horns are twice forked; the lachrymal aperture is long, the hair coarse and crimped, the hoofs short and wide, and the tail almost without hair beneath. The general color of the hair above is brownish gray, shading into fulvous, the chin without any dark markings; the forehead dark brown, and the dorsal line nearly black; below grayish white; a yellowish white spot on the buttocks; tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end; the glandular openings on the sides of the hind legs are very long. In the female, the form and length of the ears resemble so much those of the mule that the origin and appropriateness of the common name are very evident. The length of a female measured by Audubon and Bachman was 4 feet to the root of the tail, and the tail to end of hair 10 inches; the height at the shoulders 3 feet, at rump 3 feet; length of ears 7 inches; the weight 132 lbs. The male would be considerably larger than this. Their habits are more like those of the stag than of the common deer; they fly far from the settlements, and when started, run a mile or two before stopping. The female brings forth one or two young in the month of June. This species ranges along the eastern sides of the Rocky mountains, from 54° N. to north-western Texas; it is found on the upper Missouri and Platte rivers and in Oregon, not extending to the Pacific. It is very likely that other species of this genus will be found in Central America by the various exploring and hunting expeditions constantly fitted out by individuals and the government.-In the genus coassus (Gray; subulo, H. Smith), the horns are simple, straight, and round, like those of a deer of the first year, and inclining backward; the ears are short, broad, and almost naked; tail short; face rather convex; the fur short, elongated into a tuft on the forehead; legs without any external metatarsal tuft, but with a pencil of hairs on the inside of the hocks; the suborbital pit is small and shallow. This genus, which includes the brockets, is confined to tropical South America; they are of small size, living in woods and jungles. The pita brocket (C. rufus, F. Cuv.) is of a shining red color, with the crown and neck gray; the young are spotted with white, and the females are of a lighter red, with more gray. They inhabit the low, moist woods, and are polygamous, there being about 10 females in company with one male; they are very fleet for a short distance, but are soon tired out. The height at the shoulders is about 2 feet. The apara brocket (C. nemorivagus, F. Cuv.) is about 26 inches long, and resembles a sheep more than a deer. The lower parts of the head and lips are whitish; the inside of the fore legs, and from the lower breast to the buttocks, pale cinnamon-colored; the neck and rest of the body grayish brown. The eyebrowed brocket (C. superciliaris, Gray) differs from the pita in the deeply arched muffle and the white stripe over the eyes. The large-eared brocket (C. auritus, Gray) resembles the Asiatic muntjac in color, and the ears are large, broad, more than half

the length of the head, with 2 lines of hairs. All these species inhabit Brazil and the eastern coast. On the western coast is another species, the venada deer (C. pudu, Mol.), with ears thickly covered with hair, a deep suborbital pit, and large molars; the fur is rufous, blackish in front and behind; the ears and tail are very short. It inhabits Chili.

DEER GRASS (rhexia Virginica, Linn.), the New England representative of the Asiatic family of plants called melastomacea, of which only 8 species are found in the United States. The flowers, in common with those of the family, are conspicuous and showy, with bright rosy purple petals, and render the meadows unusually gay when enamelled with patches of this lovely plant, entitling it to the common name of the meadow beauty.

DEFFAND, MARIE (DE VICHY-CHAMROND), marquise du, an accomplished French woman, born in 1697, died in Paris, Sept. 24, 1780. She was of noble birth, and was educated in a convent, but at an early age astonished her parents by her sceptical opinions on religious subjects. At 20 years of age she was married to the marquis du Deffand, from whom her indiscretions soon caused her to be separated, after which she launched into a career of fashionable dissipation, and for many years was one of the most brilliant ornaments of the court of the regent and of Louis XV. Although incapable, from a natural selfishness and want of sympathy, of entertaining the passion of love, she knew how to inspire it in others; and over the greater part of her numerous lovers, among whom, it is said, was the regent himself, her influence remained unimpaired until their dotage. Her conversational powers and clear, cool judgment caused her to be courted by the most eminent men of the time, and when in her 56th year she became totally blind, her saloons in the convent of St. Joseph's were the favorite resort of Montesquieu, Voltaire, President Hénault, David Hume, D'Alembert, and many others. At this period of her life she became acquainted with Horace Walpole, between whom and herself a correspondence was for many years carried on. As she grew old her selfish traits developed more disagreeably, and the ungenerous manner in which she treated her companion and reader, Mademoiselle_de Lespinasse, alienated many of her friends. Her latter years were marked by peevishness and ennui, and she died unhappy after several unavailing efforts to consecrate herself to the life of a devotee. Her epistolary writings comprise her correspondence with Hénault, Montesquieu, D'Alembert, and the duchess of Maine, and with Horace Walpole, the latter being compiled from the original letters deposited at Strawberry Hill. Her style is a model of elegance.

