lege, opened in 1848, and now occupying a handsome limestone building, 3 stories high, erected on an eminence in 1855 at a cost of $22,000. It ha a library of 1,800 volumes, and numbers about 100 students, of whom are young ladies. The other educational establishments include the Mount Ida female college, a commercial college, 7 public schools, with an aggregate average attendance of 988 pupils, and numerous private seminaries. There are 17 religious societies, viz.: 3 Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 1 Lutheran, 2 Baptist, 3 Roman Catholic, 1 Disciples', 1 Free Thinkers' association, and 1 German congregation. One monthly, 4 weekly, 1 tri-weekly, and 2 daily newspapers are published, and the city contains 1 book publishing house, 8 banking houses, 15 hotels, 5 flour mills, 5 saw and planing mills, 3 breweries, 7 brick yards, 5 iron works, 3 marble works, 9 manufactories of coaches and wagons, 1 of locomotives and railroad cars, 4 of agricultural implements, 4 of soap and candles, and 1 of piano fortes, 1 tannery, gas works, &c. The statistics of the chief branches of trade for the year ending Dec. 31, 1857, show an aggregate of business amounting to $14,485,812 24. The imports amounted to 53,099 tons, and the exports to 34,157 tons, most of which were transported by railroad. The receipts of lumber were 22,213,216 feet, about of which came by river, and the principal receipts by railroad were as follows: shingles, 3,370,000; railroad iron, 1,593 tons; coal, 13,095; oats, 33,843 bushels; Indian corn, 75,834; wheat, 183,297; pork, 362,285 lbs.; machinery, 183,436. Exports by river and railroad: wheat, 94,008 bushels; barley, 20,667; flour, 106,319 bbls.; coal, 5,647 tons; lumber, 16,048,112 feet; shingles, 5,890,000. The first settlement at Davenport was made in 1836, the site having been purchased the year before by a company for $2,000. It was organized as a town in 1839, and as a city in 1851.

DAVENPORT, JOHN, 1st minister of New Haven, Conn., born in Coventry, England, in 1598, died in Boston, Mass., March 15, 1670. He was educated at Oxford, and became an eminent preacher among the Puritans in London, and minister of St. Stephen's church. About 1630 he was engaged in the project of purchasing the church lands in England in the hands of lay men, for the benefit of poor congregations, and great progress was already made in the execution of the plan when it was interrupted by Bishop Laud, who was apprehensive that it would turn to the profit of the nonconformists. Soon becoming one himself, Mr. Davenport was obliged to resign his pastoral charge, and retired to Holland in 1633. There he became engaged in a controversy, taking sides against the general baptism of children, as was then practised, and in about 2 years returned to London. Seeing a letter from Mr. Cotton, containing a favorable account of the Massachusetts colony, he went to Boston, where he arrived June 26, 1637. There he took part in the synod held soon after, and on March 30, 1638, sailed with a company

for Quinnipiac, or New Haven, to found a new colony. The first Sabbath after their arrival, April 15, he preached under an oak. He was minister there for 30 years, and aided in establishing the system of civil polity, which began by the declaration that "all of them would be ordered by the rules which the Scriptures held forth to them." On June 4, 1649, holding their constituent assembly in a barn, the "free planters" resolved that church members only should be burgesses, and Davenport was chosen one of the "seven pillars" to support the ordinance of civil government. He exhorted the governor to judge justly, and the " cause that is too hard for you to bring it to me." Annual elections were ordained, and God's word established as the only rule in public affairs. In his carefulness in regard to the admission of members to the church, he held in reality also the keys of all political power. Such was his reputation abroad, that he was invited with Hooker and Cotton, by the assembly of divines at Westminster, to take a seat among them. When the messengers of the king, who had come to New England in pursuit of Goffe and Whalley, the regicide judges of Charles I., approached New Haven, he hid the fugitives in his house, and preached to his congregation from Isaiah xvi. 3 and 4: "Hide the outcasts: bewray not him that wandereth. Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab: be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler." After the death of Wilson, the pastor in Boston, in 1667, he was called and removed there to succeed him. DAVEZAC. See AVEZAO.

