great defeat of Chæronea (338) struck a disastrous blow, and overturned the hopes of the patriotic party. Yet Demosthenes did not lose the confidence of the country. With a just pride, he relates that, in all the freshness of their sorrow, the people appointed him to deliver the funeral oration over the remains of those who had fallen on that disastrous day. He was also charged with the duty of superintending the fortification of the city, in anticipation of an immediate attack. But his antagonists and enemies failed not to seize the opportunity of assailing him by every form the laws of Athens allowed, and he was daily harassed by the vexatious annoyances of such contemptible characters as Sosicles, Diondas, Melanthus, and other sycophants, with whom the city swarmed. To put an end to this warfare, and to test the strength of public feeling in favor of the great orator, Ctesiphon, a political friend, not otherwise known to history, introduced into the senate a resolution to confer a golden crown on Demosthenes as a suitable acknowledgment for his patriotic spirit and his public services. Before the proposition could become a law, it was necessary to pass it through the popular assembly, and in the interval any citizen might prosecute the author of it by an action called ypa¶η параνоμжν, or indictment for illegal propositions. schines accordingly came forward and arrested the proceeding by prosecuting Ctesiphon. Technically the accused party was Ctesiphon, but in reality Demosthenes was put on trial for the whole of his political life. For some reason, not clearly explained, the trial did not take place within a year, as the Attic law apparently required. It was postponed 8 years, and finally was held in 330. Demosthenes appeared in the formal character of counsel for Ctesiphon, but in reality, of course, in his own defence. The orations delivered by the rival statesmen were elaborated to the highest point of their abilities, and must be considered their masterpieces; but that of Demosthenes, in force and cogency of argument, in severity of invective, in loftiness of ethical spirit, and in ardent patriotism, far surpassed the oration of Æschines. The result was remarkable. Eschines exposed himself to the penalties of malicious prosecution, inasmuch as he failed to obtain a fifth part of the votes. In consequence of this he left Athens, and never returned. King Philip was assassinated in 336, two years after the battle of Charonea, and 4 years before the trial on the crown. This event led Demosthenes to renew his efforts to unite the Grecian states against Macedon. But the unexpected vigor of the youthful Alexander quenched his kindling hopes. An embassy was sent from Athens to sue for peace, and Demosthenes was one of those selected for this painful duty. He set out upon the mission, but after proceeding part of the way, his feelings overcame him, and he returned. A false report of the death of Alexander caused another rising among the Greeks, and Demosthenes, at his own expense, sent a supply of

arms to Thebes, the only state which showed energy in the movement. But Alexander suddenly appeared before that ill-fated city, and completely subdued the spirit of the people by levelling to the ground its walls and all its buildings except the house of Pindar, 335 B. C. Soon after, Alexander started on his Asiatic expedition, having appointed Antipater regent of Macedon during his absence. Greece remained quiet for several years, but the leaders were eagerly watching every opportunity for another outbreak. Nothing of consequence occurred, however, until the arrival of Harpalus in Greece. This person had been left by Alexander in charge of immense treasures at Babylon, while he prosecuted his victorious march to India. He proved faithless to his trust, and came to Athens in 325 for the purpose of securing the protection of the city. The Macedonian regent demanded the surrender of the fugitive, and the trial of the popular leaders who were accused of having accepted his bribes. Demosthenes, being among the orators thus implicated, voluntarily offered himself for trial. His whole conduct was inconsistent with the theory of guilt, the motives of his enemies in bringing the charge were quite apparent, and there is not a tittle of trustworthy evidence against the illustrious patriot. But so great was the influence of the Macedonian faction that he was declared guilty, and thrown into prison; from which, however, he escaped, it is said, with the connivance of the magistrates. He passed the time of his exile partly at Troezen and partly in Ægina, gazing daily over the sea to the shores of his native land, which are in sight from those famous places. When the news of Alexander's death arrived, the Greeks made a fresh effort to throw off the Macedonian yoke. Demosthenes joined the ambassadors sent from Athens to the several states, and again put forth all the power of his eloquence in the cause of freedom and independence. Demon, a relative, now proposed a decree recalling him from exile. He was brought from Ægina in a public ship, and was met on landing at the Piræus by crowds of Athenian citizens and the principal magistrates, who welcomed him home with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of joy. He pronounced it the happiest day of his life. The new hopes of the Greeks met with speedy disappointment. The battle of Cranon (322) and the gradual desertion of the common cause by the confederate states, one after another, left Athens to contend single-handed with Antipater. Peace was accordingly made upon his own terms. Antipater and Craterus marched upon Athens, and Demosthenes and his friends fled. In the midst of the panic Demades proposed that they should be condemned to death, and the cowardly decree was passed. Demosthenes took refuge in the temple of Poseidon, on the little island of Calaurea; but the right of asylum could not protect him from the rage of Archias, the brutal officer of Antipater, who pursued him to his retreat.