DEFIANCE, a N. W. co. of Ohio, bordering on Ind.; area, 414 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,966. The St. Joseph's and Maumee are the principal rivers. The surface is level, the soil good, and

timber very abundant. In 1850 the productions were 90,691 bushels of corn, 47,806 of wheat, 26,471 of oats, 2,372 tons of hay, and 19,241 bushels of potatoes. There were 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1,220 pupils attending public schools.-The capital, DEFIANCE, a flourishing village and township, pop. in 1853, about 1,000, is agreeably situated at the junction of Auglaize and Maumee rivers, and at high water is accessible by steamboat. A fort, called by the same name as the town, was built here by Gen. Wayne in 1794. The place was then occupied by a large tribe of Indians, who owned extensive corn fields and orchards.

DEFLAGRATION (Lat. deflagro, to burn), the sudden combustion which takes place when an inflammable substance, like sulphur or charcoal, is mixed with nitrate or chlorate of potash and projected into a red-hot crucible. The instantaneous decomposition of the salt, and the uniting of its oxygen with the combustible body, give rise to the explosion which is called deflagration.

DEFLECTION. See DIFFRACTION. DEFOE, DANIEL, an English novelist and political writer, born in London in 1661, died in the same city, April 24, 1731. The son of James Foe, a butcher and dissenter of the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, he was admitted by right of his birth to the freedom of the city in 1688, under the name of Daniel Foe, but afterward assumed the prefix De, as one of his enemies asserted, to escape the reputation of an English origin. He was educated at a dissenting academy at Newington Green, near London; was strongly impressed both by his parents and teachers with religious sentiments and principles; and, after leaving the academy in 1680, was nominated a Presbyterian minister. It was his disaster, however, as he expresses it, "first to be set apart for, and then to be set apart from, that sacred employ;" and he became interested in politics more than divinity. There is attributed to him a pamphlet published in 1682, entitled "Speculum Crape-Gownorum; or, a Looking-Glass for the Young Academics," which was a lampoon on prevalent high-church notions, and an answer to Sir Roger L'Estrange's "Guide to the Inferior Clergy." In 1683, while war existed between the Austrians and Ottomans, he issued his "Treatise against the Turks," combating the general sentiment in favor of the latter, and arguing that it was "better that the popish house of Austria should ruin the Protestants in Hungary, than that the infidel house of Ottoman should ruin both Protestants and Papists." In 1685 his zeal for the Protestant succession led him to join the standard of the unfortunate duke of Monmouth; but unlike many of his associates, he escaped both the hazards of the field and the sanguinary campaign of Judge Jeffreys, which succeeded the suppression of the rebellion. He repaired to London, engaged in trade as a hose factor in Cornhill, published in 1687 a tract assailing the proclamation of King

James for the repeal of the penal laws, hailed the revolution of 1688 as the salvation of Protestantism, was one of the superbly mounted escort of volunteers who attended William and Mary from Whitehall to the mansion house, Oct. 29, 1689, and in 1692 was declared bankrupt and was obliged to abscond, but succeeded in making a composition with his creditors, they accepting his personal bonds, which by unwea ried diligence he punctually paid. Subsequently he discharged his full liabilities to such of his creditors as had themselves fallen into distress. In 1694 his friends arranged a mercantile enter. prise for him at Cadiz, but he declined it, "Providence," as he remarks, "which had other work for him to do, having placed a secret aversion in his mind to quitting England." In the next year he was appointed without solicitation accountant to the commissioners of the glass duties, in which service he continued till the suppression of the tax in 1699. The many inventions of that period and his own numerous schemes suggested to him the "Essay on Projects" (1697), the perusal of which quickened the mental energies of Franklin, and which has been said to contain the ideas of the French revolution without its follies. He published a variety of political pamphlets during several years, the most successful of which was the "True-born Englishman" (1699), a poetical satire commencing with the well-known couplet:

Wherever God erects a house of prayer, The devil always builds a chapel there. It was designed to vindicate King William from the odium of foreign birth, had an almost unexampled sale, and obtained for the author direct personal intercourse with the king. In 1701, when the bearers of the famous Kentish petition were imprisoned by order of the house of commons, Defoe composed and presented a threatening remonstrance, signed" Legion," claiming to be sent by 200,000 Englishmen, which produced immense commotion, deterring for a time several of the members from attending the house. Two other tracts speedily followed, in one of which he maintained the original rights of the collective body of the people, and in the other declared the reasons against a war with France. The latter is one of the ablest tracts in the language, and though it was adverse to the favorite policy of William, it did not excite his displeasure; he was till his death the patron and friend of Defoe, who vindicated his character and memory as well as many of his measures. In 1702 he published the "Shortest Way with Dissenters," in which, with exquisite irony, he assumed the tone of a high churchman, and gravely proposed to establish the church and rid the land of dissenters by hanging their ministers and banishing their people. His satires had already mortified and offended many of the tory leaders, through whose influence his pamphlet was now voted a libel on the house of commons and was ordered to be burned by the common hangman. The proclamation issued

for his arrest furnishes our best knowledge of his personal appearance, describing him as "a middle-sized, spare man, about 40 years old, of a brown complexion, and dark brown colored hair, but wears a wig; a hooked nose, sharp chin, gray eyes, and a large mole near his mouth." He was at this time owner of some brick and pantile works near Tilbury fort, from which he absconded; but he gave himself up when a prosecution was begun against his publisher, and was condemned to be fined, pilloried, and imprisoned. He wrote a hymn to the pillory, pronouncing it

A hieroglyphic state machine,
Condemned to punish fancy in;

and during his 2 years' imprisonment at Newgate began a periodical paper, entitled the "Review," published twice a week, which was continued till 1713, and was the forerunner of those popular miscellanies which were soon made at tractive by the wit and taste of Addison and Steele. His enfranchisement was due to the solicitation of Harley, afterward earl of Orford. Though occasionally employed in the service of the queen, and once upon a secret mission in a foreign country, he continued his literary labors, and published in 1705 the "Consolidator," or memoirs of transactions in the moon, in which he developed a lunar language, and made the lunar politicians discuss the wars of Charles XII. of Sweden; in 1706, the satire of Jure Divino, in which he attacked the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right; and also several excellent treatises relating to the union with Scotland, which he was efficient in promoting, being sent by the cabinet of Queen Anne on a special important mission to Edinburgh; in 1709, a "History of the Union," which is the most authentic on the subject; and from 1711 to 1713, a series of pamphlets against the insinuations of the Jacobites and the schemes of the pretender. The irony of some of these was misapprehended, and he was again fined and for a short time committed to Newgate, July 29, 1712, where he finished his "Review," which thus had both its beginning and end in prison. After the death of the queen, his enemies assailed him from every quarter, so overwhelming him with the "rage of men," that in 1715 he published a general defence of his conduct under the title of an "Appeal to Honor and Justice." He had hardly finished this when he was struck with apoplexy, the result of anxiety and despondence, and after languishing for 6 weeks recovered. He now determined to abandon political satire, and write works for the promotion of religion and virtue. Such were his "Family Instructor" (1715) and "Religious Courtship" (1722). In 1719 appeared the "Life and surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," the most popular of novels, which has uniformly been a favorite of the young and old, learned and unlearned, which was to constitute the library of Rousseau's Emile, or perfectly educated young man, which was one of the three books that Dr. Johnson VOL. VI.-22

wished had been longer, and which by universal admission is as moral as it is charming. The prototype of Crusoe was Alexander Selkirk, a brief narrative of whose adventures on the desert isle of Juan Fernandez had been published in 1712; and the hint thus given, according with the injured feelings and lonely contemplations of the unprosperous man of genius, was elaborated by him into a complete and delightful romance. It was followed by a series of remarkably ingenious fictions, as the "Life and Piracies of Captain Singleton" (1720), the "Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders " (1721), the "Life of Colonel Jack" and the "Journal of the Plague in 1665" (1722), the "Adventures of Roxana " (1724), a "New Voyage round the World, by à Course never sailed before" (1725), the "Memoirs of a Cavalier," the "Political History of the Devil," and several others. He also wrote important economic and commercial treatises, entitled an Essay on the Treaty of Commerce with France," a 66 Plan of the English Commerce," and "Giving Alms no Charity." Of his later novels Charles Lamb said: "While all ages and descriptions of people hang delighted over Robinson Crusoe, and shall continue to do so, we trust, while the world lasts, how few comparatively will bear to be told that there exist other fictitious narratives by the same writer, four of them at least of no inferior interest: Roxana, Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, are all genuine offspring of the same father. They are, in their way, as full of incident, and some of them every bit as romantic." The most prominent characteristic of his fictions is the distinctness of reality which he gives to them by the elaborate and precise statement of details. It is this quality which made Dr. Johnson esteem the account of Captain George Carleton a record of facts, Lord Chatham quote the "Memoirs of a Cavalier" as a genuine piece of biography, Dr. Mead regard his narrative of the plague in London as the result of personal observation, and which surprised the mass of readers into giving credence to the apparition of Mrs. Veal at Canterbury, "Sept. 8, 1705." His style is distinguished by a simplicity and homeliness which he may have learned from reading Bunyan. After an indefatigable and checkered life, Defoe died in the parish of his birth, insolvent, and the author of 210 books and pamphlets. He thus summed up the scenes of his career in a distich:

No man has tasted different fortunes more;

And thirteen times I have been rich and poor. He adds: "In the school of affliction I have learned more philosophy than at the academy, and more divinity than from the pulpit; . . . . and in less than half a year have tasted the difference between the closet of a king and the dungeon of Newgate. I have suffered deeply for cleaving to principles." Though remembered chiefly as a novelist, he was during 30 years a leader in the fierce partisan strife by which, under William of Orange, constitutional liberty was realized in England, and has been pronounced "the most

thorough Englishman and writer of his day, a model of integrity, and as consistent, sincere, and brave as he was gifted." The best editions of his works, though incomplete, are that of London (3 vols. 1840–43), with a memoir by William Hazlitt, and that of Oxford (20 vols., 1840-'41), with memoirs and notes by Sir Walter Scott and others. DEFRÉMERY, CHARLES, a French orientalist, born at Cambrai, Dec. 8, 1822, devoted himself to the study of the Arabic and Persian languages, and in 1843 became a member of the Asiatic society in Paris. He is the author of several translations from oriental languages, among others of the travels of Ibn Batuta, published with annotations (1848-'51, 2 vols. 8vo; reprinted, with the original Arabic, 1853–56, 3 vols. 8vo.), and of many other translations from the Persian and Arabic, and is one of the contributors to the Journal Asiatique of Paris. The first part of a series of original articles written by him for that periodical was published in 1856, under the title of Mémoires d'histoire orientale.

DEFTER-DAR (a Persian word signifying literally book-keeper), the title in Persia and Turkey of the finance minister. In the Ottoman empire, he sits in the divan, disposes of all the public money, and publishes firmans in his own name without referring to the grand vizier. The defter-dar capoussy, or department of the ministry of finance, has 33 bureaus, 3 of which are designed only for the registry of pious foundations in favor of hospitals, mosques, and temples, not only at Constantinople, but in the most distant provinces of the empire. Among the other bureaus are distributed the care of the taxes and tributes, the products of the mines and other state property, and the payment of all the officers, civil and military, of the empire. DEGER, ERNST, a German painter of the Düsseldorf school, born at Böckenem, Hanover, April 15, 1809. He studied at Berlin and afterward at Düsseldorf, under Wilhelm von Schadow. His first efforts were oil pictures, among which there are some altarpieces of merit, especially a madonna and child in the church of St. Andrew, at Düsseldorf. In 1851 he completed the fresco painting for the church of St. Apollinaris, near Remagen, on the Rhine. Since 1851 he has been engaged upon paintings for the chapel of the castle of Stolzenfels. In 1857 he sent for exhibition at the salon of Paris a picture of the infant Jesus. He is a professor in the academy of fine arts in Munich.

DE GERANDO. See GERANDO. DEGRAND, PIERRE P. F., a public-spirited Frenchman, born in Marseilles in the latter part of the 18th century, died Dec. 23, 1855, in Boston, Mass., where, since the beginning of this century, he had been established as a broker and merchant. For many years he published a commercial paper, the "Weekly Report." He zealously promoted railroads and other public enterprises. He bequeathed about $120,000 to public uses. A large part of this was left to Harvard college, for the purpose of supplying

the library with French books on scientific subjects; another part was given to the city of Boston, the income to be expended in purchasing books of amusement for the use of the children of the public schools; the rest was divided among 8 charitable institutions.

DEGREE, in algebra, the number expressing the greatest number of times which an unknown quantity enters any term as a factor. Thus, if x be an unknown quantity, 4x2+7x2=8, is an equation of the third degree. The unknown quantity may, in general, have as many different values as there are units in the degree of the equation. A degree in trigonometry signifies

part of a right angle, and is indicated by a small circle near the top of the figure; thus, 30° signifies the part of a right angle. Each degree may be divided into 60 minutes, each minute into 60 seconds; thus, 31° 12′ 15′′ is read 31 degrees, 12 minutes, 15 seconds. In the French decimal system the right angle was divided into 100°, each degree into 100 minutes, &c. ; but that method never came into general use.

-A DEGREE OF LATITUDE is the distance N. or S. between 2 places on the same meridian at which plumb lines would make an angle of one degree with each other. Owing to the flattening of the earth toward the poles, this distance increases in length as the observer goes N. or S.; being about 2,740 feet more at latitude 60° than at the equator. Many careful measurements of a degree have been made, by various European governments, not only in their own territories, but in South America, India, and Africa. The most northern accurate measurement was in Lapland; the most southern at the cape of Good Hope; and measurements have also been taken both in India and South America, almost exactly upon the equator. The longest arcs measured are those in France, measured by Mechain and Delambre, and that in India, measured by Col. Lambton and Capt. Everest; the first being over 12°, the second nearly 16°. From a complete discussion of all the observations, Bessel deduces the following results: the diameter of the earth at the equator is 41,847,194 English feet; the diameter through the poles 41,707,308 English feet; so that the difference of the diameters, divided by the longest diameter, gives us almost exactly the quotient of 1 divided by 300 (dg). These results of Bessel are adopted in the United States coast survey, and agree not only with the results of terrestrial measurements, but with the celestial phenomena that depend upon the ellipticity of the earth. It is remarkable that this, the only way of determining the size of the earth, was invented and put in practice by Eratosthenes, in Egypt, in the 3d century B.C. -A DEGREE OF LONGITUDE is the distance between 2 places of the same latitude, the difference of whose clocks is exactly 4 minutes-in other words, the planes of whose meridians make an angle of 1° with each other. The length of a degree of longitude is at the equator 69.16 statute miles; at latitude 20° it is about

65.015 miles; at latitude 30° it is reduced to 59.944; at 40° to 53.053; and at 50° to 44.342. DEHAVEN, EDWIN J., an officer in the U. S. navy, a native of Pennsylvania, entered the navy as midshipman in Oct. 1829, and is now (Jan. 1859) near the head of the list of lieutenants. He served in the exploring expedition under Lieut. Wilkes, 1839 to 1842, and commanded with distinguished ability and zeal the first expedition fitted out at the expense of Henry Grinnell, Esq., of New York, to search for Sir John Franklin. This expedition sailed from New York, May 24, 1850, and was absent a little over 16 months, wintering within the arctic circle. It consisted of 2 small brigs, the Advance of 140, and the Rescue of 90 tons. A particular account of it has been given by Dr. Kane.

DEHON, THEODORE, D.D., bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in South Carolina, born in Boston, Mass., in 1776, died suddenly of malignant fever in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 6, 1817. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1795, entered the ministry of the Episcopal church, became rector of Trinity church, Newport, R. I., in 1798, and rector of St. Michael's church, Charleston, in 1809. In 1812 he accepted the episcopate of South Carolina, and during the succeeding 5 years labored earnestly and zealously in the discharge of his weighty duties. Beside a number of occasional sermons published during his lifetime, 2 volumes of his "Discourses" were issued in 1821. Bishop Dehon ranked high in his day as a preacher, and died very much lamented.

