(separating Delaware and New Jersey) and the Atlantic ocean. The state is divided into 3 counties, viz.: New Castle in the N., Kent in the middle, and Sussex in the S.; and these are subdivided into hundreds. Wilmington, the most populous and important city, is situated between Brandywine and Christiana creeks, about 1 m. above their confluence. The principal part of the city is built on the S. W. side of a hill, 109 feet above tide. On the N. E. side of the same hill on the Brandywine are a number of flouring mills which have long been celebrated. Wilmington is also largely engaged in the manufacture of steam engines (land and marine), railroad cars, machinery generally, &c., and also powder. The Christiana creek admits vessels drawing 14 feet of water to the town, and those drawing 7 or 8 feet can ascend 8 m. further. The Brandywine has 7 feet of water to the mills. Pop. in 1850, 13,979, and in 1853, 16,163. Dover, the state capital, is situated on Jones's creek, 5 m. from the Delaware. New Castle, on the Delaware, 5 m. S. of Wilmington, is a manufacturing town, and carries on a considerable trade. The other principal places are Georgetown and Lewes in Sussex co.; Milford and Smyrna in Kent co.; and Port Penn and Delaware City, New Castle co. Newark is the seat of Delaware college. The population of Delaware in 1790, and at subsequent decennial periods down to the year 1850, has been as follows:

Of the white population in 1850, there were 29,259 males and 29,302 females; of the free colored (blacks 16,425, and mulattoes 1,648), 9,035 males and 9,038 females; and of the slave (blacks 2,207, and mulattoes 83), 1,174 males and 1,116 females. Density, 43.18 to a square mile; proportion to the population of the whole Union, 0.39 per cent. Families (white and free colored), 15,439; dwellings, 15,290. Deaf and dumb, 54: white 48, free colored 4, slave 2; blind, 39: white 25, free colored 14, slave 0; insane, 68: white 48, free colored 20, slave 0; idiotic, 92: white 74, free colored 14, slave 4. Births (white and free colored), 2,495; marriages, 564; deaths, 1,188. Total deaths (including slaves), 1,209. Ages (all classes): under 1 year, 2,554; 1 and under 5, 10,899; 5 and under 10, 13,071; 10 and under 15, 11,700; 15 and under 20, 10,142; 20 and under 30, 15,994; 30 and under 40, 11,208; 40 and under 50, 7,488; 50 and under 60, 4,491; 60 and under 70, 2,484; 70 and under 80, 1,101; 80 and under 90, 279; 90 and under 100, 54; 100 and upward, 9; unknown, 58. Of persons 100 and upward: white 2, free colored 5, and

slave 2. White and free colored (total, 89,242), born in Delaware, 72,351; born in other states of the Union, 11,617; born in foreign countries, 5,211; and born in parts unknown, 63. Natives of Delaware resident in other states, 31,965. Occupations of 22,061 (white and free colored) males over 15 years of age: 5,633, commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining; 7,884, agriculture; 6,663, labor not agricultural; 743, sea and river navigation; 251, law, medicine, and divinity; 581, other pursuits requiring education; 124, government civil service; 69, domestic service; 113 unspecified. Slaveholders, 809, viz.: holders of 1 slave, 320; of 1 and under 5, 352; of 5 and under 10, 117; and of 10 and under 20, 20. Paupers (in 1849'50), 667, viz.: 569 native and 128 foreign, costing in the year $17,730. Criminals convicted (1849'50), 22, all native, and (June 1, 1850) in prison 14, all native. Federal population (all free and

