the autumn of 1820 he removed to New York to assume the charge of the Spring street Presbyterian church. After gaining here the reputation of an ardent and striking preacher, he sailed for Europe in 1833 to recruit his health, and after his return took the chair of professor of sacred rhetoric at Auburn, N. Y., in the autumn of 1834. In May, 1837, he removed to Brooklyn as pastor of the first Presbyterian church, and remained in this connection until 1854, when he was obliged by infirmity of the voice to give up his charge, and retired to Owego, N. Y. Having had the degree of D.D. conferred on him in the summer of 1825 by Williams college, he indignantly repudiated, in a letter to the "New York Observer," Nov. 16, 1825, the "semilunar fardels." Having lent his countenance and sympathy to the foundation of the American anti-slavery society, he was one of the sufferers by a mob excited in opposition, and had his house and church sacked, July 10, 1834. At that time he passed for an agitator upon all topics; and always throwing himself impetuously into the service of every cause which he has espoused, he has successively appeared as the zealous advocate of abolition, temperance, colonization, new school Presbyterianism, the evangelical alliance, &c. Of late years, however, he has changed his views on the slavery question, and has identified himself with the conservative treatment of that question. As a writer and preacher he abounds in quaint conceits and learned allusions, with a substratum of strong common sense and ardent feeling, and holds a high rank in the religious and intelligent community. He was moderator in 1846 of the general assembly of the Presbyrian church, and has frequently been delegated to attend the religious anniversaries in London. He is the author of "Quakerism not Christianity," "Interviews Memorable and Useful, from Diary and Memory," and other publications.

COXCIE, or CoxIS, MICHAEL, a Flemish painter, born at Mechlin in 1497, died in Antwerp from the fall of a scaffolding in 1592. He was a pupil of Bernard van Orley, and went afterward to Rome, where he acquired celebrity and was much employed as a fresco painter. He married in Italy, and after his return to his own country his works were in great demand, and he acquired a large fortune by them. Many of them were taken to Spain, and he had 3 palaces or houses full of the most valuable at Mechlin. He is now better known by his copy of the "Adoration of the Lamb," by the brothers Van Eyck, in the church of St. Bavon at Ghent, than by his original productions. This copy was made for Philip II. of Spain, and cost 2 years of constant labor, for which the artist was paid 4,000 florins. It was finished in 1559. Complaining that he could not find a blue good enough to paint the mantle of the Virgin with, the king wrote to Titian for some ultramarine, of which, when it came, Coxcie used to the value of 32 ducats on the mantle alone. The copy was painted with extreme care, and was for a

long time kept in the chapel of the old palace at Madrid, whence it was sent to Brussels by Gen. Belliard during the French occupation of Spain. It was in several parts, which are now scattered in the royal gallery of Berlin, in the Pinakothek at Munich, and in the collection of the king of Holland. Without much originality, Coxcie yet conferred a service upon the art in his native country by introducing there the knowledge of the Italian masters and their style. He is distinguished for lightness, grace, and an agreeable individuality. Among his best productions are the illustrations of the fable of Psyche, which were engraved by Agostino Veneziano, and have furnished the models for innumerable paintings on glass.

