from the upper window of the vessel would be simply a boundless sea, roughened by tides, now flowing outward, with a reversed course, toward the distant ocean, by the 3 great outlets which, during the period of depression, had given access to the waters. Noah would of course see that the fountains of the deep were stopped,' and that the waters returned from off the earth continually; but whether the deluge had been partial or universal, he could neither see nor know. His prospect in either case would have been equally that described by the poet Bowles: The mighty ark Rests upon Ararat; but naught around DEMADES, an Athenian orator (died 318 B. C.), who, from being a sailor or fishmonger, raised himself to a prominent position at Athens. He belonged to the pro-Macedonian or peace party, and was the virulent opponent of Demosthenes. He fought, however, at Charonea in defence of Grecian liberty, and was taken prisoner, but Philip restored him his freedom, and treated him with marked distinction. He used his influence with the conqueror to obtain favorable terms for his native city. After the death of Philip he became the steady supporter of Alexander's supremacy; and when after the destruction of Thebes Alexander demanded the surrender of Demosthenes, Demades, under the incentive of a bribe from the friends of the latter, interceded with the king, and mitigated his vengeance. Afterward, when Demosthenes and his friends left the city on the approach of Antipater and Craterus, he induced the people to pronounce sentence of death against them. Having been sent as ambassador to Antipater, the latter put him to death on discovering letters of his in which he urged the enemies of that general to attack him. Demades was a great wit, and excelled as an extemporaneous orator. A large fragment of an oration commonly ascribed to Demades, in which he defends his political conduct during Alexander's reign, is contained in the collective edition of the Attic orators, but its genuineness is contested. Cicero and Quintilian both assert that Demades left no orations behind him. DEMAVEND, MOUNT, the highest summit of the Elbrooz mountains in Persia, between the provinces of Irak-Ajamee and Mazanderan, lat. 35° 50' N., long. 52° E. It is an extinct volcano, conical in shape, and about 15,000 feet high. It yields large quantities of pumice stone. and pure sulphur, and around its base are several hot springs. DEMBINSKI, HENRYK, a Polish general, born in the palatinate of Cracow, Jan. 16, 1791. His father, a zealous adherent of the anti-Russian party, and of the constitution of May 3, urged upon his young sons in his will the duty of defending the same principles through life; his mother, a patriotic and accomplished woman, educated them accordingly. Having studied for 2 years at the Vienna academy of engineers, Henryk left it in 1809, refusing to accept a commission from the Austrian government, and enlisted as a common soldier in the national army of the newly created duchy of Warsaw. He became a lieutenant at the opening of the campaign against Russia in 1812, was made captain by Napoleon on the battle field of Smolensk, distinguished himself in the battle of Leipsic, was subsequently attached to Gen. Wielohorski, then at Paris, and returned to his native country after the fall of the French empire. Having married, he engaged successfully in agricultural pursuits, and in 1825 was elected a member of the Polish diet, where he acted with the opposition. After the outbreak of the revolution at Warsaw (Nov. 1830), he was appointed major of a regiment formed in his native palatinate, was intrusted with the command of the mobile national guard of the same, marched with his troops to the capital in Feb. 1831, received from Skrzynecki the command of a cavalry brigade, and fought bravely at Dembe and Liw, and with still greater distinction at Kuflew, against the overwhelming army of Diebitsch. Sent to defend a bridge of the Narew, he repulsed the Russians after a bloody battle of 14 hours. He was next attached to the expedition to Lithuania, which, being undertaken too late and under Gielgud and Chlapowski, proved a failure after a few successful engagements. Gielgud was shot as a traitor by one of his followers; Chlapowski crossed the Prussian frontier and surrendered. Dembinski alone led his detachment through the marshes and forests of Lithuania, partly amid and partly behind the Russian armies, back to the capital, where he unexpectedly appeared on Aug. 5, and was received with great enthusiasm by the people, and with public thanks by the diet. Made governor of Warsaw, he was also for a few days successor in the chief command to Skrzynecki, but soon disappointed the hopes he had excited. After the fall of Warsaw in September he followed Rybinski to Prussia, went thence to France, where he published his Mémoires sur la campagne de Lithuanie (Strasbourg, 1832), and in 1833 to Egypt, to assist in the organization of