Finding himself at the mercy of his remorseless enemies, he took poison which he had kept in a quill, and died 322 B. C. at the age of 63.-There is a statue of Demosthenes in the Nuovo Braccio of the Vatican-the noblest portrait statue in existence. It represents the orator in the act of addressing an assembly. The nervous temperament, the spare figure, the concentrated fire and energy exhibited in the face and brow, embody his character with wonderful truth. Demosthenes inherited a delicate constitution, which prevented him from engaging in the gymnastic exercises and field sports of his contemporaries; but he overcame this natural defect by the most rigid temperance in food and drink. He never indulged in wine; he was one of the earliest water-drinkers on record. He was naturally afflicted with a hesitation in speech and a shortness of breath; but by incredible force of will he cured himself of these impediments. It is said that he forced himself to speak with a pebble in his mouth, and that, in order to accustom himself to the tumults of the popular assembly, he declaimed on the beach of Phalerum to the waves as they swept along the shore. In the formation of his style he took unwearied pains. Whether he copied Thucydides 8 times, according to the tradition, may be doubted; but there can be no doubt that from his early youth to the last oration he ever spoke, he never ceased to give the profoundest study both to matter and form. He seldom or never addressed an assembly in an extemporaneous speech; his rivals and detractors used to say that his speeches smelt of the lamp. If by this charge it was meant that the style of the great orator was unduly elaborate in the structure of his sentences, or overloaded with ornaments, or artificially balanced and formal, nothing can be more untrue. The labor of Demosthenes was expended in making the thought clear, and then in making his language a perfectly transparent medium for his thought. He worked upon his orations in order to remove from his ideas every obscurity, and from his expression every thing imperfect, inexact, or ambiguous. Demosthenes was never misunderstood by his hearers. Moreover, he adapted his style with a curious felicity to his subject. In his legal arguments, it is precise, clear, technical when necessary, with no attempt at the impassioned eloquence which would be out of place on such subjects and such occasions. In his deliberative and political speeches, he blends with the closest logic every form of vehement appeal to the feelings which the moment of public peril or of patriotic excitement is fitted to arouse. He begins in a moderate tone, with the simplest language and the most undeniable propositions. He grows warm with his subject; the mighty forms of the great departed seem to rise before him; the illustrious dead start from their tombs; the august image of his beloved country is a living presence to his excited mind; his language continues simple, while his meaning becomes deeper, and his feeling more intense. Nothing can stand before

The

such a combination of power, enthusiasm, honesty, reason, and passion. No wonder he swayed his contemporaries as no other man did. No wonder his orations are still studied, as the highest models of all that is pure and exalted in eloquence. And so it happened that his style grew better as he grew older. Compare the oration against Midias with the oration on the crown. In both the instrument is admirable, but the superior mastery displayed in the latter has been acquired by constant practice during the 24 intervening years. In private life, the manners of Demosthenes appear to have been somewhat austere. He was a man of ardent and concentrated feelings, with but little taste for the festive enjoyments in which the Athenians generally delighted. His tone of sentiment was lofty and pure; his domestic life was as stainless as his public life was incorruptible. In all the virtues of the republican citizen, he left an example which none of his countrymen ever surpassed, and which the men of other races and after ages can never cease to venerate. Athens, his beloved city, is again redeemed to letters, art, and freedom. Bema still stands, venerable with the associations of ancient glory. The Propylæa and the Parthenon, splendid and pathetic in their ruins, are the more grand and imposing because his eye rested upon them, and his voice appealed to them in the moments of his country's greatness. Across the Saronic gulf, on the little island of Poros, the ancient Calaurea, are traces still of the temple of Poseidon, sacred to memory as the last resting place of the hunted and wearied patriot; and the waves of that classic sea, as they gently lave the island's rocky shore, seem eternally to chant his requiem.-Of the works of Demosthenes there are many editions. One of the most convenient is that of Dobson, in the Oratores Attici. Others are those of Taylor, Reiske, Dukas, Bekker, Baiter, and Saupe. The orations of Demosthenes alone have been edited by Wolf, Auger, and Schaefer. Dindorf's text (Leipsic, 1825) is excellent; still better, that of Bekker in 3 vols. (Leipsic, 1855). The editions of single or selected orations are too numerous to be mentioned. For the use of the American student the oration on the crown, edited by Prof. Champlin, the popular orations by the same, and the Philippics by Prof. Smead, are the best. Dissen's Oratio de Corona, with a Latin commentary, is admirable. The translations in Bohn's "Classical Library" are furnished with useful introductions and illustrative essays. (See also ATHENS, vol. i. pp. 275–278.)

DEMOTIC ALPHABET. See HIEROGLYPHICS. DEMOTICA, a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, 20 m. S. of Adrianople; pop. about 10,000. It is situated on the Maritza, at the foot of a conical hill, on the summit of which stands a citadel, wherein is a palace that was occasionally occupied by the Turkish sultans while Adrianople was the capital of their empire. Charles XII. of Sweden found a retreat in this town for some time after his defeat at Pultowa.

DEMPSTER, THOMAS, a learned Scottish professor and author, born at Cliftbog, Aberdeenshire, Aug. 23, 1579, died at Butri, near Bologna, Sept. 6, 1625. He was the 24th out of a family of 29 children by the same mother, and at the age of 3 gave a proof of his literary precocity by mastering the alphabet in one hour. The brutal violence of his eldest brother, James, who ended a lawless life in the military service in Flanders by being torn to pieces by 4 horses, for an act of gross insubordination, having brought the family into disrepute at home, he went in his 10th year to the university of Cambridge, and studied for some time at Pembroke hall, whence he passed over to France. For several years he wandered from one university to another, and in 1596, being then 17 years of age, he received the degree of D.C.L., and was appointed regent of the college of Navarre in Paris. At this time, and indeed throughout his whole life, he was scarcely less remarkable for his violence and quarrelsome disposition than for his learning, and was continually involving himself in broils with professors and fellow students, being as ready to draw his sword as his pen. He soon terminated his connection with the college of Navarre, was subsequently professor for brief periods at Toulouse and Nîmes, and in the early part of the 17th century returned to Scotland to recover a portion of the paternal property. Having previously espoused the Roman Catholic faith, he found little favor from his family or the Scottish clergy, and returned to Paris, where for 7 years he was connected with various colleges of the university. While occupying temporarily the office of principal of the college of Beauvais, he proved his capacity and intention to preserve discipline by causing a student of high family, who had sent a challenge to another, to be "horsed" and flogged in the presence of the whole college. The young man procured the assistance of several of his kinsmen, who were members of the king's body guard; but such was the energy of Dempster that his assailants were overpowered and imprisoned in the college belfry. Deeming it prudent after this to absent himself from Paris, he went to England, and was appointed by James I. historiographer royal. In 1615 he received from the king a handsome present in money, but his hopes of preferment being defeated by the opposition of the clergy on account of his religious opinions, he betook himself in 1616 to Pisa, where for several years he lectured on the civil law. A personal difficulty induced him to go to Bologna, where, after engaging in a more than ordinary number of disputes, he rose to great eminence as professor of humanity, was knighted by the pope, and loaded with distinctions. In the midst of this prosperity his wife, a woman of great beauty, eloped with a student, and the mental and physical suffering which he experienced in an attempt to overtake the fugitives put an end to his life. Dempster's works are exceedingly numerous, numbering probably over 50, and embrace a variety of subjects. He

wrote and spoke with great facility the Greek and Latin languages, was thoroughly versed in philosophy, civil law, and history, and in such elaborate works as his Antiquitatum Romanarum Corpus Absolutissimum and De Etruria Regali, which are chiefly of an antiquarian character, evinced remarkable industry and erudition. His Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum, the work by which he is now best known, is a sort of biographical dictionary of Scottish worthies, in which fable and fact are pretty equally mingled. Many names of authors who never were in Scotland are claimed as Scottish, and the history of many others who never existed is given with such particularity, that we must conclude that Dempster either wilfully fabricated his statements entire, or that his credulity was imposed upon; the latter opinion being the more probable, if the testimony of Bishop Lloyd may be credited, that "he was as well inclined to believe a lie as any man in his time." Baillet, on the other hand, accuses him of wilful forgery. He was an indefatigable student, working 14 hours a day, and possessed so extraordinary a memory that he is said never to have forgotten what he had once learned.

DEMURRAGE (Lat. demoror, to delay), in maritime law, the detention of a vessel beyond the time allowed by the charter party (or by custom if there is no special contract) for loading or unloading or sailing; also the compensation paid or damages claimed for such detention. It is usually stipulated in the contract between the owner of the ship and the freighter that the ship shall not be detained beyond a certain time for the loading of goods on board, or for the delivery of such goods, or for sailing. If there is no such stipulation, the time is fixed by usage, and called lay days. The claim for demurrage is reciprocal, by the owner against the freighter, and by the freighter against the owner-the latter case being, however, only for delay in sailing. Demurrage is allowed only for voluntary detention, and not for any accidental delay; as if a vessel is detained for a cargo over the stipulated time, and after sailing is driven back by a storm, which would have been avoided if she had started at the time appointed, no damages are allowed for the incidental delay. Yet it would perhaps be otherwise if by the detention a further delay is caused by any thing which could be foreseen, as a periodical wind, or the freezing up of a harbor, or the like. In inland transportation, where the latter cause of delay most frequently occurs, as upon rivers or canals, the rule is that the carrier is not responsible for the delay when there has been no fault on his part, but is entitled to deliver the cargo after the breaking up of winter, and earn the entire freight; or if the freighter elect to take the goods at the place of detention, he must pay pro rata itineris. But if there has been voluntary delay by either party, in consequence of which the vessel is frozen up by the coming on of winter, he is responsible to the other for

damages; but the measure of such damages would not be according to the rule of demurrage in respect to sea vessels.

DEMURRER, in law, a suspension of the proceedings in a cause until some point is determined by the court; in other words, the interruption of the preparation for a final trial or hearing until some preliminary objection is disposed of. A demurrer is a pleading in equity as well as at law, and in both it raises a question as to the sufficiency of the case as stated by the opposite party, or some particular part thereof. At law a demurrer may be general or special; the former specifying no particular ground of objection, and therefore raising only the question of the sufficiency in substance of the pleading demurred to; the latter being a specification of certain objections to the form of the pleading. By the recent changes in the practice both in England and this country the distinction has become unimportant, as no objection can now be insisted upon under a general demurrer but what can be raised at the trial or hearing, while the special demurrer has become of comparatively little consequence by reason of the liberty of amending pleadings which is now allowed.

DENAIN, a French town, in the department of Nord, arrondissement of Douai, on the left bank of the Scheldt, which is here navigable, 6 m. from Valenciennes, 14 m. from Douai. Owing to the successful working of the neighboring coal and iron mines, the population has increased from 900 in 1826, to about 9,000 in 1852. Denain was the scene of the brilliant victory achieved in 1712 by the French under Villars over the allies.

DENARIUS, a Roman silver coin, containing at first 10, and afterward 16 asses. Also a gold coin of 25 silver denarii. The average weight of a large number of denarii shows them to have contained about as much silver as 3 half dimes of our currency.

DENBIGH, a municipal and parliamentary borough, market and co. town of Denbighshire, North Wales, built on an eminence near the centre of the vale of Clwyd, 22 m. W. of Chester, and 213 m. N. W. of London; pop. of the borough in 1851, 5,498. The principal edifices are 2 churches, a lunatic asylum, and a spacious market hall. The shoe and leather trade is the main support of the town, but Denbigh is best known as a pleasant spot for retirement. Denbigh castle, a magnificent edifice, parts of which are well preserved, is supposed to have been built by Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, who received the lordship of this place from Edward I. Edward IV. was besieged in it by the army of Henry VI., and Charles I. took refuge here after the battle of Rowton Moor in 1645. During the civil war it was garrisoned by royalists, but after a siege of two months surrendered to the parliamentarians by order of the king. Its walls and defences were blown up after the restoration of Charles II.

DENBIGHSHIRE, a maritime co. in the N. of Wales, bounded N. by the Irish sea, and

bordering on England; area, 603 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 92,583. Its surface is much diversified. There are some level tracts in the N., but along the E. and W. borders extend mountain ridges. The valleys and level tracts are remarkably fertile, producing grain, beans, and peas; the uplands yield some crops of barley, oats, and potatoes, but are mostly occupied by pastures; black cattle, sheep, and goats are reared in great numbers, and excellent cheese is made. Among the minerals are coal and iron, both very valu-. able, lead, slate, freestone, and millstone. Immense quantities of limestone, used for fluxing ironstone, are exported into Staffordshire, and the yield of one quarry, near Llangollen, is said to be sometimes between 70,000 and 100,000 tons in a single year. The principal rivers are the Conway, the Dee, and the Clwyd, none of which are navigable within its borders. It has no seaport, and its chief channel of transportation is the Chester and Holyhead railway, which crosses it near the coast. The Chester and Shrewsbury railway runs S. about 14 miles, just within its E. boundary. A branch of the Ellesmere canal traverses the vale of Llangollen. Chief towns, Denbigh, Ruthin, and Wrexham. