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land is occupied by prairies, but there are tracts of valuable timber. In 1850 the productions were 221,796 bushels of wheat, 215,733 of corn, 138,903 of oats, 21,193 tons of hay, and 138,989 lbs. of butter. There were 2 churches, and 1,865 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Sycamore. VI. A N. W. co. of Mo., drained by several small streams which flow into Grand and Platte rivers; area, 441 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 2,689, comprising 77 slaves. The surface is occupied partly by prairies and partly by woodlands. The soil is very fertile, and in 1850 produced 103,865 bushels of corn, 11,731 of wheat, 13,547 of oats, 108 tons of hay, and 30,375 lbs. of butter. De Kalb was formed out of a portion of Clinton co. Capital, Maysville.

DE KALB, JOHN, baron, a major-general in the American army during the war of the revolution, born about 1732, in Alsace, a German province in possession of France, and educated in the art of war in the French army. In 1762 he visited the Anglo-American colonies as a secret agent of the French government. He was a brigadier in the French service, when, Nov. 7, 1776, he made with Franklin and Silas Deane an engagement to serve in the forces of the revolted colonies; and in 1777 he accompanied Lafayette to America. Congress appointed him a major-general, Sept. 15, 1777, after which he joined the main army under Washington, and was active in the events near Philadelphia, which preceded the encampment at Valley Forge. He served in New Jersey and Maryland, till, in April, 1780, he was sent to reenforce Gen. Lincoln, then besieged in Charleston, but arrived too late. He was second in command under Gen. Gates; and in the disastrous battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780, was at the head of the Maryland and Delaware troops, who maintained their ground till Cornwallis concentrated his whole force upon them. He fell, pierced with 11 wounds, in the charge upon his regiments before they gave way. He died at Camden 3 days afterward, and a monument was erected there to his memory in 1825, Lafayette placing the corner stone.

DE LA BECHE, SIR HENRY THOMAS, an English geologist, born near London in 1796, died April 13, 1855. He was the only son of Col. Thomas de la Beche of Jamaica, and was educated for the army, which he entered in 1814. Soon afterward he retired, and in 1818 married and settled in Dorsetshire. In 1817 he became a fellow of the geological society, of which he was subsequently elected secretary, and in 1847 president. During these and some succeeding years he pursued investigations into the geology of the counties of Devon, Dorset, and Pembroke; wrote "Observations on the Temperature and Depth of the Lake of Geneva;" and subsequently, in conjunction with the Rev. Mr. Conybeare, published an account of the plesiosaurus, under the title of " Discovery of a new Fossil Animal forming a Link between the Ichthyosaurus and Crocodile." In 1824 he visited his patrimonial estate in Jamaica, attempted

to ameliorate the condition of his slaves, and wrote a paper on the geology of the island. Returning to England, he continued his geological researches with great assiduity. In 1831 he published his "Geological Manual," in 1834 "Researches in Theoretical Geology," in 1835 a volume, "How to observe Geology," and in 1851, "Geological Observer." A suggestion which he offered in connection with the gov ernment topographical survey then being made, led to his being appointed director-general of the geological survey of the United Kingdom; and when, mainly by his exertions, a geological museum with free lectures was added thereto, he was further nominated director of the museum of practical geology (now merged in the school of mines and of science), which appointments he held till his death, when he was succeeded in the latter office by the present incumbent, Sir Roderic Murchison. Beside these, he was member of many scientific commissions appointed by the government, as on the health of towns, explosions in collieries, selection of coal for the steam navy, building-stone for the houses of parliament, mining department of the world's fair, &c. Toward the close of his life he was knighted, made a chevalier of the Belgian order of Leopold, and of the Danish order of Danneborg, and a corresponding member of the French academy of sciences. For several years his limbs were paralyzed, but his intellect remained unimpaired, and he retained the tact, capacity for work, and cheerful temperament of his earlier days. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery, London.