the army of Mehemet Ali, whose offensive operations, through Ibrahim Pasha, against the Porte, which was supported by Russia, promised to offer a new theatre of war against the latter power. This hope, however, soon vanished, and Dembinski returned to France, where he lived in comparative retirement till 1848, when after the outbreak of February he went to Germany, and was present at the so-called Slavic congress of Prague. Having returned to Paris, he was persuaded by Count Teleky to accept a command in Hungary, while his old colleague Bem was already engaged in reconquering Transylvania. He succeeded in passing through Germany and over the Austrian frontier, arrived at Debreczin in Jan. 1849, made his first appearance on the bat tle field in the camp of Perczel, who was then executing a successful manœuvre against the Austrians on the right bank of the Theiss (Jan. 23), and received the chief command of the main Hungarian army on Feb. 5 The machinations of Görgey, however, who was impatient of being subordinate to another, and he a foreigner, soon hindered the plans and operations of Dembinski. The Austrian general Schlick, allowed to retreat from Kaschau, baffled Dembinski's attempt to stop him at Putnok, forced his way through the mountains of Gömor and Heves, and appeared on the right flank of the Hungarian army, in the great battle of Kápolna (Feb. 26, 27), where the latter was attacked while marching to take the of fensive. This unexpected event, and the want of precision in the execution of the orders on the part of Görgey's divisions, owing in part to their distribution on the vast battle field in consequence of Dembinski's distrust of that general, caused the retreat of the Hungarian army to Kövesd, where an attack of the enemy (Feb. 28) was successfully repulsed, and. finally beyond the Theiss, amid difficulties caused by the marshy nature of the ground, deficiency of provisions, and attacks of the Austrians. On their arrival at Füred several of the officers openly declared their want of confidence in the abilities of the Polish general, and the government was thus compelled to deprive him of the chief command. In the spring he received the command of a corps in the north of Hungary, which, however, he soon resigned to Gen. Wysocki, being unable to agree with the ministry of war regarding the operations. On July 2, when Görgey's continued disobedience amid the advance of the Russians and Austrians from every, quarter finally forced Kossuth to more decisive action, Dembinski received the virtual, and his friend Lieutenant Field Marshal Mészáros the nominal command of all the Hungarian armies. But the order for concentration was not executed; Görgey still acted independently, and reached the Theiss only after a lengthened though victorious retreat, and when the Russians had crossed it; Dembinski was defeated at Szöreg (Aug. 5), and forced to give up the lines of the Theiss and Maros. Instead of falling back upon Arad, where Görgey's army was expected to arrive, Dembinski, dreading either the treachery of that rival, or the relief of Temesvár, which was about to surrender, by the enemy, retreated toward the latter fortress, and there lost (Aug. 9) the bloody battle which sealed the fate of the revolution, in spite of the cooperation on that day of Bem, Guyon, Kmety, Perczel, Wysocki, and other leaders. The remnants of the army retreated toward Lugos, Görgey surrendered (Aug. 13), and Dem binski sought refuge with Kossuth in Turkey, whence, as a citizen of France, he was allowed to return to that country in 1850. A Polish pamphlet entitled "A Glance at the Last Events of the Polish Revolution," was published by him in Paris, in 1837; his memoirs of the Hungarian campaign are still expected. DEMERARA, one of the 3 counties into which the colony of British Guiana in South America has been divided since 1831, derives its name from the river Demerara. It lies between lat. 0° 40′ and 8° 40' N., and long. 57° and 61° W., is situated between the other 2 counties, Essequibo and Berbice, and occupies the centre of the seaboard for about 90 m. Pop. according to the census of 1851, 75,767, including that of Georgetown (25,508), which is the capital of the county and of the colony. (See GUIANA.) DEMETER. See CERES. DEMETZ, FRÉDÉRIC AUGUSTE, a French philanthropist, born May 12, 1796. He was bred to the law, and officiated for several years as one of the judges of the court of police correctionelle at Paris. Thus his attention was called to the great number of juvenile offenders, for whom at that time there was no house of correction, or place of confinement, except with the adult prisoners, from whom they soon learned to become adepts in crime. Fortunately, about this period M. Lucas, the inspector-general of prisons, conceived the idea of establishing a benevolent institution, with a view to aid in the reformation of some of these juvenile criminals. Of this society M. Demetz early became an