COXE. I. ARTHUR CLEVELAND, D.D., an Episcopal clergyman, son of the Rev. S. H. Cox, born at Mendham, N. J., May 10, 1818. He was graduated in 1838 at the university of New York, took orders in 1841, and has been settled successively at Morrisania, Hartford, and Baltimore, in which last named city he is now (1859) the rector of Grace church. He has written "Christian Ballads," a volume of religious poems (New York, 1840), "Saul, a Mystery," and other poems, beside a volume of travels in England (1856), and a collection of sermons (1855). II. TENCH, an American writer on political economy, born in 1756, died in Philadelphia, July 16, 1824. He was the author of "An Inquiry into the Principles of a Commercial System for the United States " (1787), "View of the United States" (1794), "Thoughts on Naval Power and the Encouragement of Commerce and Manufactures" (1806), "Memoir on the Cultivation, Trade, and Manufacture of Cotton" (1807), “ On the Navigation Act" (1809), "On the Arts and Manufactures of the United States" (1814). III. WILLIAM, archdeacon of Wilts, an English historical and biographical writer, born in London in March, 1747, died at Bemerton in June, 1828. He was elected a fellow of King's college, Cambridge, in 1768, and in 1771 was appointed to the curacy of Denham. Shortly after this he commenced a series of extended visits to the continent, in the capacity of private tutor to young members of the nobility, which, with occasional intervals for literary or professional labor, embraced a period of more than 20 years. The result of his observation and researches was given to the world in a number of elaborate books of travel, and of history and biography. In the former department he published between 1779 and 1789 "Travels into Poland, Russia, and Denmark," and "Travels in Switzerland," beside some miscellaneous works on Russian discoveries, on hospitals in northern Europe, and other subjects. In 1798 appeared his "Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole," accompanied by many valuable state papers, of which Pitt observed that it gave him his first correct notion of the character of Sir Robert. His next important publication, "History of the House of Austria" (which forms a part of Bohn's "Stand

ard Library"), is carefully and impartially written, and is still regarded as a standard authority. It was succeeded by "History of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon," in 1813, "Memoirs of John, Duke of Marlborough," in 1817'19," Memoirs of the Administration of the Right Hon. Henry Pelham," published posthumously in 1829, and by a variety of minor publications. He was appointed archdeacon of Wilts in 1805, and during the last 7 or 8 years of his life was afflicted with total blindness.

COYPEL I. NOËL, a French painter, a successful imitator of Poussin, born in 1628, died in 1707. Among his most celebrated pictures are the "Death of Abel" and the "Assumption of the Virgin," the latter in the hotel of the Invalids. II. ANTOINE, & son and pupil of the preceding, born in 1661, died in 1722. He was inferior to his father, but graceful in the treatment of his subjects, and a man of literary accomplishments. He was appointed painter to the king in 1716. His principal works are the "Assumption," in the church of Notre Dame, "Christ Curing the Blind," and "Christ among the Doctors." Some of his etchings are executed in a masterly manner. The "Numismatic History of the Reign of Louis XIV.," chiefly from his designs, is a work as remarkable of its kind as his frescoes of the chapel at Versailles. III. NOËL NICOLAS, stepbrother of the preceding, born in 1692, died in 1735, also painted many works for the churches of Paris, of which the best are the ceiling of the chapel of the Virgin in the church of St. Saviour, and the "Assumption" in the same chapel. IV. CHARLES ANTOINE, son of Antoine, born in 1694, died in 1752, chiefly excelled as painter of portraits, the best of which is that of Adrienne Lecouvreur.

COYSEVOX, ANTOINE, a French sculptor of Spanish origin, born in 1640, died in Paris, Oct. 10, 1720, produced several fine statues of Louis XIV., a statue of Condé, and of other eminent persons. Among his best works are the tombs of Mazarin and of Colbert, the monument of Lebrun, and 2 statues of a flute-player and Flora, now in the gardens of the Tuileries.

COZZENS, FREDERIC SWARTWOUT, an American author, born in New York, March 5, 1818. He was educated in his native city, and has always resided there. In 1853 he collected a series of articles, which he had previously contributed to the "Knickerbocker Magazine," in a volume entitled "Prismatics, by Richard Haywarde." The nom de plume which he assumed was the name of one of his ancestors, an English Moravian missionary in America. In 1856 he published the "Sparrowgrass Papers," consisting of sketches which had before appeared in "Putnam's Magazine," describing the rural life of a cockney. Mr. Cozzens is a leading wine merchant, and publishes in connection with his business a periodical entitled the "Wine Press," for which, as well as for other publications, he has written interesting essays on the culture of the grape. In 1858 Mr. Cozzens attended the copyright congress of

Brussels as delegate of the New York publishers' association.