DELACROIX, FERDINAND VICTOR EUGÈNE, & French painter, born near Paris, April 26, 1799. He first became known by some able criticisms on art; studied painting under Pierre Guérin ; but from the very commencement of his career he abandoned the classic school, and may be considered the founder of the romantic. His first picture, "Dante and Virgil," was exhibited in 1822. His second work, the "Massacre of Scio," is considered one of the most striking pictures of the French school of the 19th century. He has since executed an immense number of works on a wide range of subjects. In 1832 he was sent by the government on a mission to Morocco, and while there he sketched a great variety of views and costumes, which were afterward reproduced in some very interesting and original pictures. The decoration of one of the halls of the palais Bourbon, consisting of 4 allegorical paintings, was his work. His productions are distinguished by their life and energy, but his coloring is more powerful than harmonious. His most esteemed works figured at the great exhibition of 1855, as well as a new picture representing a "Lion Hunt."

DELAGOA BAY, the largest bay on the S. E. coast of Africa, in lat. 26° S., and long. 33° E. It is formed by the Indian ocean, and stretches N. and S. about 50 m., with a breadth of from 16 to 20 m. It is accessible and affords a good anchorage to vessels of the largest class,

and will doubtless continue an important place, as there is no other port within a great distance admitting vessels drawing over 8 feet of water. The land near the shore is low and marshy, but rises after a short distance inland.

DELALANDE, PIERRE ANTOINE, a French naturalist and traveller, born at Versailles, March 27, 1787, died July 27, 1823. He was early employed with his father in the museum of natural history in Paris, devoted himself for a time to painting, and became assistant of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, whom he accompanied on his scien tific expedition to Portugal in 1808. In 1813 he was sent to the south of France as agent of the museum. In 1816 he went to Brazil to collect objects of natural history. His most important scientific voyage was to Cape Colony, the country of the Hottentots, and Caffraria, in the south of Africa, in 1818 and 1819, in which he made a zoological collection of 13,500 specimens, belonging to more than 1,600 different species; an herbarium of more than 6,000 specimens, comprising 920 species; and collected 300 valuable mineralogical specimens, and 10,000 specimens of insects. Among the animals were a hippopotamus, double-horned rhinoceros, giraffe, whale, and aard wolf. He also brought back many human crania. His death occurred before he was able to write the narrative of his observations. He read a summary of them before the academy of sciences, which was printed in vol.viii. of the Mémoires du muséum d'histoire naturelle. DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH, a French astronomer, born in Amiens, Sept. 19, 1749, died in Paris, Aug. 19, 1822. Till the age of 20 years his eyes were so weak that, in anticipation of blindness, he devoted himself with the greatest zeal to his studies. Becoming a private tutor after leaving college, he occupied his leisure in reading Italian, English, and Greek literature, studying mathematics at first only sufficiently to teach his pupils. From 1780 he devoted himself to astronomy, being first the pupil and then the collaborator of Lalande, who said that "Delambre was his best work." In 1790 he gained the prize of the academy of sciences for his tables of Uranus, though that planet had completed but a small arc of its orbit after its discovery by Herschel; and in 1792 another prize was given to him for his tables of the satellites of Jupiter. For these labors he was unanimously elected a member of the academy in 1792. He was associated with Mechain in measuring an arc of the meridian from Dunkirk to Barcelona, an important labor, which, being interrupted by the revolution, was not finished till 1799, and a complete account of which was given by Delambre in his Base du système métrique décimal (3 vols., Paris, 1806'10). He entered the bureau of longitudes in 1795, the institute of France at its formation in the same year, became inspector-general of studies in 1802, perpetual secretary of the institute for mathematical sciences in 1803, successor of Lalande in the college of France in 1807, and treasurer of the imperial university in 1808.

This office was suppressed at the restoration, and from that time he pursued his researches in retirement. After having spent 30 years of his career in the most severe astronomical and mathematical calculations, he undertook to write the history of astronomy from the remotest period, 5 volumes of which were published before his death (Paris, 1817-21), and a posthumous volume on the history of astronomy in the 18th century was issued in 1827. This work abounds in original materials culled from the scientific treatises of different ages and many languages. Among his other writings, all of which are marked by an elegant simplicity of style, are a report on the progress of the mathematical sciences since 1789 (Paris, 1810); Astronomie théorique et pratique (3 vols., Paris, 1814); and numerous papers in the transactions of different European academies of science.