DEISM (Lat. Deus, God), the belief in the existence of God. By usage, the term deist is applied only to those who profess natural and deny revealed religion, and is specially applied to the English free-thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries. The earliest of these was Lord Herbert of Cherbury, whose work De Veritate was published at Paris in 1624. Dr. Leland includes in his "View of the Deistical Writers" Herbert, Hobbes, Blount, Toland, Shaftesbury, Anthony Collins, Woolston, Tindal, Morgan, Chubb, Hume, and Bolingbroke.

DEJAZET, MARIE VIRGINIE, a French actress, born in Paris about 1797, began her career at the age of 5, in the théâtre des Capucines, and continued on the stage in Paris and the provinces, with but little intermission, till 1855, when she played a farewell engagement at the Gaieté theatre-the graceful and sprightly qualities which for so many years had made her a public favorite in France, being but little impaired by age. She excelled in the personification of soubrettes and in male attire; and won perhaps her most brilliant laurels in Les premières armes de Richelieu and in Napoléon à Brienne. What added powerfully to the interest which she created was her manner of singing the songs interspersed in the plays.

DEJEAN, JEAN FRANÇOIS AIMÉ, count, a general and peer of France, born Oct. 6, 1749, died May 12, 1824, gained a high reputation by his administrative and military abilities.-His

son, PIERRE FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE, born Aug. 10, 1780, died in 1845, likewise held a high position in the army, and was an eminent entomologist, and one of the most celebrated collectors of coleoptera in modern times. He published a catalogue of his collection (3d ed., Paris, 1837'38), exhibiting the number of species in each genus, and indicating their localities. He is the author of Spécies générales des coléoptères (6 vols. in 7, 8vo., Paris, 1825-'39), and wrote in concert with Boisduval and Aubé, Iconographie et histoire naturelle des coléoptères d'Europe (5 vols. 8vo., with 264 colored plates, 1829-40).

DE KALB. I. A N. W. co. of Ga., bounded N. by Chattahoochee river; area, 291 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 16,552, of whom 3,708 were slaves. It has an elevated and somewhat uneven surface. Stone mountain, in the eastern part, is considered one of the greatest natural curiosities in the state. The soil of the river bottoms is remarkably rich. Iron is found in the county, granite is abundant, and gold has been discovered in small quantities. At Decatur are chalybeate springs. The productions in 1850 (since which time the county has been divided to form Fulton) were 2,397 bales of cotton, 432,435 bushels of corn, 86,047 of oats, and 73,070 of sweet potatoes. There were 34 churches, and 728 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,077,478. The county was named in honor of Baron De Kalb, who fell at the battle of Camden in 1780. The Georgia railroad passes through Decatur, the capital. II. A N. E. co. of Ala., bordering on Ga., drained by Willis creek, an affluent of Coosa river, and Town creek, of the Tennessee; area, about 775 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 8,245, of whom 506 were slaves. The valley of Willis creek is a fertile and well cultivated tract of country, about 60 m. long by 5 m. broad, enclosed by Lookout mountain on the S. E. and Sand mountain on the N. W. The county is well supplied with water power, and abounds with magnificent scenery. In 1850 the productions were 363,225 bushels of corn, 75,550 of oats, and 34,377 of sweet potatoes. There were 22 churches, and 565 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Lebanon. III. A N. central co. of Tenn.; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 8,016, compris ing 668 slaves. It is watered by a number of mill streams, and has a diversified surface and a good soil. In 1850 it produced 417,251 bushels of corn, and 57,361 lbs. of tobacco. It contained 12 churches, and there were 1,912 pupils in the public schools. Capital, Smithville. IV. A N. E. co. of Ind., bordering on Ohio, drained by the St. Joseph's and some smaller rivers; area, 346 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 8,251. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile, and in 1850 produced 139,986 bushels of corn, 75,995 of wheat, 34,366 of oats, and 4,660 tons of hay. There were 2 churches, and 1,600 pupils attending public schools. The county was formed in 1836. Capital, Auburn. V. A N. co. of Ill.; area, 648 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 13,636. It has a rolling surface, and a fertile soil. Most of the