made chief justice of the supreme court of the state, retiring by limitation of age in 1834. Judge Daggett was a man of quick and thorough insight both into subjects and men; of well balanced judgment and strong common sense; of varied eloquence and great power as a speaker; thorough in his knowledge of law; of accurate and retentive memory; abounding in wit and humor; and commanding universal confidence by his abilities, judgment, and general character. As an advocate and counsellor, he has had few equals. In social life he was a model of dignified courtesy; and yet, by his sympathy alike with old and young, his cheerfulness, and his varied fund of anecdote and reminiscences of the past, was the life of every circle that he entered. A sketch of his life and character, by the Rev. Dr. Dutton, was published in 1851.

DAGGETT, NAPHTALI, D.D., an American clergyman, born at Attleborough, Mass., Sept. 8, 1727, died at New Haven, Conn., Nov. 25, 1780. He was graduated at Yale college in 1748; in 1751 was ordained pastor of a Presbyterian church in Smithtown, Long island; and in 1755 was chosen professor of divinity in Yale college, which office he held at his death. On

the resignation of President Clap, in 1766, he was chosen president pro tempore, and in this capacity officiated for more than a year. In 1774 he received the degree of D.D. from the college of New Jersey. He was a good classical scholar, well versed in moral philosophy, and a learned divine. He published several sermons; and also, in 1780, some account of the celebrated "dark day," which alarmed so many in New England with the fear that the day of judgment was at hand. In July, 1779, when the British attacked New Haven, Dr. Daggett, fowling piece in hand, went forth in gallant style to the fight, was taken prisoner, and compelled, in an intensely hot day, to act as guide to the advancing columns of the enemy, while they repeatedly pricked him with their bayonets when his strength failed. He never fully recovered from this treatment.

DAGH, a word in the Tartar languages signifying mountain; thus, Daghestan, land of mountains; Keshish-dagh, the modern name of Mt. Olympus.

DAGHESTAN, the country comprising all the E. slope of the Caucasus toward the Caspian sea, from the Terek river to the peninsula of Apsheron, between lat. 41° and 43° N.; area, 17,500 sq. m.; total pop. estimated at nearly 2,000,000. The Kasbek or Mquinvari mountain, 14,500 feet high, is about the western terminus, and also the highest point of the country. The mountains of original formation are extremely rugged, the climate in the higher regions severe, though the Kasbek is the only peak reaching to the line of eternal snow; the narrow valleys, deeply imbedded, are rather fertile, productive of grains, rice, millet, saffron, fruit, nuts, wine, and fine timber; the iron, lead, and sulphur mines are developed, but not beyond the purpose of supplying the necessities of war, and the weapons manufactured here are justly celebrated. Cattle are raised in large numbers, as well as excellent horses, asses, camels, and a species of fat-tailed sheep. Daghestan is the abode of the powerful tribe of the Lesghians (the Albani of antiquity), numbering about 400,000, chiefly Mohammedans of the Soofee sect. The Lesghians are still independent of Russia, to which their country nominally belongs. Further down in the hilly region live Tartar tribes of Mongol descent, called Kumyks, Nogaians, and Truchmenes (Turkomans), all of them Mohammedans, and more or less nomadic, living principally by the raising of cattle and horses. A few towns of some commercial importance are situated along the Caspian coast, which is flat, marshy, or sandy, and in many portions not well watered. The Kumyks are allies of the Lesghians against the Russians; the remainder are peaceable Russian subjects. The territory of Daghestan which constitutes the Russian province of that name comprises an area of only about 6,000 sq. m., and a population in 1851 of 479,042. It is divided into 4 districts. The great rising against the Russians in 1820 commenced with a campaign in Daghestan. (See CAUCASUS.)

DAGO, DAGōE, or DAGDEN, an island belonging to Russia, in the Baltic sea, near the entrance of the gulf of Finland, opposite to the island of Oesel, from which it is separated by the SeleSund. Its greatest length is 87 m. and greatest breadth 15 m. It is comprehended in the province of Esthonia. The inhabitants are 10,000 in number, chiefly Swedes, and employed in husbandry, rearing cattle, and fishing. The soil is principally of sand or chalk, and unfertile, and the cattle are of an inferior stunted breed. Dago was held by the Danes prior to 1645, and by the Swedes from that time till 1791, when they ceded it to Russia.

DAGOBERT I., a Frankish king of the Merovingian line, born about 600, died at Épinay, Jan. 19, 638. The son of Clotaire II., he was, as early as 622, acknowledged king of Austrasia. On the death of his father in 628 he inherited Neustria and Burgundy, and 3 years later he reannexed to those kingdoms Aquitania, which had been inherited by his brother Charibert. He thus reigned over the whole of the Frankish dominion, and successfully opposed the encroachments of the Frankish lords, repelled an invasion of the Vascones, and forced the Bretons to acknowledge his supremacy. His court was renowned for a magnificence almost equal to that of Constantinople. He was liberal toward the church, and founded several monasteries which he richly endowed, including the abbey of St. Denis. The goldsmith Eligius, who was afterward canonized, was one of his ministers, and greatly contributed to the splendor of his reign. One of the king's most meritorious acts was the revision and publication of the old national statutes, known as the Salic and the Ripuarian laws. His fame is marred by an atrocious act of perfidy toward some Bulgarians who had sought refuge within the limits of his kingdom and who were slaughtered; and above all by his debauchery. "This Solomon of the Franks," an old chronicler says, "given up to extreme lewdness, entertained no less than 3 wives bearing the name of queens, and so many concubines that it would be too long to enumerate the same." He was buried at St. Denis.

DAGON (Heb. dag, fish), a Phoenician or Syrian divinity, who, according to the Bible, had richly adorned temples in several of the Philistine cities. The rulers of the Philistines offered to Dagon, at Gaza, a great sacrifice for having delivered Samson unto them; and the statue of Dagon at Ashdod fell to the ground, with its face downward, before the ark of the Lord. There is much uncertainty concerning the origin, attributes, and even the sex of this divinity, who has been identified by various commentators with Noah, Japheth, Saturn, Jupiter, Venus, Ceres, Isis, Oannes, Dirce, Astarte, and the whale Ceto. He was represented as a monster, whose upper part bore some resemblance to the human form, but terminated below in a fish. The different ancient traditions concerning him prove only that the origin of his worship was unknown; he seems, however,

to have been generally regarded as a symbol of fertility and reproduction.

DAGUERRE, LOUIS JACQUES MANDE, inventor of the process, called after his name, by which images from the lens of a camera obscura are fixed upon metallic plates, born at Cormeille, department of Seine-et-Oise, France, in 1789, died at Petit-Brie-sur-Marne, July 12, 1851. He commenced his career in Paris as a scene painter, and rivalled the best of his contemporaries in the brilliancy and novelty of his effects. Having assisted M. Prévost in painting his panoramas of Rome, London, Naples, and other great cities, he conceived the idea of heightening the effect of such views by throwing colored lights and shadows upon them, so as to produce the various changes of the day and season. This invention, called the diorama, was perfected by Daguerre and Bouton in 1822, and for many years the former was busily employed in preparing pictures for exhibition in the buildings erected for that purpose in Paris and London. In 1839 he sustained a great loss by the burning of his establishment in Paris. Previous to this time he had been for many years experimenting, in connection with Niepce, on the method of obtaining permanent fac-simile copies of objects by the chemical action of the sun. After the death of the latter in 1833 he prosecuted his researches alone, and in 1838 succeeded in fixing upon prepared metallic plates distinct and indelible impressions of the images thrown upon them by the lens of the camera. The invention was announced at the session of the académie des sciences, in January, 1839, by Arago, and excited a profound interest, which was heightened by the exhibition soon after of a number of pictures taken by the new process, called by its inventor the méthode Niepce perfectionnée. He was subsequently made an officer of the legion of honor, and by a vote of the French chambers an annuity of 6,000 francs was bestowed upon him, on condition that his process should be made public. To the close of his life he continued to labor on the improvement of the daguerreotype, and has left 2 works on the theory and practice of the art. A monument has been erected to his memory by subscription. -The process invented by Daguerre, and its subsequent improvements, will be treated under the title PHOTOGRAPH.

DAHL, MIKAEL, a Swedish portrait painter, born in Stockholm in 1656, died in London in 1743. In 1688 he repaired to London, where he was patronized by Queen Anne and the prince consort. At Hampton court are several of his portraits of admirals. His equestrian portrait of Charles IX. of Sweden is at Windsor, and some of his whole-length representations of ladies are at Petworth. He also painted a portrait of Lady Walpole, which is at Houghton. DAHL, VLADIMIR IVANOVITCH, a Russian author, of German origin, born in St. Petersburg about 1800, was educated there at the naval academy. In 1819 he joined the Russian fleet in the Black sea. Subsequently he practised VOL. VI.-14

as physician at Dorpat, and served in the expedition against Poland and against Khiva, in Turkestan. He collected more than 15,000 tales, fables, and proverbs, beside colloquial expressions current among the different tribes of the empire; and he was so much struck with the contrast between the language of the cultivated classes in the capital and that of the common people in the provinces, that he wrote a book for the purpose of pointing out this discrepancy and of advocating a reform. This work is entitled Poltora, slova o Ruskim yazikie (“A Word or two about the Russian Language"). The result of his personal contact with the masses of the Russian people is palpable in his novels and tales. His heroes are not czars and grand duchesses, but serfs and common women. The style is simple, pure, and lively, and his novels, apart from the sentimental interest of the plot, abound with original descriptions of scenery, and of the manners of the people. He has published some of his volumes separately, and contributed others to periodicals under the nom de plume of Kosak Luganski. He is a homoeopathic physician by profession.

DAHL, JOHAN KRISTIAN CLAUSEN, a Norwegian landscape painter, born Feb. 24, 1788, at Bergen, in Norway, died Oct. 14, 1857, in Dresden, in which city he had resided since 1818. In 1820-21 he visited the Tyrol, Naples, and Rome, in company with Christian VIII. of Denmark, and in the latter city received many attentions from Thorwaldsen and other northern artists established there. From Italy he brought back the studies of his "View of Vietri-the Island of Capri," the "Eruption of Mount Vesuvius," and other striking pictures. But his most celebrated and characteristic works are those in which the grand and gloomy features of northern nature are portrayed. Of these the "Coast View," near Bergen, now in the possession of the king of Sweden, is considered the finest. The "Shipwreck," " "Ancient Scandinavian Tombs and Monuments," the "Saxon Switzerland," the "Great Winter Landscape of Zealand, Prestöe, and Wordinborg," and others, also enjoy a great reputation. His works are to be found in all parts of Europe, and even in America. His son, SIEGWALD JOHANNES, born in Dresden, Aug. 16, 1827, is devoted to genre painting and to the painting of portraits and animals.

DAHLBOM, ANDERS GUSTAF, a Swedish entomologist, born in East Gothland, March 3, 1806. He was graduated at Lund in 1829, and officiated as teacher of natural history and as superintendent in the zoological museum of Lund from 1830 till 1842, when he was appointed assistant professor of entomology and keeper of the entomological museum of the university. Beside his contributions to the transactions of the Stockholm academy and to the scientific press, he published, from 1829 to 1852, 10 distinct works on insects in Latin and Swedish, of which his Hymenoptera Europaa præcipue Borealia is the most important.