DAVID, the 2d king of Israel, was the youngest of the 7 sons of Jesse of Bethlehem in Judah, and was still tending the flocks of his father when he was chosen by the prophet Samuel as the future king of his nation. He was even then remarkable for beauty, valor, and skill as a player on musical instruments. Having been brought to the court of Saul to soothe the melancholy of the king by his harp, and distinguished himself by challenging and slaying the Philistine giant Goliath, he won the friendship of Saul's son Jonathan, and the love of his daughter Michal, as well as the admiration of the people; but he at the same time drew upon himself the jealousy, and finally the fury of the unhappy king, who repeatedly attempted to kill him, though he gave him his daughter in marriage. Saved by the devotion of his wife and her brother, and protected by the favor of Samuel and the priests, David escaped to Philistia, and afterward collected a band of outlaws and malcontents in the southern part of Judah, at whose head he baffled every attempt of Saul to capture him, and even twice found opportunities of taking revenge on his pursuer, but on each occasion dismissed him without injury. Living mostly on booty from the hostile neighbors of the Hebrews, he continued a roving life till the death of Saul and Jonathan in the battle of Mount Gilboa (1055 B. C.), when he was acknowledged as king by his native tribe, and

made Hebron his residence, while Abner, the general of Saul, proclaimed Ishbosheth, the son of the latter, as the legal successor to the throne. The rivalry of the 2 houses lasted for 7 years, and ended, after the assassination of Abner by Joab, the general of David, with that of Ishbosheth by 2 obscure persons. David, now king of the whole nation, conquered the citadel of Zion from the Jebusites, made Jerusalem his capital and the seat of the national worship, which he organized with the aid of priests, prophets, poets, and musicians, entered into friendly relations with Phoenicia, and defeated the Philistines, the Moabites, the Syrians, the Edomites, and the Ammonites, thus making the limits of his country to extend from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, and from Damascus to the Arabian gulf. The military power of the state attained its highest pitch during his reign, and a corresponding development of prosperity, culture, and literature was at least prepared. But the prophet Nathan prohibited him from building the temple, which he intended, because of the blood he had shed in war. The later years of his life were embittered by the consequences of polygamic disorder in his house, and the passions and ambition of some of his sons, by revolts, conspiracies, and a dreadful pestilence. His son Absalom, having taken a bloody revenge on his half brother Amnon for the rape of his sister Tamar, and lived for some years in exile, was reconciled with his father, but afterward conspired against him and brought about an almost general insurrection, which, but for his own blunders and the devotion and courage of a part of the army, would have proved fatal to David. Absalom fell by the hands of Joab; Sheba, a Benjamite, who immediately after him raised the standard of rebellion, was subdued by Amasa, the successor to Joab in command; a conspiracy of Adonijah, another of David's sons, was baffled by the speedy proclamation of Solomon, son of Bath-sheba, as heir and king. Shortly afterward the aged monarch_died (1015). His graceful elegy on Saul and Jonathan is one of the most admirable of his poems, but it is principally the "Psalms" that have immortalized his name. (See PSALMS.)

DAVID, FÉLICIEN, a French composer, born at Cadenet, in Vaucluse, March 8, 1810. His earliest instruction in music was acquired at Aix, where he sang in the choir of the cathedral, and whence at the age of 20 he went to Paris, and entered the conservatory. Soon after he joined the St. Simonians, for whom he composed the music of the choruses sung at their establishment at Ménilmontant, and with some of whom, on the dissolution of the sect, he travelled in Egypt and the East. The fruits of his travels were seen in the Désert, a choral symphony, published in 1844, several years after his return to Paris. On this piece, which aims at giving impressions of the physical as pects of the East, and which abounds in melodic and harmonic beauties, his reputation mainly

rests. He has written a number of operas, of which the Perle du Brésil, produced in 1851, has proved the most successful, and has recently finished a 5 act opera, entitled La fin du monde. DAVID. I. JACQUES LOUIS, a French painter, born in Paris, Aug. 31, 1748, died in Brussels, Dec. 29, 1825. His taste for painting was fostered by his uncle Buron, the architect, and further developed in the studio of the historical painter Vien, the same who subsequently presided over the French academy at Rome. David, having succeeded in 1775 in obtaining the great prize for one of his paintings, followed his master to Rome, and there imbibed that love for classical art which afterward caused him to be hailed in France as the great reformer who had wrought the same change in painting which Corneille had introduced into the drama. His first important work, the "Plague of St. Roch," was executed by him at Rome for the lazaretto of Marseilles. This was followed, after his return to Paris in 1780, by "Belisarius" and "Andromache lamenting the Death of Hector." In 1784 he returned to Rome, and there finished his great picture of the "Horatii," which was greeted with enthusiasm in Italy and France. In 1787 he produced the "Death of Socrates;" in 1788, the "Loves of Paris and Helen;" and in 1789, his famous "Brutus," which had been ordered by Louis XVI. as a pendant to the "Horatii." In 1793 we find him in the convention as one of the representatives of the city of Paris, and voting for the death of the same monarch who had previously been his patron. But although actively engaged in politics, he was far from neglecting his art, and beside the "Oath of the Tennis Court," and the "Entry of Louis XVI. into the Assembly," executed in 1790 for the constituent assembly, he found in the tragical incidents of the reign of terror abundant elements for the exercise of his genius, as evidenced by his pictures of the assassination of Le Pelletier and of Marat. At the same time he became the great oracle on all public occasions in reference to the arrangement of festivals and the costumes of civil and military officers-a task peculiarly congenial to him, and at the same time enhancing his popularity with the people of Paris, who delighted in mimicking the manners of the republicans of antiquity. The same Grecian and Roman predilection which he brought to bear upon his paintings swayed his mind in these arrangements, and also appeared in his occasional political speeches. After the downfall of his favorite hero Robespierre, he was put in prison, released after 4 months, through the intercession of his pupils, but soon after rearrested and detained until the promulgation of the amnesty of Oct. 24, 1795. While in prison, he commenced his celebrated picture of the "Sabines," which he finished in 1799. He was engaged upon a picture of Leonidas at Thermopyla, when his services were put in requisition by Napoleon, for whom he executed a series of works during the consulate and empire, of which the "Coronation" and the "Dis

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tribution of Eagles" pleased the emperor best; while the picture in which Bonaparte is represented upon an impetuous horse, on Mount St. Bernard, pointing out to his soldiers the path to glory, which is now in the Berlin museum, was the most popular. Expelled from France soon after Napoleon's downfall, he betook himself to Brussels, but not without having before his departure from Paris given another proof of his patriotism by refusing to execute the portrait of the duke of Wellington. In his exile at Brussels he produced Cupid and Psyche," the "Farewell of Telemachus and Eucharis," the "Wrath of Achilles," and "Mars disarmed by Venus," which were exhibited all over Belgium for charitable purposes; while a copy of his "Coronation of Napoleon," also executed by him at Brussels, made a successful tour through Great Britain and the United States. In his later pictures we find the classical rigidity of his previous works softened to some extent by a greater infusion of sentiment. He excelled also in portrait painting, his heads of Marat and Pius VII. constituting his most remarkable achievements in this branch of art. Girodet, Gros, Gérard, Drouais, Ingres, Isabey, David d'Angers, and many others who have become eminent artists, were among his pupils, and became the disciples of the new school which he inaugurated. His body was buried at St. Gudule, in Brussels, and his heart in Père la Chaise, where his family have erected a monument to his memory. II. PIERRE JEAN, a French sculptor, commonly called DAVID D'ANGERS, after the town of Angers, where he was born, March 12, 1789, died in Paris, Jan. 4, 1856. He was not a relative of the famous painter of his name, although he was his pupil and married his niece. When only 20 years old he obtained a medal of encouragement from the academy of fine arts, and in 1811 his bass-relief of Epaminondas, which is in the museum of his native town, gained the first prize for sculpture, and along with it a pension to finish his education in Italy, his struggles with poverty having previously been relieved by an annual allowance of $50 from his townsmen of Angers, and by his celebrated namesake, who gave him gratuitous instruction. He passed 5 years at Rome; then visited London, where, although in indigence, he rejected an advantageous offer to execute a monument commemorative of Waterloo; and on his return to Paris established his reputation by his statue of Condé, which is at Versailles, and by one in marble of King René of Anjou, for the town of Aix. He was elected a member of the academy of fine arts, Aug. 5, 1826, and appointed professor, Dec. 6, 1826. In 1828 he went to Weimar, where he modelled a bust of Goethe in marble, and presented it to that town; he also executed it in bronze for the city of Munich. In 1834 he revisited Germany, executing at the latter city a bust of Schelling, at Dresden one of Tieck, and at Berlin one of Rauch and one of Humboldt. From 1835 to

1837 he was employed upon his sculptures of the Pantheon, now the church of St. Geneviève, at Paris, which constituted the great work of his life. His other productions embrace bassreliefs for the palace of Fontainebleau; "Christ," the "Virgin," and "St. John," for the cathedral of Angers; "St. Cecilia singing the Praise of God," for the church of St. Maurice of Angers; "A Shepherd Beholding Himself in the Water," for the museum of the same place; the "Battle of Fleurus," and the " Battle of Heliopolis," for the triumphal arch at Marseilles, beside a great number of kindred works of art. He also executed medals, busts, and statues of celebrities of all countries, including Washington and Lafayette, in the house of representatives at Washington; Jefferson and Fenimore Cooper, in New York; Berzelius in Copenhagen; Bentham in England; Lady Sydney Morgan in Ireland; Gutenberg at Strasbourg; Corneille at Rouen; Racine at La Ferté-Milon; Cuvier at Montbéliard, and at the jardin des plantes in Paris; Talma, Mlle. Mars, and Joseph Chénier, at the théâtre Français in Paris; Henry II. at Boulogne; Francis I., Louis XVI., Bernardin de St. Pierre, and Casimir Delavigne, at Havre; Fénelon at Cambray; Châteaubriand, Lamartine, Walter Scott, Canning, Victor Hugo, Béranger, Hahnemann, Arago, Lamennais, Madame de Staël, André Chénier, Rossini, Paganini, in Paris; Börne, General Foy, St. Cyr, Suchet, Gobert, and many other monuments, at Père la Chaise. The mausoleum of Marco Bozzaris at Missolonghi, presented by him as a token of his sympathy with the Grecian struggles for national independence, is one of his best productions. His last work, the statue of Dr. Bichat, was placed in the great court of the medical school of Paris on July 16, 1857. In politics he was an ardent republican. He was a representative of the people of his native department of Maineet-Loire in the constituent assembly of 1848, invariably voting and exerting his influence and pen in favor of the republican party. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, his name, which was endeared to the people and in the same proportion obnoxious to Louis Napoleon, appeared in one of the earliest lists of the proscribed. He took refuge at Brussels, and was not permitted to return to France until after nearly 3 years of exile, during which time he visited Greece. David excelled more by his immense capacity for labor than by originality and greatness of genius, many of his productions aiming rather at effect than at fidelity to nature. The universal regard in which his name is held by the best minds of France was evident at his funeral at Père la Chaise on Jan. 8, 1856, when an extraordinary crowd of eminent men attended, headed by the veteran poet Béranger, while Cavaignac was one of the pall bearers, both of whom have since followed him to the grave.

DAVIDSON. I. A W. central co. of N. C.; area, 630 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 15,320, of whom 2,992 were slaves. The Yadkin river washes its western border, and several smaller streams

intersect it. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys, and nearly all of the land is fertile. Gold has been found in the southern part of the county. The productions in 1850 were 82,424 bushels of wheat, 507,961 of corn, 174,085 of oats, and 932 bales of cotton. There were 5 saw mills, 4 tanneries, and 41 churches. Formed from Rowan county in 1822, and named in honor of Gen. William Davidson. II. A N. central co. of Tenn., divided into 2 nearly equal parts by the Cumberland river; area, 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 38,881, of whom 14,175 were slaves. The surface is slightly uneven; the soil is good and well watered, and agriculture is in a forward state. The limestone found here is of excellent quality. In 1850 the productions were 1,598,463 bushels of corn, 162,315 of oats, 108,351 of sweet potatoes, 261,304 lbs. of butter, 38,322 of wool, and 1,277 bales of cotton. There were 61 churches, and 1,493 pupils attending public and other schools. The Cumberland river in this part of its course is navigable for steamboats, and 8 good turnpike roads, leading to different parts of the state, meet in this county. Nashville, the capital of the state, is the seat of justice.

DAVIDSON COLLEGE, a post village of Mecklenburg co., N. C., and the seat of Davidson college, an institution founded in 1840, and having about 100 students, and a library of 5,000 or 6,000 volumes.

DAVIDSON, LUCRETIA MARIA, an American poetess, born at Plattsburg, N. Y., Sept. 27, 1808, died Aug. 27, 1825. She wrote verses at 4 years of age, having taught herself in secrecy to copy the letters from printed books. The earliest of her productions which are preserved were written when she was 9 years old. When she was 16 she was placed, through the care of a friend, at a young lady's school in Troy, where her application soon undermined her health. She was still allowed to continue her studies, even when weakened by medical treatment, and even to increase her labor to prepare for a public examination, the result of which was a hectic consumption from which she died. Although a great part of her compositions were destroyed, 278 pieces remain, some of which were published in 1829, with a memoir by Mr. S. F. B. Morse, afterward republished with a life by Miss Sedgwick. The volume produced a remarkable sensation, and was noticed by Southey in the "Quarterly Review" with the observation: "In our own language, except in the cases of Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement."-Her sister, MARGARET MILLER, born March 26, 1823, died Nov. 25, 1837, had the same sensibility and precocity, and began to write at 6 years of age. At 10 she wrote and acted in a passionate drama in society at New York; and notwithstanding the warning of her sister's fate, her intellectual activity seems to have been tolerated rather than restrained. But both of them possessed such influence, through

characters of almost angelic loveliness, as to make it impossible to deny them the pleasure which they enjoyed and conferred by their compositions. Margaret's poems were introduced to the world under the auspices of Washington Irving, and the works of both sisters were published together in 1850.

DAVIDSON, WILLIAM, an American general in the war of the revolution, born in Lancaster co., Penn., in 1746, fell in the battle of Cowan's ford, N. C., Feb. 1, 1781. His parents removed to Rowan co., N. C., when he was 4 years old, and he was educated at the Queen's museum, afterward styled Liberty Hall academy, at Charlotte. He took up arms at the outbreak of the revolution, was major of one of the first regiments raised in Carolina, was appointed brigadier after the battle of Camden, and in 1781 was despatched by Greene to prevent Cornwallis from passing the Catawba at Cowan's ford. With his death in the battle which ensued, and with the dispersion of his troops, began the pursuit of Greene by Cornwallis.

DAVIE, a W. central co. of N. C.; area, about 250 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 7,866, of whom 2,171 were slaves. It has a rough, hilly surface. Yadkin river and Hunting creek are the principal streams. In 1850 the productions were 29,076 bushels of wheat, 301,010 of corn, and 79,029 of oats. The county was organized in 1836, and named in honor of Gen. William R. Davie. Capital, Mocksville.

DAVIE, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, an American revolutionary officer, born in England, June 21, 1756, died at Camden, S. C., Nov. 8, 1820. He was brought to North Carolina when he was 6 years old, and was graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1776. He returned to North Carolina, and began to study the law, but soon entered the revolutionary army, and obtained a captaincy in Pulaski's legion. At the time of Gates's defeat he expended the last shilling of an estate bequeathed him by his uncle, William Richardson, in equipping the company which he commanded. He rose to be colonel and commissary, served throughout the war, and was a favorite officer under Sumter and Greene. At the peace he returned to his profession, and was a member of the convention to form the U. S. constitution in 1787, and advocated its acceptance in the convention of North Carolina. Through his influence the university of North Carolina was established. He was elected governor of that state in 1799, and soon after appointed by President Adams envoy to France, being joined with Chief Justice Ellsworth and Mr. Murray. After his return he lived in South Carolina.

DAVIES, CHARLES, LL.D., an American mathematician, born at Washington, Litchfield co., Conn., Jan. 22, 1798. While yet a lad he emigrated with his father to St. Lawrence co., N. Y., and settled on the shores of Black lake, then little else than a wilderness. Here he pursued the usual occupations of a farmer till he was sent to the military academy at West Point, which he entered as a cadet in 1814. From that in