active member, and was finally sent with M. Léon Faucher by the society to investigate the condition and results of the agricultural colonies which had been established in Belgium and Holland for the reformation of young offenders. M. Demetz also visited Hamburg, and at the rauhes Haus, near that city, then as now under the superintendence of Dr. Wichern, he found the model of a reformatory colony which he had thus far sought in vain. Having returned to France, M. Demetz, in connection with the viscount de Courteilles, established in 1839 the colony of Mettrai, near Tours, the viscount offering a portion of his own estate for the experiment. In July of that year they assembled 23 young men of good families there, and occupied themselves in training them for teachers for the young offenders who were to be brought there. In Jan. 1840, they admitted 12 young criminals, and gradually increased the number, till now they have more than 700 of this class under training. Since the death of Courteilles (1854) the superintendence of the establishment has devolved on M. Demetz. The success of this colony has led to the organization of many similar establishments in Great Britain and in continental Europe. M. Demetz has aided many of these enterprises by his presence and personal influence, particularly in England. He has published Rapports à M. le comte de Montalivet sur les pénitenciers des États Unis, the result of his investigations during his visit to the United States in 1836, in company with M. de Tocqueville. DEMETRIUS, or DMITRI, the name of several Russian princes, who reigned in the 13th, 14th, and 17th centuries. The most important of them is known under the name of Dmitri Samozvanietz, or the Pseudo Demetrius, and is generally believed to have falsely assumed the name of the younger surviving son of Ivan the Terrible, who during the reign of the elder son, the feeble Fedor, was confined by Boris Godunoff, the brother-in-law and ruler of the czar, in the town of Uglitch, and died there in 1591 a violent death, which was attributed by his mother to the treachery of Boris. The young prince was found in his blood, the knife with which he had been playing in his throat; some visitors from the court were pointed out by the lamenting mother as the murderers, to the gathering people of the place, who, fanatically revering the house of Rurik, and hating the usurper, rushed upon the strangers and massacred them. Boris took fierce revenge for this insult on the people and town of Uglitch, and ample testimony was procured to prove before his tribunal that Demetrius died accidentally. His despotic though energetic reign before and after the death of Fedor, the last of the Ruriks (1598), had prepared the minds of the Russians for a rebellion, when rumors of Demetrius having escaped the hands of the assassins by the substitution of another victim spread over the country. The pretender, whose real name and origin are still a mystery, made his first disclosures in 1603 at the court of Prince Adam Wisniowiecki in Lithuania, where he was serving in the capacity of a page. Prince Constantine Wisniowiecki, the brother of Adam, introduced him to his father-in-law, Mniszek, palatine of Sandomir. Some of the Polish nobles and their friends were gained by the persuasive skill of the pretender, others were incited by hopes of adventures or gain to support him, while Mniszek was fascinated by the prospect of seating upon the throne of Russia his beautiful and ambitious daughter, Maryna, for whom the youth declared his love. An audience of the king, Sigismund III., was easily gained, and, the interests of both the state and the Catholic church decisively pleading in favor of the cause, the nobles were allowed to set on foot an expedition to Moscow, independently of the government. The future czar was zealously assisted by the Jesuits, whose influence had now begun to be of great weight in the councils of Poland, and some historians, therefore, suspect him to have been the élève and tool of the order. A simultaneous revolt of the Russian Cossacks against the rule of Boris, under the lead of Grishka (Gregory) Otrepieff, a runaway monk, seconded the enterprise. The menaced prince, in order to degrade his rival, identified him with the leader of the Cossacks, a statement which afterward misled some intelligent writers. The invading army, about 5,000 strong, was reenforced in Russia by detachments of Cossacks. Some of the strongest cities, summoned in the name of the son of Ivan, voluntarily opened their gates; others were taken. Novgorod Seversk alone, defended by Basmanoff, successfully checked their march, thus effectually assisting the operations of the opposing army. Having vanquished Prince Mstislavski in Dec. 1604, the pretender was in his turn defeated by the same general in Jan. 1605, and pressed back to Pootivi; but the sudden death of Boris by apoplexy or poison soon terminated the war. Basmanoff, made commander