CRAB, a crustaceous animal of the tribe brachyura and genera cancer, lupa, and many others, several species of which are common on the coast, and serve, like the lobster, for food. The most common is the lupa dicantha of MilneEdwards, found most abundantly south of Cape Cod, and especially in Chesapeake and Delaware bays. Its feet are flattened, its teeth long and projecting like spines. From the color of its long hands it is sometimes called the violet crab, though the color of the body is greenish. In the summer months it is regarded as a great delicacy on the shores of the Chesapeake. A number of the species of the smallest crabs are known only as they are found in the intestines and maws of the cod, haddock, and other fish, to which they seem to furnish one of the principal sources of food. Another little crab, the pinnotheres ostreum, unprotected by a shell of its own, finds a shelter within those of the oyster, mussel, pinna, &c., which it does not appear to molest; indeed, it is supposed by some that it affords aid to the shellfish in securing the prey which nourishes both. This was the opinion of Pliny, and of later naturalists also. Others state that in the case of the pinna, at least, the little crab warns the shell fish of danger when its enemy the cuttle fish approaches to devour it. The little crab is often found with the oysters cooked for the table. Several species of the genus pagurus are also unprovided with a shell of their own; but these seek for some empty univalve shell; and an individual finding one which on trial fits his size, he takes possession of it, and drags it about with him on the sands, till his enlarged dimensions cause him to seek a more capacious tenement, or till a stronger crab, driving him out, suddenly slips in, and leaves him to look for another. These are known as hermit or soldier crabs. In Jamaica they pass into the interior several miles from the sea, carrying with them their coverings of marine shells.-Beside the salt-water crabs, there are others, as the thelphusians, that live on the banks of rivers and in humid forests, burrowing in the ground. In Italy and further up the Mediterranean these are eaten, particularly in the season of Lent. There are others also in warm climates of terrestrial habits, one group of which is called ocypoda, swift-footed, from their rapid running, which is such, as Cuvier states, that a horseman has some difficulty in overtaking them. The O. arenaria, or sand crab, of Catesby, is an American specimen of this genus, found in the West Indies and on the mainland. During the summer they live in holes on the sea-shore just above high-water mark, retiring into them during the day and coming out at night. When disturbed they run very rapidly, threatening at the same time with their elevated claws. At the close of the summer they emigrate in troops into the interior, and, finding a convenient place for passing the winter, dig holes into which they bury them

selves, and so completely hide the entrance to their retreats, that no indication of them is seen upon the surface. In the spring they reappear, and return to the sea-shore. They have a singular habit in their nocturnal excursions of entering into the houses, the doors of which in the warm nights are often left open, and taking possession of small articles of clothing, as cravats, collars, stockings, &c. If disturbed in their pilferings, they scramble away, making a great clattering upon the floor; the articles that disappear with them are usually effectually concealed in their holes. They are often seen in great numbers in the roads, and it is curious to observe their rapid sidelong retreat, as one is riding by on horseback, and when overtaken how they run as rapidly back the other way without turning round. In the Moluccas a crab is described by the name of purse or robber crab (pagurus latro of Fabricius), which is said to feed upon fruits as well as flesh, and to climb the palm tree called the pandanus odoratissimus, to eat the small cocoanuts it bears. They are seen in great abundance in Lord Hood's island in the Pacific. When met in the road they set themselves in a threatening attitude, making a great snapping with their pincers and retreating backward.

CRAB APPLE. See APPLE.

CRABB, GEORGE, an English_barrister and philologist, born at Palgrave, Dec. 8, 1778, died at Hammersmith, Dec. 4, 1854. Intended for the medical profession, his delicate nervous organization made him incompetent to follow it. He devoted himself to teaching, studied in Germany, and published on his return German text books, which were long in use. In 1821, after having been married 22 years, he was graduated at the university of Oxford, with reputation for mathematical attainments. He was 51 years of age when he was admitted to the bar. His offensive manners prevented his success as a practitioner, but as an author he made several contributions to legal literature, which became standard works. Among these is a "History of English Law." He is most generally known by his treatise on "English Synonymes," explained with copious examples, published in 1816 (7th edition in 1844, after which the book was stereotyped). He was the author also of a historical and of a technological dictionary.

CRABBE, GEORGE, an English poet, born at Aldborough, in Suffolk, Dec. 24, 1754, died at Trowbridge, in Wiltshire, Feb. 3, 1832. His father, who was a collector of salt duties, exerted himself to give his son a superior education. At the age of 14 years, having made some progress in the study of mathematics and the classics, George was destined to the medical profession, and was apprenticed to a surgeon near Bury St. Edmund's. Three years later he was transferred to another surgeon at Woodbridge, with whom he completed his apprenticeship. His father was a subscriber to a "Philosophical Magazine," the last page of

which, devoted to poetry, he was accustomed to tear off before sending the numbers to be bound. These rejected sheets had first excited the poetical tastes and powers of his son, who, both during his school days and amid the pursuits of surgery, made many ambitious attempts at versifying. While at Woodbridge he competed successfully with a poem on "Hope" for a prize offered by the "Lady's Magazine," to which he continued to contribute. In 1775 his first separate publication, a poem on "Inebriety," was issued anonymously at Ipswich. He soon after repaired to London to pursue his medical studies, but returned within a year, with his pecuniary resources exhausted. Never pleased with his profession, he soon determined to abandon it for literary adventure in London, and, provided with a loan of £5, he worked his way in a sloop from Aldborough to the metropolis, where he arrived in 1780. His first poetical pieces found no publisher; and his first printed poem, the "Candidate," which appeared anonymously in that year, was coldly received, and brought him no profit in consequence of the immediate failure of his publisher. His letters to Lord North, Lord Shelburne, and Lord Thurlow, enclosing some of his poems and asking assistance, received no answer. Threatened with arrest, he applied without an introduction to Edmund Burke, at whose door he left a simple and manly letter, and then calmed his agitation by walking Westminster bridge backward and forward throughout the night. From his kind reception by Mr. Burke begins his success in literature. He was received into the family of the statesman, was introduced to Fox, Reynolds, Johnson, and his other distinguished friends, and had the advantage of his criticism and advice concerning the poem of the "Library," which was published in 1781 (2d edition in 1788), and which was favorably noticed. Lord Thurlow, with tardy generosity, now invited him to breakfast and presented him with a bank note for £100. By Mr. Burke's recommendation, he qualified himself for holy orders, was ordained a deacon in 1781, and a priest in the following year, and after a short experience as curate in his native parish, received the situation of chaplain to the duke of Rutland at Belvoir castle. In 1783 he published the "Village," which had been revised both by Mr. Burke and Dr. Johnson, and obtained immediate popularity, some of its descriptions, as that of the parish workhouse, being copied into nearly all periodicals. Lord Thurlow, declaring that he was as like to parson Adams as twelve to a dozen," presented him in 1785 to two small livings in Dorsetshire, where, having married a lady who was the object of his early love, he lived in retirement. After the publication of the "Newspaper" in that year he did not resume authorship till 1807. He exchanged his livings in 1789 for others in the vale of Belvoir, where he resided most of the time till after the death of his wife in 1813, when he was preferred to the rectory

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of Trowbridge. He assigned the death of his distinguished friends and advisers as his reason for publishing nothing, and passed his time in domestic enjoyment, in various studies of natural history, especially of botany, in educating his sons, in writing three novels which he afterward burned, and in fulfilling his professional duties. In 1807 his "Parish Register," which had been read and approved by Mr. Fox, was received with universal approbation, and was followed in 1810 by the "Borough," and in 1812 by "Tales in Verse." The latter years of Crabbe were occupied with the conscientious discharge of his duties to his parishioners of Trowbridge, by whom he was beloved, with studies of botany and geology pursued with increasing interest, and with occasional visits to London, and associations with a younger generation of poets, among whom were Moore, Rogers, Campbell, Scott, Wordsworth, and Southey. In 1819 he completed his last publication, the "Tales of the Hall," for the copyright of which and of all his previous works he received from Mr. Murray the sum of £3,000. In 1822 he visited Sir Walter Scott at Edinburgh, then in the midst of tumultuous preparations for the king's visit, and the biographer of Scott regrets that the two poets had not rather met among the books, and trees, and simple peasants of Abbottsford. His health began to decline in 1828, but his mind still retained its clearness and cheerfulness. The shops of Trowbridge were closed on the days of his death and funeral, and his parishioners erected a monument to his memory in the chancel of their church. He had spent for many years the principal part of his professional income in charity. The finest productions of Crabbe, and sure foundations of his fame, are the "Village," "Parish Register," and some of his shorter tales, which are unrivalled for their severe and minute descriptions of humble life. The whole force of his genius, rarely diverted by bright ideal scenes or pictures of elegance and refinement, was bent upon delineating the circumstances and anatomizing the characters of poverty, vice, and misery. He is styled by Byron "nature's sternest painter, yet the best;" and though he flattered the poor by no Arcadian pictures, he was far from being their satirist. The amenities of the refined society which he enjoyed in mature manhood never occupied his imagination so much as the reminiscences of struggle, suffering, passion, and disaster with which his youth was familiar; and it was with deep sympathy that he described the ruined and friendless inmates of the workhouse, explored the haunts of smugglers and • gypsies, wrote of erring and crazed maidens, and lingered over the darkest forms and refuse members of humanity. But though his delineations, with their Dutch minuteness and accuracy, always reveal tenderness and benevolence rather than harshness in the poet, they yet sometimes become wearisome and displeasing, failing to excite an interest in the gloomy

subjects which they expose. A complete edition of his poetical works in 8 vols., the first of which contained his life written by his son, with his letters and journals, was published by Murray, in London, in 1834, and republished in one vol. in 1847.-GEORGE, an English clergyman, eldest son of the preceding, born at Strathern, near Belvoir castle, in 1785, died at Bredfield, Sept. 16, 1857. He was educated at Cambridge, was for many years curate of Pucklehead, and afterward vicar of Bredfield; published in 1840 a work entitled "Outlines of Natural Theology," and is chiefly known for his interesting biography of his father, which first appeared in 1834.

CRABETH, DIRK AND WOUTER, two brothers, natives of Gouda, in Holland, celebrated masters of painting on glass, lived in the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century. They painted the windows of St. John's church at Gouda, which are considered the most finished productions ever executed in that branch of art, and also the windows of other churches in Belgium and Paris, and probably also Spain. The two brothers were excessively jealous of each other, Wouter being superior in correctness and neatness of design, and Dirk in brilliancy of coloring.

CRACOW, formerly the capital of independent Poland, from 1815 to 1846 of the republic of the same name, now of a western circle of Galicia, and seat of a bishopric, is situated in a plain surrounded by hills, on the left bank of the Vistula, which there becomes navigable, and is crossed by a new massive bridge, connecting the city with the suburban town of Podgorze; lat. 50° 3' N., long. 19° 55′ E.; pop. about 40,000, of whom nearly are Jews. It consists of the city proper and several suburbs, the chief of which are the Kleparz, Stradom, and Kazimierz, the latter on an island of the Vistula, inhabited almost exclusively by the Jews, who have there 7 synagogues. Except this part, which is mostly a narrow and gloomy abode of misery, Cracow, with its old castle, once the residence of the kings, on the top of the Wawel, its large central square, its numerous churches, chapels, turrets, and steeples, offers the aspect of a handsome and picturesque old city; though several conflagrations, of which that of 1850 was one of the most destructive, have changed parts of it, and the ancient fortifications have been converted into modern encircling promenades. The royal castle, whose history is connected with that of the legendary Krakus and his daughter Wanda, of the Piasts and Jagiellos, having been destroyed by 2 conflagrations, restored by King Augustus II., fortified under the direction of Dumouriez, afterward the French general, in 1768, and repaired by the Austrians, has finally been converted by the latter into barracks for the garrison of the city. But the beautiful Gothic cathedral of the ancient residence still contains, in its numerous and splendid chapels, the tombs and monuments of St. Stanislas, whose remains are preserved in a silver coffin, of Casimir the