slaves), 90,616, which entitled the state to one representative in the national congress.-Delaware comprehends the N. E. portion of the low peninsula between Chesapeake bay, Delaware rivers, and the Atlantic ocean. It contains no mountains, but in the N. the surface is beautifully diversified by hill and dale. Southward of Christiana creek the surface is almost a perfect level, and is only relieved by a low table-land or sand ridge, nowhere more than 60 or 70 feet in height, which traverses the state N. and S. near the W. boundary, and forms the watershed of the peninsula. This table-land abounds in swamps, in which most of the rivers and streams have their sources, some flowing W. into Chesapeake bay, and others E. into the Delaware. The Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pokomoke, the head waters of which are in this state, have their greatest lengths in Maryland and flow into the Chesapeake. The Appoquinnimink, Duck, Jones's, Murderkill, Mispilion, Broadkill, Indian, and other rivers and creeks are affluents of the Delaware and Atlantic. The most important streams of Delaware, however, are the Brandywine and Christiana creeks, the former coming in from Pennsylvania, and the latter from the S. W. These unite below Wilmington, and pour their united waters into the Delaware 1 m. below their junction. Many of the smaller rivers are navigable for coasting vessels, but the Christiana is the only one in the state that admits of the entrance of merchant ships. Delaware bay is a fine estuary, about 60 m. in length by 25 or 30 in greatest breadth, but contracting toward the N. to less than 5 m.; and where it opens to the sea between Cape May (lat. 38° 56′ and long. 74° 38') and Cape Henlopen (lat. 38° 48' and long. 75° 6'), the width is not more than 15 m. The main channel admits the largest vessels to the head of the bay and into the river, having from 35 to 75 feet of water; but the course is made tortuous and intricate by the numerous shoals which nearly fill the central portion. The western shore of the bay is marshy and low, and that on the Atlantic is beset with sand beaches which enclose shallow

bays, or more properly lagoons. Rehoboth bay, at the mouth of Indian river, is a basin of this description, but admits vessels drawing 6 feet of water. At the S. extremity of the state is the Cypress swamp, a morass 12 m. long and 6 m. wide. This swamp contains a great variety of trees and evergreen shrubs, and is infested with noxious reptiles. For 8 or 10 m. inland from the Delaware the soils are generally rich clays, but thence to the swamps and southward sand prevails. Bog iron ore is found in the swamps, and shell marl occurs abundantly. In the N. there are deposits of kaolin, or porcelain clay, which have supplied the Philadelphia works with that valuable earth. The climate is in general mild and highly favorable to agricultural pursuits. The N. and more elevated region has a remarkably salubrious atmosphere; but where the surface is swampy, as in the S. parts of the state, endemic sickness prevails to a considerable extent. The natural productions are similar to the middle region of the United States generally.-In 1850 Delaware contained 6,063 farms and plantations, enclosing 956,144 acres of land, of which 580,862 acres were improved. Cash value of farms $18,880,031, and of farming implements and machinery $510,279. Average of farms 158 acres, and of value $3,198. Live stock upon farms, &c. (1850): horses 13,852, asses and mules 791, milch cows 19,248, working oxen 9,797, other cattle 24,166, sheep 27,503, swine 36,261, in all valued at $1,849,281; and value of animals slaughtered (1849'50), $373,665. Agricultural products (1849): wheat 482,511, rye 8,066, oats 604,518, Indian corn 3,145,542, barley 56, and buckwheat 8,615 bushels; potatoes, Irish, 240,542, and sweet, 65,443 bushels; hay, 30,159 tons; hops, 348 lbs.; clover seed, 2,525, and other grass seed, 1,403 bushels; butter, 1,055,308, and cheese, 3,187 lbs.; peas and beans, 4,120 bushels; market garden products, $12,714, and orchard products, $46,574; beeswax and honey, 41,248 lbs.; home-made manufactures, $38,121; flaxseed, 904 bushels; flax, 11,174 lbs.; molasses, 50 gallons; wool, 57,768 lbs.; wine, 145 gallons. The average grain crops of Delaware (bushels per acre) were as follows: wheat 11, Indian corn 20, oats 20, and buckwheat 10. The total value of agricultural products returned by the census of 1840 was $2,877,350, and by that of 1850, $3,117,565. Manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts: establishments, 531; capital, $2,978,945; raw material used, $2,864,607; hands employed, 3,888, viz.: 3,237 males and 651 females; annual wages, $936,924; products, $4,649,296; profit, 28.46 per cent. Cotton factories 12, capital $460,100, cotton used 4,730 bales, total value of raw material $312,068, products $538,439; woollen factories 8, capital $148,500, wool used 393,000 lbs., value of raw material $204,172, products $251,000; cast-iron works 13, capital $373,000, pig iron consumed 4,400 tons, value of raw material $153,852, products $267,462; wrought-iron works 3, capital $75,000, value of raw ma