DE LANCEY, WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, D.D., D.C.L., an American Episcopal divine, bishop of the diocese of western New York, born in Westchester co., N. Y., Oct. 8, 1797. He was graduated at Yale college in 1817, studied theology under the direction of Bishop Hobart, and received deacon's orders in 1819. Ordained to the priesthood in Trinity church, New York, in 1822, he soon after became personal assistant of the venerable Bishop White of Philadelphia, in the 3 churches of which that prelate was rector, and in the succeeding year he was unanimously elected one of the regular assistant ministers of those churches. He was annually chosen secretary of the diocesan convention of Pennsylvania from 1823 till 1830, and was secretary of the house of bishops in the general convention of the Episcopal church of the United States from 1823 till 1829. Upon the reorganization of the university of Pennsylvania in 1828, he was chosen provost of that institution, and thereupon resigned his pastoral charge. He remained provost 5 years, and then resumed the office of assistant minister of St. Peter's church, one of the 3 of which Bishop White was rector. He travelled in Europe in 1835, and on his return, after the death of Bishop White, succeeded to the rectorship of St. Peter's church. In 1888 the diocese of New York, comprising the whole state, was divided, the eastern portion retaining the old name; and at the primary convention of the new diocese, held at Geneva, Nov. 1, 1838, Dr. De Lancey was chosen its first bishop, and he was consecrated May 9, 1839. He removed to Geneva, the seat of the diocesan college, now called the Hobart free college, which was chiefly indebted to his efficient efforts for its support. He also instituted a system of diocesan missions, by which a corps of laborers unusually large in proportion to the population and wealth of the diocese have been sustained to the present time, without incurring debt. In 1840, by his recommendation, a fund for the relief of infirm and aged clergy of the diocese was established, which, beside accomplishing its object, has accumulated a capital of about $5,000.

His sermon on the office of bishop, preached Dec. 29, 1842, at the consecration of Dr. Eastburn as bishop of Massachusetts, was widely circulated and highly esteemed. In 1846, at a meeting of the trustees of the general theological seminary of New York city, he made a proposition for the dissolution of that school as a general institution of the church, with the view of counteracting the distrust and hostility of which it was the object, and also of preparing the way for the realization of his own scheme of diocesan schools. Though this measure was not adopted, in 1855 he brought forward his plan for a diocesan "training school," to be supported by a charity foundation, and to afford the requisite education to all persons qualified and disposed to enter upon the work of the ministry. In 1852 he visited England as a delegate from the Episcopal bishops of the United States. In 1858 Bishop De Lancey had ordained 113 deacons and 125 priests, had consecrated 80 church edifices, and admitted to the communion of the church by the rite of confirmation 14,697 persons.

DELANE. I. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS FREDERIO, an English journalist, born in 1793, died in Norwich, July 29, 1857. He was memorable for his long and successful connection with the "London Times," which earned its sobriquet of the "Thunderer" during his administration of its affairs, from the strong and telling character of the articles contributed by his friend and associate, Capt. Edward Sterling. Mr. Delane was a man of great executive capacity, extreme good sense, and practical sagacity. He wrote indeed but little, and earned the reputation for ability which he enjoyed among his associates, rather by the steady and uniform exhibition of an imperturbable discretion in judging what should be said, and who should say it, than by his own lucubrations. He was also for some time charged with grave financial responsibilities in connection with the "Times," and came in this way to be so vexatiously implicated in certain transactions of Mr. T. M. Alsager that he conceived it to be due to himself to break off his connection with the Messrs. Walter, the proprietors of the "Times." This he did, however, without impairing the friendly relations that subsisted between them in private life, and without any imputation upon his own character. He was afterward for a short time intrusted with the charge of the "Daily News," but eventually accepted the office of treasurer of the Kent county courts, and retired from journalism altogether. He died at Hillesden, the residence of his eldest son, in Norfolk; and it curiously illustrates the studiously impersonal character sought to be stamped upon the "Times," that no notice whatever was taken by that journal of the decease of a man to whom it was so much indebted for the successful establishment of its system of management. II. JOHN THADDEUS, the 2d son of the preceding, born in 1819, took his degree as bachelor at Magdalen hall, Oxford, in 1840, and as master of arts in 1846.