of the army by his son and successor, Fedor, came into the camp of the enemy to implore his mercy. A deputation from Moscow offered to surrender the capital, the new czar and his family were surprised in the Kremlin and thrown into prison, and the victor entered Moscow in triumph amid the shouts of the people (June, 1605), and was crowned as Czar Demetrius. Fedor and his mother had been murdered, perhaps by his command; other members of the unhappy family also were made victims of his cruelty or policy,. but a daughter of Boris was spared to become his concubine. The widow of Czar Ivan was now brought forth from the convent, in which she had so long been secluded, and her tears and embraces gave public sanction to the identity of the new czar with her son Demetrius. His reign was marked from the beginning by vigor and energy as well as ability; but his love of innovations, his undisguised predilection for the culture, institutions, and even religion of Poland, and his often expressed contempt of the customs, superstitions, and barbarons ignorance of his subjects, soon made him the object of national hatred. The arrival of his foreign spouse, with a large and pompous train of Polish nobles, warriors, and Jesuits, the arrogant and reckless behavior of some of these followers, aud rumors of the czar's intended apostasy from the Russian church, finally undermined his throne. A few days after the celebration of his nuptials with Maryna, and her coronation, a band of conspirators, led by Prince Shuiski, who was indebted to Demetrius for the generous pardon of a former plot, assaulted the Kremlin. Demetrius found some faithful defenders, and evinced extreme boldness in the defence of his life, but in vain. Thousands of his men, including nearly all the Poles, were mercilessly butchered with him, by the infuriated people (May 16, 1606). Prince Shuiski was proclaimed czar under the name of Basil III., but being attacked by a new pretender, also calling himself Demetrius, and by the Poles and Swedes, was obliged to resign his throne. The origin and previous history of the new Demetrius are unknown; his abilities were of an inferior kind, but his depredations made him an object of terror, and even the capital was held by him in a kind of blockade for more than a year. Some of his men having captured Maryna, who had been released from prison to return to her country, the ambitious princess acknowledged him as her lawful husband. But the pretender was soon after murdered by a Tartar chief of his guards, and the degraded tzaritza perished miserably, according to some, in the waters of the Ural, but according to others, in prison. Even after the accession of the house of Romanoff to the throne of Moscow (1613), the convulsions caused DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS by pretenders, one of whom called himself a son of the first of them, were but slowly suppressed. The history of the first samozvanietz has been poetically adorned by Bulharin, Pushkin, and Chomiakoff, and made the subject of an unfinished drama by Schiller.-Compare P. Mérimée, Les faux Demetrius (Paris, 1854). DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS, so called from being a native of the district of Phalerus, an Athenian orator and statesman, born about 345, died about 282 B. C. The son of poor parents, he studied oratory, poetry, philosophy, and statesmanship, particularly under the guidance of the philosopher Theophrastus, and began his political career in 325, as an eloquent champion of the democratic or anti-Macedonian party. This party being expelled from power, he retired into voluntary exile, but was afterward reconciled with his former opponents; and when, in 317, Cassander of Macedon became virtually master of Athens, he became governor in his behalf, being supported by a Macedonian garrison. He thus ruled Athens for 10 years with moderation and success, though not without perverting the rich revenues of the state to his personal luxury and dissipation. The degenerate Athenians rewarded his services by erecting in his honor as many statues as their year contained days, but these were scornfully broken when Demetrius Poliorcetes surprised the city, in 307, and compelled Phalereus to retire. Condemned to death in his absence, he went to Thebes, and afterward to Egypt, where he was well treated by Ptolemy, son of Lagus, but banished to the upper part of the country by his son Philadelphus, who had been made heir against his advice. He is said to have died of the bite of a snake. The foundation of the Alexandrian library has been attributed by some writers, but with little reason, to his influence with the 1st Ptolemy. In Egypt Demetrius composed numerous historical, philosophical, and literary works, of which only a few fraginents are extant, the work on elocution which is known under his name being the production of an Alexandrian sophist. He is one of the last Athenian orators who deserved the name; his eloquence, however, was distinguished by grace and refinement rather than by power. DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES (the city-besieger), one of the most conspicuous personages in the history of the long and bloody contentions which followed the death of Alexander the Great, born shortly before the accession of that conqueror to the throne of Macedon, was the son of Antigonus, who, in the first division of the Macedonian empire, received several provinces of Asia Minor for his share. In the wars of his father against Eumenes and Ptolemy, Demetrius early evinced valor and devotion to his father's cause. Commanding in Syria, he was defeated by Ptolemy in the battle of Gaza (312 B. C.), but soon restored the balance of the war by a victory over one of his generals, on which occasion he dismissed without ransom several thousands of his captives, thus repaying a simi lar magnanimous act of his enemy. A treaty of peace was concluded soon after, but this was of short duration, and the war was continued with various success. More decisive were his services to his father in the expedition to Greece, the most important places of which had been occupied and garrisoned by Cassander, son of Antipater of Macedon. Sailing from Ephesus (307) to Athens, Demetrius entered the harbor of the Piræus with his fleet, which was mistaken for that of Egypt, without meeting with any resistance. Demetrius Phalereus, who had ruled Athens for 10 years, in allegiance to Macedon, was compelled to retire to Thebes; Munychia and Megara, which were defended by garrisons in the interest of Cassander, were unable to withstand the skill and engines of the besieger, and he finally made his triumphant entry into Athens. Having announced the restoration of the ancient democratic institutions, and promised distributions of corn and ship timber, he was received with the most abject flatteries as god and deliverer (owrnp) by the degenerate people, who now broke the 360 statues recently erected in honor of Demetrius Phalereus. Summoned to the assistance of his father in his war against Ptolemy, he crossed over to Cyprus, defeated the Egyptian fleet, and made himself master of that island, having taken Salamis, its chief city; after which both his father and himself assumed the title of king, and their example was followed by the rival potentates of Egypt, Thrace, and Syria-Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus. Demetrius next undertook an invasion of Egypt by sea and land, which failed, his forces being repulsed with great loss. He now turned toward Rhodes, which he besieged for more than a year; but the Rhodians, supplied and reënforced by the allied enemies of his father, withstood bravely, and the siege was terminated by a treaty. Poliorcetes then sailed to Greece, which was again threatened with the sway of Cassander. He compelled the Boeotians to relinquish their alliance with Macedon, expelled Cassander from Attica, and made himself master of Corinth, Argos, Sicyon, and most of the towns of Arcadia. In Athens the deified deliverer was received with the wonted honors, and resided as the guest of Minerva in the Parthenon, which he polluted by shameless debauchery. His pleasures and the equally degrading manifestations in his honor were again interrupted by the call of his father, which he was always ready to obey. He hastened to Asia, and fought in the great battle of Ipsus, in Phrygia. The rival forces were nearly equal; but Demetrius, with imprudent valor, pushed too far the victorious advance of his wing; the centre, commanded by his father, was broken, and the old man was slain while yet expecting relief from his son. His dominions were broken up, the greater part falling into the hands of Seleucus. Demetrius, retiring with the remnant of his army, embarked at Ephesus for Athens, but met on his voyage with envoys from that city, who announced to him that he would : not be admitted. This defection was followed by the loss of his other possessions in Greece, his garrisons being expelled from every town. He succeeded, however, in restoring his fortunes by an alliance with Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. The treaty of alliance stipulated that Demetrius should retain possession of Cilicia, Cyprus, and a part of the coast of Syria. He now armed for the reconquest of Greece, besieged and after a long resistance took Athens (295), and made a successful expedition into the Peloponnesus, when his attention was turned to Macedon. Cassander and his eldest son Philip had died; the two remaining sons, Antipater and Alexander, were engaged in a bloody struggle for the throne, and the latter invoked the aid both of Demetrius and Pyrrhus of Epirus. Pyrrhus appeared first and vanquished Antipater; Demetrius came after him, and deprived Alexander, who is said to have attempted his assassination, both of his throne and life (294). While he was thus successful in Europe, he lost his possessions in Asia, which were taken by Ptolemy and Seleucus. The following 4 years were occupied by two sieges of Thebes, an invasion of Thrace, and a war with Pyrrhus and the Etolians, after the termination of which he was preparing for a new campaign in Asia, when he was attacked (287) by a triple invasion from Thrace, Epirus, and Egypt. While marching against the Epirotes he was deserted by his Macedonian troops, who proclaimed Pyrrhus as their king. Demetrius escaped to his son Antigonus Gonatas, who had maintained possession of Greece, and succeeded in saving a part of his dominion by a treaty with Pyrrhus. Leaving his son in Greece, he crossed over to Miletus, and fought his way as far as the northern mountain range of Syria, but was finally compelled to surrender to Seleucus, who kept his father-in-law in confinement at Apamea in Syria till his death in 283. Antigonus, who had lost almost all Greece, of fered in vain the remainder of his possessions and himself for the freedom of his father, who in turn ceded to him all his claims, spending his last days in effeminate amusements unworthy of his warlike career. DEMETRIUS (I.) SOTER (the deliverer), king of Syria, born about 187, died 150 B. C. He was the son of Seleucus Philopator, and grandson of Antiochus the Great. Sent as hostage to Rome by his father, he remained there during the whole reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, after whose death, in 164, he besought the senate to release him and acknowledge him as king of Syria. This being refused, he followed the advice of his friend, the historian Polybius, and escaped secretly from Rome. He landed at Tripolis, in Phoenicia, and was hailed as king by the Syrians; the young Antiochus V. and his tutor Lysias were put to death (162); and rich presents and ready subservience procured the acknowledgment of the new reign by the Romans. Delivering Babylon from the tyranny of a despotic governor, he received his surname of Soter, from the gratitude of that city. In his war against the revolted Jews his lieutenant Nicanor was routed by Judas Maccabæus, who also concluded a treaty of alliance with the Romans against Demetrius. His interference in the affairs of Cappadocia still more alienated from him the senate of the republic, and his oppressive rule and debauchery disgusted his own people. Instigated by the deposed governor of Babylon, one Balas rose against him, claiming to be Alexander, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, and meeting with assistance from the Romans, Jews, and Cappadocians, finally vanquished him in a battle. Demetrius was slain in his flight, after having performed prodigies of valor. Both Demetrius Nicator and Antiochus Sidetes, his sons, reigned successively after him. DEMIDOFF, a noble and wealthy Russian family, the most distinguished members of which are the following: I. NIKITA, with whom the name and nobility of the house originated, born after the middle of the 17th century, the son of a serf in the government of Toola, became a blacksmith and a manufacturer of arms, and having acquired great skill in the working of metals, established for the government the first iron foundery in Siberia at Neviansk, near Ekaterinburg (1699). This served as a model of many other flourishing establishments in the Ural mountains, and was presented to him with its dependencies by Peter the Great, who also ennobled him. II. AKINFI, son of the preceding, discovered important mines of gold, silver, and copper in different regions of Siberia, which he and his son Nikita were allowed by the government to work for their own profit by German miners. He founded the extensive iron founderies of Lower Tagielsk, was made couneillor of state, and died about 1740. III. PAUL, nephew of the preceding, born at Revel in 1738, died in 1826. He travelled through several countries, studied metallurgy at Freiberg in Saxony, and natural science under Linnæus at Upsal, founded at Moscow a public cabinet of natural history, a botanical garden, and a professorship of natural science, and a flourishing lyceum at Yaroslav. IV. NICOLAI, nephew of the preceding, born in 1774, served in two campaigns against the Turks, travelled through Germany, Italy, France, and England, equipped at his own expense and commanded a regiment during the invasion of Napoleon, was made colonel, count, and privy councillor, and died in 1828. He enlarged the wealth of his family by mining enterprises, and added to the collections of the Moscow university a new cabinet of natural history. He is also remarkable as an author on political economy in French. V. ANATOL, son of the preceding, born in Florence in 1812, was educated in France, travelled through southern Russia and adjoining countries, was made prince of San Donato by the grand duke of Tuscany, and married the princess Mathilde de Montfort, daughter of Jerome Bonaparte and Catharine of Würtemberg. But having obliged himself |