terial $35,410, and products $38,200. The manufactures of Delaware (including family products) were valued in 1820 at $1,318,891, in 1830 at $1,991,000, in 1840 at $2,709,068, and in 1850 at $4,687,427.-The exports of Delaware for the year ending June 30, 1858, were valued at $106,571, and the imports at $2,821; and the shipping cleared amounted to 2,871 tons, and entered to 845 tons, all American. The coasting trade is more extensive, and is carried on chiefly for the supply of the Philadelphia markets. Shipping owned in the state 21,258 tons, viz.: 3,643 registered and 11,992 enrolled and licensed; and of this 15,635 (including 1,057 steam) belonged to the Wilmington, and 5,623 (including 203 steam) to the New Castle district. In 1859 (Jan.), Delaware had 12 banks, capital $1,638,185, loans and discounts $3,000,285, stocks $22,610, real estate $81,499, due by other banks $308,222, notes of other banks $61,446, specie funds $114,812, specie $217,312, circulation $960,846, deposits $832,657, due to other banks $86,180. On June 30, 1858, Delaware contained 115 m. of completed railroad, viz.: the Delaware railroad, 71 m. long, extending from Seaford to a junction with the New Castle and Frenchtown railroad, 7 m. W. from New Castle, cost $1,146,310; the New Castle and Frenchtown railroad, 16 m. long, from New Castle on the Delaware to Frenchtown on Elk creek, an arm of Chesapeake bay, cost $380,000; the New Castle and Wilmington railroad, 4.7 m., cost $100,000; and a section of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railroad, about 23 m. This system connects Wilmington with Philadelphia and Baltimore, and with the state throughout its whole length, and also the waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake. There are also in course of construction 2 other railroads, viz.: the Junction and Breakwater, intended to connect Milford and Lewes with the Delaware railroad; and the Delaware and Maryland, an extension of the same line from Seaford to the head of steam navigation on the Nanticoke. Ultimately, however, it is proposed to carry the main line of road through Maryland and Virginia to Cape Charles. From the Nanticoke and the cape, Norfolk will be reached by steamers. The Chesapeake and Delaware canal connects by a channel navigable for coasting vessels the waters so called. It extends from Delaware City, 46 m. below Philadelphia, to Back creek, a navigable branch of Elk river in Maryland, 13 m., and is 66 ft. wide at the top and 10 ft. deep, with 2 tide and 2 lift locks, and a deep cut for 4 m. through a hill 90 ft. high. This important work was completed in 1829 at a cost of $2,250,000. The total length of post routes in the state on June 30, 1858, was 562 m., of which 85 m. was railroad, 303 m. coach, and 174 m. not specified. -The census of 1850 presents the following statistics regarding churches, schools, the press, &c. Churches 180, viz.: Baptist 12, Episcopal 21, Friends 9, Methodist 106, Presbyterian 26, Roman Catholic 3, Union 1, and minor sects 2, which together furnished accommodation for

55,741 persons, and were valued at $340,345. Colleges 2, professors 16, students 144, annual income $17,200; academies and private schools 65, teachers 94, pupils 2,011, annual income $47,832; primary and public schools 194, teachers 214, pupils 8,970, annual income $43,861. The number of children attending school during the year as returned by families was 14,403, viz.: 14,077 natives, and 326 foreigners. Newspapers and periodicals 10 (circulating 75,000, or annually 421,200 copies), viz. : 3 semi-weekly and 7 weekly, of which 2 were literary and miscellaneous, and 8 political. Libraries (other than private) 17, with 17,950 volumes, viz.: public 4, with 10,250 vols.; Sunday-school 12, with 2,700 vols.; and college 1, with 5,000 vols. The number of free schools in operation in 1856 was 233; scholars, 11,468; average length of schools, 7.6 months; receipts, $80,509, of which from school fund, $27,452, and district contributions, $53,057; expenditures, $78,253. The capital of the permanent school fund amounts to $440,505. The collegiate institutions are: Delaware college at Newark, founded in 1833, and which in 1858 had 6 professors, 50 students, and a library of 10,000 vols.; and St. Mary's college at Wilmington, a Roman Catholic school, founded in 1847, and which in 1858 had 7 professors, 110 students, and a library of 2,500 vols.-The constitution of Delaware grants the right of voting to all free white male citizens 21 years of age, who have resided in the state one year, and in the county one month next preceding an election. The general assembly consists of a senate of 9 members (3 from each county), chosen for 4 years, and a house of representatives of 21 members, chosen for 2 years. Senators must be 27 years of age, and be possessed of 200 acres of freehold land, and representatives must be 24 years of age. Pay, $3 per diem and mileage. The sessions are biennial. The governor is elected for 4 years, and has a salary of $1,333; he must be 30 years of age, and have resided in the state 6 years next before election. The state treasurer and auditor (salary $500 each) are elected by the general assembly for 2 years; the term of the secretary of state (salary $400 and fees) is 4 years. There are 5 judges, one of whom is chancellor and president of the orphans' court, and of the other 4 one is chief justice of the state, and 3 are associate justices, one resident in each county. The chief justice and 2 of the associates form the superior court and court of general sessions, and all the judges, except the chancellor, form the court of oyer and terminer. The court of errors and appeals is composed of 3 or more judges. The orphans' court consists of the chancellor and the associate judge of the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, and hold office during good behavior. Probate courts are held by registers of wills, with appeal to the superior court. The public income is derived from corporation taxes, dividends, interest on loans, &c., and in 1857 amounted to $46,000. The disbursements for

the year were about $39,000. The state has no debt, but has permanent resources amounting to $549,755, viz.: invested capital $109,250, and school fund $440,505. The valuation of taxable property in 1856 was $30,466,924. There is, however, no taxation for state purposes.-Delaware takes its name from Lord De La Ware, governor of Virginia, who entered the bay in 1610; but the discovery of the Delaware was made by Hudson in 1609. In 1629, one Godyn, a director in the Dutch West India company, in whose service Hudson had sailed, purchased of the natives a tract of land near the mouth of the river; and next year De Vries with 30 colonists, arriving out from Holland, settled near Lewes. Three years later the whole colony was destroyed by the natives. In 1637 the Swedish West India company sent out a colony of Swedes and Finns, which arrived at Cape Henlopen early in 1638, and after purchasing all the lands from the cape to the falls near Trenton, erected a fort at the mouth of Christiana creek. They named the country Nya Sveriga, or New Sweden. The subsequent settlements of the Swedes were mostly within the present limits of Pennsylvania, and in 1643 their headquarters were erected on the island of Tinicum, a few miles below Philadelphia. These proceedings were protested against by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, who claimed the country by right of discovery and settlement, and with a view to the expulsion of the intruders built Fort Casimir (now New Castle), 5 m. S. of Fort Christiana. This, however, was captured by the Swedes in 1654; but the next year the Dutch from New Netherlands attacked and reduced the Swedish forts, and sent to Europe all the colonists who refused allegiance to Holland. Thus ended the transient connection of Sweden with the colonial history of the United States. From this period to 1664, when New Netherlands was conquered by the English, the Delaware settlements continued under the control of the Dutch authorities. The duke of York now came into possession of all the Dutch had occupied, and the English laws were established on both sides of the river. In the mean time, however, Lord Baltimore asserted his claim to the country on the west side of the river as a part of his grant, which extended to lat. 40° N., but excepted tracts then already occupied; and frequent incursions were made from Maryland with the view of driving away the settlers. At length William Penn, having obtained a grant of Pennsylvania, and being desirous of owning the land on the west bank of the Delaware to the sea, procured from the duke of York a release of all his title and claim to New Castle and 12 m. round it, and to the land between this tract and the sea. In Oct. 1682, he arrived at New Castle, and in the presence of the inhabitants produced his deeds and accepted the surrender of the territory. Lord Baltimore still asserted his claim, but Penn resisted it on the ground that at the time of the grant of Maryland the territory was occupied,

and in 1685 the lords of trade and plantations decided in Penn's favor. The conflicting claims, however, were subsequently adjusted by compromise. The tracts now constituting the state Penn called the "territories or 3 lower counties on the Delaware." For 20 years they were governed as a part of Pennsylvania, each county sending 6 delegates to the general assembly. In 1703 the territories obtained liberty to secede, and were ever afterward allowed a distinct assembly. The proprietary, however, until the commencement of the revolution retained all his rights, and the same governor uniformly presided over Pennsylvania and Delaware, Sheltered by the surrounding colonies, Delaware enjoyed an entire exemption from wars, except those in which as a part of the British empire she was obliged to participate. In the war with France which terminated in 1763, she was second to none in active zeal; and in the revolutionary war the Delaware regiment was one of the most efficient of the continental army. In 1776 the inhabitants declared themselves an independent state, and framed a constitution. In 1792 a second constitution was established, which with subsequent amendments still forms the fundamental law of the state. The federal constitution was ratified by Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787.

DELAWARE. I. A S. E. co. of N. Y., bounded N. W. by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and S. W. by Delaware river, which separates it from Penn.; area, 1,550 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 39,749. It is drained by the head streams of the Delaware, has a hilly surface, and a soil which in the valleys is extremely fertile. The productions in 1855 were 119,383 bushels of Indian corn, 416,659 of oats, 9,494 of wheat, 209,567 of potatoes, 103,896 tons of hay, and 4,026,575 lbs. of butter. There were 26 flour mills, 224 saw mills, 24 tanneries, 4 woollen factories, and 5 carding and fulling mills. Six newspapers were published in the county; there were 92 churches, and 314 school houses. The Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, from the former of which the county is named, are here navigable by boats, and are the channels through which vast quantities of lumber are annually exported. Capital, Delhi. II. A S. E. co. of Penn., bordering on Del., separated from N. J. on the S. E. by the Delaware river, and drained by a number of small streams; area, 108 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 24,679. The surface in the S. E. part is generally level, but in other places is hilly. A large proportion of it is occupied as grazing land, and the markets of Philadelphia are supplied with milk, butter, and cheese mainly from the dairies in this county. The soil is not naturally fertile, but by the use of manures has been rendered extremely productive. The most important minerals are mica slate, extensively used for building, and gneiss. Whetstones are procured near Derby, and exported to nearly all parts of the union. The water power with which the county is abundantly supplied is employed in numerous manu

factories of cotton and woollen, flour, saw, and paper mills, and other establishments. The agricultural productions in 1850 were 294,209 bushels of corn, 121,096 of wheat, 169,754 of oats, 108,508 of potatoes, 27,932 tons of hay, and 1,342,243 lbs. of butter. There were 53 churches, and 2,995 pupils in the public schools. The county was settled by Swedes in 1643, organized in 1789, and named from Delaware river. Capital, Media. III. A central co. of Ohio, traversed by the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, well supplied with water power; area, 478 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 21,817. It has an even surface, a fertile soil, and in 1850 produced 774,289 bushels of corn, 44,523 of wheat, 142,992 of oats, 22,021 tons of hay, and 124,064 lbs. of wool. There were 45 churches, and 8,261 pupils attending public schools. At Delaware, the capital, are several excellent sulphur springs. IV. An E. co. of Ind., drained by White and Mississinewa rivers, and consisting in great part of low marshy prairies, suitable for pastures; area, 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 10,843. The surface is generally level, and the soil fertile. In 1850 the productions were 429,209 bushels of corn, 55,078 of wheat, 41,992 of oats, and 4,957 tons of hay. There were 15 churches, and 1,894 pupils attending public schools. The county was named from the Delaware Indians, who once owned the soil. Capital, Muncie. V. An E. co. of Iowa, well supplied with water and timber, and having a healthy climate, a fertile soil, and a rough hilly surface; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 8,099. In the same year it produced 117,700 bushels of wheat, 113,747 of oats, 342,271 of corn, 57,368 of potatoes, and 126,330 lbs. of butter. Capital, Delhi.

DELAWARE BAY. See DELAWARE.

DELAWARE COURT HOUSE, or DELAWARE, a post town and capital of Delaware co., Ohio; pop. in 1850, 2,074. It is pleasantly situated on rolling ground, on the right bank of Olentangy river, which is here crossed by a bridge. It is a handsome place, neatly built, and the seat of the Ohio Wesleyan university, established in 1845. A sulphur spring in the vicinity is much resorted to. Two newspapers are published in the town; there are 5 or 6 churches, and a branch of the state bank of Ohio.

DELAWARE RIVER (Indian name, Makeriskitton), a large river of the United States, formed by two small streams called the Oquago (or Coquago) and the Popacton, which rise on the western declivity of the Catskill mountains, N.Y., and unite on the boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania, near the N. E. angle of the latter. Flowing S. E., it separates those states for about 70 m., until it reaches Kittatinny (or Shawangunk) mountain, near Port Jervis. At this place it makes a sharp turn to the S. W., and forms the dividing line between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. At the N. extremity of Northampton co. it passes through a precipitous defile, formed by perpendicular rocks on either side 1,000 or 1,200

feet high, and known as the Delaware Water Gap. A few miles below Easton it turns again to the S. E., and after passing Trenton meets the tide water 132 m. from the sea. The stream now becomes much wider, and acquires sufficient depth for the passage of steamboats. Philadelphia, on the right bank, is the head of navigation for ships of the largest size. On the other side of the river are the towns of Burlington and Camden, the latter being just opposite Philadelphia. The channel is here about 1 m. wide, and divided by a small island. A number of other islands, none of them of great extent, occur in various parts of the stream. Bridges connect the opposite banks at Trenton and several other points. About 40 m. below Philadelphia the river discharges itself into Delaware bay, after a total course of 300 m. The Delaware and Hudson and the Morris canals connect the stream with the Hudson, and a canal from Easton to Bristol passes near its banks. The N. Y. and Erie railroad runs in the valley of the Delaware for a distance of nearly 90 m. The shad fisheries in the lower part of the river are very profitable. During the winter of 1851 -'52 a solid bridge of ice formed in the channel at Philadelphia, an event which occurs only in seasons of excessive severity.