He completed his terms as a barrister, but has never engaged in the actual practice of his profession. He was at first employed as a leading writer upon the "Times," but on the reconstruction of the staff of that journal, after his father's retirement, he assumed the political control of it, the financial and general business management passing into the hands of Mr. Mowbray Morris. Mr. Delane is the first English journalist who has achieved a prominent contemporary recognition, by the public at large, of his connection with the "Times." The exposures made by the "Times" and its correspondents, during the Crimean war in 1854, of military mismanagement on the part of the English government, brought Mr. Delane conspicuously forward as an individual, and invested him suddenly with something of the formidable power that had previously been conceded to that mysterious being, "the editor of the Times." In 1856, at the time of the presidential election, Mr. Delane visited the United States, making a tour of 4 months, in the course of which he made himself acquainted with the leading men of all parties, and familiarized himself with the best aspects of American life. The results of this brief but varied experience have since been discernible in the much greater intelligence, justice, and good will with which American affairs have been treated by the journal over which he presides.

DELAROCHE, HIPPOLYTE, better known as PAUL, which name he assumed at the age of 15 or thereabout, an eminent French historical painter, born in Paris, July 17, 1797, died there, Nov. 4, 1856. Early evincing a taste for painting, he studied landscape in order not to interfere with the prospects of an elder brother who had devoted himself to the department of history. After several fruitless attempts to secure the academy prize for landscape painting, he renounced that branch of the art, and in 1816, in obedience to his inclinations, entered the studio of Baron Gros, where his talents were rapidly developed. Gros had succeeded to a great extent in freeing himself from the influence of David's dry, classic style, and his pupil avoided it still more, without however adopting all the ideas of the romantic school. He chose rather to take a middle course between the two, and to create a sort of eclectic style, which should represent all the improvements in art and its general progress during the 19th century. Hence he and his school have been called the "Eclectics," in contradistinction to the romantic school of Delacroix and the classic school of David. In 1819 his first picture, “Naphtali in the Desert," was exhibited, and from that time until the great industrial exhibition in Paris in 1855, when a collection was made of his chief productions, almost every year witnessed the execution by his pencil of one or more striking works. His subjects were generally taken from English or French modern history, and he was fond of drawing upon the misfortunes of fallen greatness as a source of inspiration. His "Children of Edward IV. in the Tower," "Joan

of Arc in Prison," the "Execution of Lady Jane Grey," ""Charles I. in the Guardroom insulted by the Parliamentary Soldiers," "Strafford on his way to the Scaffold," the "Young Pretender succored by Flora Macdonald," and "Marie Antoinette before the Revolutionary Tribunal," are good specimens of the subdued yet impressive manner in which he was accustomed to handle this class of subjects. Still more powerful was his " Cromwell contemplating the Corpse of Charles I.," generally considered the best of his series illustrating the civil wars in England, and indeed of all his pictures on English subjects. This purely imaginative scene is treated with a simplicity and dignity in keeping with the theme, and aptly illustrates Delaroche's capacity to delineate a striking historical episode without resorting to exaggeration of form or expression. His "Death of Queen Elizabeth," an earlier work, is less severe in style, and less historically accurate. Among his pictures from French history may be mentioned a "Scene in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew;" "Cardinal Richelieu in a Barge on the Rhone conducting De Thou and Cinq-Mars to Execution;" the "Death of Cardinal Mazarin ;" the "Assassination of the Duke of Guise," a work of great power, for which the duke of Orleans is said to have paid 52,000 francs; a series of 4, representing the "Baptism of Clovis," the "Oath of Pepin the Short," the "Passage of the Alps by Charlemagne," and the "Coronation of Charlemagne at Rome," painted for the gallery of Versailles; the "Destruction of the Bastile," and the "Girondists in Prison," one of his last works. In addition to these, his "Napoleon at Fontainebleau," and "Napoleon at St. Bernard," of both of which he made several copies, have obtained great popularity. The work, however, which occupied the greatest share of his attention, and upon which he intended that his reputation should rest, is his fresco painting of the hemicycle of the Palais des beaux arts, a composition of great size and merit, representing the illustrious masters of art of all ages. Apelles, Phidias, and Ictinus preside over this assemblage; at their feet stand 4 female figures, typifying Greek, Roman, Middle Age, and Renaissance art, while below, on each side in animated groups, are seen the great painters, sculp tors, and architects of the world. This picture includes upward of 80 figures of the size of life, and is admirable for its elevated tone, simplicity of arrangement, and fulness and force of expression. It cost Delaroche 4 years of incessant labor, and has been beautifully engraved by Henriquel Dupont. In the winter of 1855 the picture was much injured by fire, and the anxiety and labor attendant upon the work of restoration, which Delaroche lived to complete with his own hand, are supposed to have hastened his death. At various times of his life, but particularly in the latter part of it, he painted sacred compositions, which are inferior generally in elevation and character to his historical subjects. "Herodias with the Head of John

the Baptist" is among the best. Some of his purely domestic subjects, such as a "Mother fondling her Children," are full of grace and sweetness. He painted likenesses of Guizot, Thiers, Lamartine, his father-in-law Horace Vernet, and other distinguished Frenchmen, which show considerable talent for portraiture. Delaroche has not escaped censure for an alleged want of force and imagination in his works, as well as for the simplicity and meagreness of his details. The accessories are sometimes also so highly finished as to detract from the general effect of his pictures. But for elevated manner, correctness of design, and beauty of drawing and color, he was unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries. His powers seemed to ripen and mellow with age, and his latest works, like the first, continued to reflect his somewhat melancholy and saturnine temperament. His scholarly attainments and mastery of a wide field of art gave great weight to his opinions, and he was regarded as a sort of oracle among his associates. In personal appearance he bore a considerable resemblance to the emperor Napoleon I. The greater part of his works are familiarly known through the medium of excellent engravings, and in 1858 a magnificent collection of photographs of his finished pictures and of many of his sketches and cartoons was published in Paris.

DELAVIGNE, GERMAIN, & French dramatic author, born at Giverny, Feb. 1, 1790. He was educated at the Napoleon lyceum, and received under Louis Philippe an office from the crown. In his literary labors, as in his college studies, he has been associated with Eugène Scribe, in collaboration with whom he has written a large number of highly esteemed vaudevilles, operas, comic operas, and some short romances, as Les mystères d'Udolphe (1852), La nonne sanglante (1854). With his brother Casimir he wrote the opera of Charles VI. (1843).

DELAVIGNE, JEAN FRANÇOIS CASIMIR, younger brother of the preceding, a French lyric and dramatic poet, born at Havre, April 4, 1793, died at Lyons, Dec. 11, 1843. He was the son of a merchant, and at first a laborious rather than brilliant student at the Napoleon lyceum in Paris. Only in the latter years of his course he manifested his poetical tastes and talent, while his brother Germain and his lifelong friend Eugène Scribe, then his fellow students, were his most intimate associates. His own early ambition was to compose an epic poem, while that of Germain was for success in dramatic composition, and that of Scribe to become a leader at the bar. In 1811 he composed a dithyramb on the birth of the king of Rome, which was printed, attracted general attention, and obtained for him the encouragement of Andrieux, whose uniform custom was to dissuade young men from a literary career, and the more useful protection of Français of Nantes, a high officer of state, who delighted in playing the part of Maecenas. From the latter he received a slight office, the condition being that he should appear at his desk only once a month, on the

day of payment. Several of his short pieces had been honorably mentioned by the academy, when he adopted a national subject, and published in 1818 his 3 admirable elegies, the Messéniennes, so called in allusion to the songs by which the conquered Messenians lamented their country's disasters. Two of these had before been widely circulated in manuscript. France, completely exhausted, twice conquered, and suffering the indignities of invasion, first learned from him the accents of grief for the issue at Waterloo, of indignation for the devastation of the museum, itself the fruit of conquest, and was urged by him anew to union and patriotism when the foreign occupation had ended. Within a year, 22,000 copies of the Messéniennes were sold; they accorded so nearly with the national spirit without exciting partisan passion, that Louis XVIII. ordered a sinecure librarianship to be bestowed upon the author; and Delavigne was from this time the favorite poet of the liberal opposition. He wrote 2 elegies on the life and death of Joan of Arc, and then produced his first tragedy, the Vêpres Siciliennes, which was performed at the Odeon in 1819, and was received with enthusiasm. It was soon followed by the Comédiens, written to ridicule the company of the théâtre Français by which his first drama had been rejected, and in 1821 by the Paria, in which he pleads the principle of the natural equality of men. His liberal ideas, repeated in several new lyrics, to which also he gave the name of Messéniennes, and his association with some of the leaders of the opposition, caused him to lose his humble place under the government, when the duke of Orleans made him librarian of the palais royal. The schism between the favorite author and the first dramatic company of the time having been ended, he produced in 1823 his École des vieillards, in which Talma and Mlle. Mars played the principal parts, which is esteemed his masterpiece in his first dramatic manner, and which gained him in 1825 admission into the French academy. He had long aspired to this honor, but when he had presented himself at the first election a bishop had been preferred to him, at the second an archbishop, and he had declined persisting when there was a third vacancy, saying that doubtless the pope would be his rival. Refus ing a pension now offered him by the government, which he believed hostile to public liberty, he resided during a year in Italy, and returned to find that a great change had taken place in the public taste. The classical drama seemed to have died with Talma, and the romantic school had brought into vogue, and was winning the popular favor for, another class of ideas and dramatic combinations, and even a new style and new forms of versification. His comedy, the Princesse Aurélie (1828), was the least favorably received of all his works. While a war of epigrams raged between the defenders of the three unities and the champions of an audacious eccentricity, Delavigne conceived the idea of conciliating the two schools, of uniting

classical elegance and purity with romantic boldness-a project which was the ambition, not to say the illusion, of the remainder of his life. He joined himself with the romanticists, with the purpose of proving to them that pity, terror, and overpowering interest were not incompatible with sobriety of action and correctness of language. His Marino Faliero (1829), in which he first departed from the ancient rules, mingling tragedy with comedy, and dignity of expression with light vivacity, obtained great success. He had in Italy begun the tragedy of Louis XI., but had abandoned it on the death of Talma, despairing to find any other qualified to perform the principal part, till he witnessed the powers of Ligier, in the part of Faliero. He now set himself to finish it, and was only briefly interrupted by the revolution of 1830, improvising the Parisienne, the most popular song at the time of insurrection, and writing also a new Messénienne entitled Une semaine à Paris. Declining any personal favor from the triumph of the liberal cause, he resumed his labors, and completed Louis XI., which was produced in 1832; it is the greatest work of Delavigne in his second style, and has remained one of the most remarkable dramas on the stage. It was followed by Les enfants d'Édouard (1833), Don Juan d'Autriche, in prose, and one of his best pieces (1835), Une famille au temps de Luther (1836), La popularité (1838), La fille du Cid, in which he returned to his early manner (1839), and Le conseiller rapporteur (1841). It was his custom to compose his dramas entire before writing a word of them, and he had already completed in his mind another tragedy, Mélusine, which was his favorite piece, the hero of which was a sort of oriental Faust, when his health rapidly failing prevented him from writing more than the first act and a part of the second. At the approach of winter he started for Italy, but, unable to support the fatigue of the journey, died at Lyons, while his wife was reading to him Sir Walter Scott's "Guy Mannering." His funeral at Paris was attended not only by the most eminent men in literature, art, and politics, but by the populace in throngs. The personal character of Delavigne was most estimable. His works are distinguished as much for their purity of sentiment as their perfection of art; and notwithstanding the concessions which he made to the reigning school, he may justly be called a great classical dramatist. Among his occasional pieces are lyrics in behalf of Greece and Poland. The standard edition of his works is that of 1846, in 6 vols., which has been several times reproduced, and contains a memoir by his brother Germain.

DELAWARE, one of the original states of the American union, situated between lat. 38° 28' and 39° 50' N. and long. 75° and 75° 46′ W., having a length N. and S. of 96 m., and a breadth varying from 9 to 12 m. in the N. to 36 or 37 m. on the S. line; area 2,120 sq. m., or 1,356,800 acres; bounded N. by Pennsylvania, W. and S. by Maryland, and E. by Delaware river and bay

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