the cinque port of Sandwich, built on an open beach on the North sea, between the N. and S. Forelands, 18 m. S. E. of Canterbury, 8 m. N. E. of Dover, and 102 m. by the south-eastern railway E. S. E. of London; pop. in 1851, 7,067. It is divided into Upper and Lower Deal; the former, comprising the residences of the wealthy classes, was a small fishing village in the time of Henry VIII.; the latter, built on 3 streets parallel with the coast, is entirely of modern date, and has most of the business and the bulk of the population. The town contains a spacious esplanade, a public library and reading room, a custom house, a naval yard and storehouse, barracks, a pilot station, a town hall, a gaol, baths, a savings bank, boat-building yards, gas works, a nautical school, national and infant schools, 2 parish churches, a chapel of ease, and places of worship for dissenters. At its S. end is a fortress built by Henry VIII. in 1539, and on the N. stands Sandown castle, now used as a coast guard station. There is no harbor, but vessels of all dimensions ride safely in a spacious roadstead called the Downs, between the shore and the Goodwin sands. The latter lie directly opposite the town, and are the scene of frequent shipwrecks. There is little or no foreign commerce, but a brisk trade in naval supplies is carried on with vessels which, at times to the number of 400 or 500, anchor in the Downs while waiting for favorable winds. Many of the inhabitants are fishermen or connected in some other way with maritime pursuits, and the skill and daring of the Deal boatmen, both as pilots and as wreckers, are almost proverbial; but their occupation is now deserting them. Of the licensed or branch pilots of the cinque ports, 56 are attached to this station. The registered shipping of the port, Dec. 31, 1856, amounted to 18 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 299. Number of coasting vessels entered during the year, 72, tonnage 5,335. There were no returns of entrances from foreign ports, nor of clearances of any description. Adjoining Deal on the S. is the suburban village of Walmer, where is situated Walmer castle, the official residence of the warden of the cinque ports. In the same suburb is a royal naval and military hospital, now converted into a coast guard station. There are several martello towers along the coast. The borough unites with Sandwich in sending 2 members to the house of commons. DEAN (Lat. decanus, Fr. doyen), in England, an ecclesiastical officer, so called, it is supposed, because he was formerly at the head of ten (lat. decem) canons or prebendaries. Deans are of 3 classes. 1. The dean of a cathedral church ranks next to the bishop, and is chief of the chapter, by whom he was originally elected; but in bishoprics erected by Henry VIII. he is now appointed by the crown, while in other sees the chapter are obliged under heavy penalties to choose the royal nominee. All the acts of such communities are in the name of the dean and chapter. 2. Rural deans are usually beneficed clergymen to whom is committed the superin

tendency of a certain number of parishes. They are the medium of communication between the higher and lower orders of clergy; they appear to have formerly discharged the duties now performed by clergymen called surrogates, and they had their public seals. The office probably existed in England before the Norman conquest, and subsequently falling into disuse, became merged in those of archdeacon and chancellor. An attempt has been made to revive it during the present century. 3. Deans in peculiars are ecclesiastics possessing peculiar privileges and jurisdiction, arising in most instances from royal foundations. Such are the deans of Westminster, St. George's chapel at Windsor, Christ church Oxford, the Arches, the King's chapel, &c., most of whom were originally, as some are now, at the head of capitular bodies. There are also deans of faculties in the universities, and in Scotland deans of guild, who preside over incorporated bodies of tradesmen.

DEAN FOREST, a royal forest of England, in the county of Gloucester; area, about 22,000 acres, one-half of which is now set aside for navy timber; pop. in 1851, 13,566, mostly miners. It was anciently much more extensive than at present, nearly all that part of the county lying W. of the Severn having been included within its limits. It embraces a number of plantations of oak, beech, and other trees, and orchards famous for the production of styre-apple cider. It abounds in coal and iron, and several railways have been constructed from the mines to the Severn, Wye, &c. Dean Forest is divided into 6 parochial districts, and is the property of the crown. The inhabitants pay no county rates, and enjoy a number of ancient privileges.

DEANE, JAMES, M.D., an American physician, the discoverer of the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley, born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 14, 1801, died at Greenfield, June 8, 1858. He removed to Greenfield in 1822, where, after writing in a public office for 4 years, he studied medicine, and practised as a physician and surgeon from 1831 until his death. As a medical writer he was known to the profession by his frequent contributions to the Boston "Medical and Surgical Journal," and by a communication written at the request of the Massachusetts medical society, on the "Hygienic Condition of the Survivors of Ovariotomy," in which he established the morality of the operation. In the spring of 1835 he discovered the fossil footprints in the red sandstone of the Connecticut valley. By means of diagrams and plaster casts he succeeded in calling the attention of eminent scientific men to the subject, and thus gave the first impulse to its thorough investigation, which was afterward prosecuted by Prof. Edward Hitchcock and others. For several years he was a most successful collector of specimens, and American geologists were early convinced of the genuineness of the footprints; but the greatest scepticism existed in England until, in 1842, Dr. Deane prepared a box of the impressions, which he

sent with a communication to Dr. G. A. Mantell, by whom they were placed before the geological society of London; and by means of these, taken in connection with the then recent discovery of the bones of the dinornis of New Zealand, the doubts of Sir Roderic Murchison (then Mr. Murchison), the president of the society, and of Dr. Mantell and Prof. Owen, were removed, and they yielded their assent to the conclusions of Dr. Deane and Prof. Hitchcock. Shortly afterward a discussion arose between the two latter gentlemen as to their respective claims to the credit of the discovery, which appeared in "Silliman's Journal," vol. xlvii. Dr. Deane also published numerous papers in the same and other scientific journals, and in the memoirs of scientific societies, with occasional illustrations; and at the time of his death he was engaged in the preparation of an elaborate memoir upon the whole subject for the Smithsonian institution, with lithographic plates made by himself, by which the color of the rock and the actual appearance of the footprints were reproduced with singular fidelity. These plates were all completed.

DEANE, SILAS, an American diplomatist, born at Groton, Conn., died at Deal, England, Aug. 23, 1789. He was graduated at Yale college in 1758, and was a member of the first continental congress in 1774. He was sent by congress to France as a political and financial agent, and arrived at Paris in June, 1776, with instructions to ascertain the temper of the French government concerning the rupture with Great Britain, and to obtain supplies of military stores. But he did not confine himself to his instructions, but made promises and engagements on all sides, which afterward brought the congress into considerable embarrassment. When in September it was determined to send ministers to negotiate treaties, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Jefferson, and, on the declension of the latter, Arthur Lee, were commissioned to join him at Paris, and he assisted in the negotiation of the treaty with France. In consequence of the extravagant contracts he had entered into, he was recalled, Nov. 21, 1777, and John Adams appointed in his place. He left Paris, April 1, 1778, and upon his return, being called upon to give an account of his proceedings on the floor of congress, evaded a complete disclosure upon the ground that his papers were in Europe. He then attacked his fellow commissioners and congress itself in a public manifesto for the manner in which he had been treated, but did not succeed in removing the public suspicion from himself. He afterward published in 1784 an address to the citizens of the United States on the same subject, and returning to Europe, died in great poverty.

DEARBORN, a S. E. co. of Ind., bordering on Ohio, drained by Whitewater river; area, 291 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 20,166. Part of the surface is level and part hilly; the soil is generally fertile. Limestone is the principal rock. In 1850 this county yielded 938,491 bushels of

corn, 70,506 of wheat, 94,108 of oats, and 13,889 tons of hay. There were 47 churches, and 7,461 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Lawrenceburg.

DEARBORN, HENRY, an American general, born in Hampton, N. H., in March, 1751, died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. He was practising medicine at Portsmouth when, on hearing the news of the battle of Lexington, April 20, 1775, he immediately marched with 60 volunteers, and was at Cambridge early the next day, a distance of 65 m. He was made a captain, was at the battle of Bunker hill, June 17, and accompanied Arnold on the expedition through the woods of Maine to Quebec. In the attack on that place, Dec. 31, he was taken prisoner, and afterward released on parole, and exchanged, March, 1777. He served as major under Gates at the capture of Burgoyne, and distinguished himself and his regiment by a gallant charge at the battle of Monmouth in 1778. In 1779 he served in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians, in 1780 with the army of New Jersey in 1781 at Yorktown, and in 1782 was on garrison duty at Saratoga. At the peace, having emigrated to Maine, he was appointed by Washington in 1789 marshal of that district. He was twice member of congress, and for 8 years, during the presidency of Mr. Jefferson, secretary of war. În 1809 he was made collector of Boston, and on Jan. 27, 1812, became senior major-general in the U. S. army. In the spring of 1813 he captured York, in Upper Canada, and Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara, but was recalled, and soon afterward placed in command of the military district of New York city. Resigning his commission in the army in 1815, he was appointed, May 7, 1822, minister to Portugal, where he remained 2 years, and was recalled at his own request.

DEATH. With all our science and philosophy we cannot obtain a better definition of death than that it is a cessation of life. Of life itself we know nothing beyond what we can learn from the observation of certain phenomena presented by living organized bodies, as distinguished from those exhibited by inorganic forms. When these vital phenomena cease to present themselves, we have death. Human beings seldom or never reach that term of existence that nature has fixed. Death by disease or violence is the rule, death from old age the exception. When disease terminates life gradually, it is almost impossible to trace the precise changes which lead to the final and fatal result. When, however, death is sudden, as in apoplexy, concussion of the brain, suffocation, and hemorrhage, its immediate cause may be more readily ascertained. The heart, the lungs, and the brain were called the tripod of life by the ancients, who thus metaphorically described the fundamental basis upon which animal existence is erected. Death to either is necessarily death to all, as each of these organs is the source of a function absolutely essential to

life. The cessation of the action of the lungs and heart, organs intimately associated in the movement of the blood, is so far similar in effect, that in either case the cause of death is to be attributed to default of the circulation. When asphyxia or suffocation is the primary difficulty, and the blood is consequently not aerated on account of the inaction of the lungs, whose special function it is to breathe in the air, the heart continuing its movement sends an impure fluid to the brain which acts as a direct poison upon that organ, and, putting a stop to its functions, terminates life. When the action of the heart is first destroyed, as it may be by wounds, ruptures, disease, or the nervous effect of mental emotions, joy, grief, anger, or fear, the brain ceases to live at once, from being deprived of blood in consequence of the inability of the heart to send a supply, and sudden death is the result. When death begins by the lungs or by the heart, the fatal termination is more rapid than when it begins at the brain. The last is the centre of the animal, while the other two are the chief instruments in the maintenance of the organic functions; and it is well known that the animal life cannot exist for a moment after the death of the organic, although the vitality of the latter is possible for a greater or less time after the cessation of the former. When, therefore, the action of the brain is first arrested by disease or violence, and the animal functions of sensation, thought, and motion cease, the organic functions of respiration and circulation may still continue. For example, in apoplexy, a disease of the brain, the individual falls senseless and motionless, but his lungs continue to operate and his heart to beat. These organs, however, are affected from the beginning, and act with diminishing power, until they cease entirely, and death is the result.-Facies Hippocratica is the term applied to the ordinary appearance of the dead human countenance, from the generally truthful description given by Hippocrates, whose words have been thus translated: "The forehead wrinkled and dry; the eye sunken; the nose pointed and bordered with a violet or black circle; the temples sunken, hollow, and retired; the ears sticking up; the lips hanging down; the cheeks sunken; the chin wrinkled and hard; the color of the skin leaden or violet; the hairs of the nose and eyelashes sprinkled with a yellowish white dust." Some of these appearances, however, show themselves previous to death, and in diseases that do not necessarily terminate fatally, while many of them are entirely absent in those who die suddenly, or of ailments not long protracted or very painful. It becomes therefore a matter of great importance to decide whether there are precise indications of death, and what they may be; such undoubtedly exist, in spite of the vulgar notion of their frequent absence. There are but few well authenticated cases of premature burial, and these were probably from design or barbarous ignorance. The horror of being buried alive naturally, however, so excites the imagination, that it is prepared to receive the most marvellous fables as

if they were authentic facts. A French writer named Fontenelle has, in his work on the signs of death, given full scope to his credulity, and accepts without hesitation the most absurd stories of persons being buried alive. He narrates, with a faith more marvellous than are even the extraordinary incidents of some of his recitals, 100 cases of premature burial gathered from all the world and from all history, and which he would have us believe are truths, but he gives no evidence of their genuineness. Louis, a French writer on medical jurisprudence, relates that a patient who was supposed to have died at the hospital was removed to the dissecting room. Next day Louis was told that moans had been heard, and on repairing to the place he was persuaded, as the winding sheet was more or less disturbed, that the supposed dead had revived during the night, and had died subsequently. The moans heard and the disarrangement of the coverings of the dead, in this case, were however no proofs of the movements of life, and it is quite possible that Louis was misled by indications that have often seemed to give sanction to the popular notion of persons having revived after apparent death. Bodies are often found turned in their coffins and their grave clothes disarranged. These effects are however easily explained without any supposition of life by the fact that the gases generated by corruption imitate in their action upon an inanimate body some of the movements of vitality. Dead bodies which have been long in water, when not secured to the dissecting table, have been known to be heaved up and thrown to the ground from the mere effect of the gases developed within them in the progress of corruption. This is in fact a constant effect in bodies that have been interred, and undoubtedly the supposed moans sometimes heard, the changes of position observed, and the horrible idea entertained of the flesh being gnawed in hunger, may be accounted for by the generation of the gases after death, which will explode with a noise, twist the body, and break through the integuments. There are certain indications which in the aggregate are such sure proofs of death that none but the ignorant can be in doubt. These are mainly cessation of breathing, stoppage of the heart, coldness and paleness of the surface, a film on the eye, rigidity of the joints with subsequent flexibility, loss of contractility of the muscles under the stimulus of galvanism, and the beginning of corruption, which first shows itself in a dark greenish color about the skin of the abdomen. For a long time both science and popular belief considered the mirror and the feather as the critical tests of death. These were held to the mouth of the supposed dead, and if the surface of the one remained undimmed, and the "light and weightless down" of the other unmoved, all hope of life was extinguished. The surest proof, however, of the cessation of breath, is the cessation of the movement of the chest and abdomen, which will continue to rise and fall as long as the least respiration re