DELAWARES, called in their own language the LENAPES, one of the Algonquin tribes of American Indians, now established in the territory of Kansas, which occupied at the beginning of the 16th century the valley of the Delaware river and the banks of the Schuylkill. According to their traditions they were in past ages eminent for valor and wisdom, and held a prominent place in Indian history, exerting an authoritative influence from the Chesapeake to the Hudson. This claim seems to be recognized by the other tribes of their lineage, who apply to them the honorable title of grandfather. On the rise of the Iroquois power they lost their independence; and in the large assembly of tribes which concluded the treaty at Lancaster in 1744, the Iroquois denied the right of the Delawares to alienate their lands. The latter, being immediately ordered by their masters to remove to the banks of the Susquehanna, left for ever the region of their native Delaware. In 1751 they are found at Shamokin and Wyalusing on the Susquehanna, positions where they were exposed to the violence both of the Iroquis and of white emigrants. It was their misfortune to be regarded by the English as under French influence, an opinion which lost none of its force from the fact that many of the Delawares had adopted the principles of peace and non-resistance taught by Penn and Zinzendorf. The Iroquois were also offended by their neutrality, and because they applied themselves to agriculture and grazing, refusing to join in forays of plunder and murder, while the Indian and French war was raging on the frontier from Quebec to New Orleans. A tragical result at length followed. In 1781 nearly 400 Moravian Delawares, settled on the Muskingum,

were plundered by a hostile Indian party, and ordered to remove to Sandusky, on Lake Erie. Being permitted to return in the next year, their movement was regarded as a hostile one by the British frontiersmen, who united and surprised the unresisting Moravians at Muskingum, and massacred nearly 100 of them. In a treaty at Fort Pitt, in 1778, the Delawares entered into terms of amity with the United States, granting power to march armies through their country on condition that a fort should be built for their protection. This was the origin of Fort McIntosh. In 1795 they were parties, with the Wyandots, Shawnees, Miamies, and other western tribes, to the general pacification of Fort Grenville. These relations were further strengthened by the treaties of Fort Wayne (1803) and Vincennes (1804); and the frontiers were not molested by their war parties till the primary movement of Tecumseh in 1811-'12. They did not long rest upon the Susquehanna, but gradually continued their migration westward, resuming their habits of war and hunting, and stopping for a time on the White Water river, in Indiana. Thence they crossed the Mississippi, and are now established on fertile tracts on the Kansas river, in the territory of that name. A portion of them went into Texas, where they have an excellent reputation as guides, hunters, and woodsmen. They possess 375,000 acres of land at the mouth of the Kansas river, and 3 times this amount at higher points on that river and its tributaries. Their number was returned in 1840 at 830; in 1850, at 1,500; and is now estimated at above 2,000. A considerable portion of them are cultivators. of the soil, raise horses, cattle, and hogs, and dress in many respects in civilized costume. The United States hold in trust for them a school fund of $7,806, and a general fund of $915,375.

DELESSERT, BENJAMIN, a French financier and philanthropist, born in Lyons, Feb. 14, 1773, died in Paris, March 1, 1847. After completing his early education, he visited Edinburgh and London, and made the acquaintance of Adam Smith, Dugald Stewart, Playfair, and Watt. He served in Belgium as captain of artillery under Pichegru, but on the death of his eldest brother resigned his commission to assume the direction of his father's bank. In 1801 he established a sugar refinery at Passy, and he contributed much to the success of the manufacture of beet root sugar in France. Such was his reputation for skill and integrity, that before he was 30 he was appointed regent of the bank of France, which post he held for nearly half a century. He was a patron of savings banks, primary schools, houses of refuge, and other charitable institutions. He was an associate of the academy of sciences, and formed magnificent botanical and conchological collections; his herbal, which had been commenced for his sister by J. J. Rousseau, contains no less than 86,000 specimens of plants, 3,000 of which were previously unknown. His botanical collections are illustrated in the important work,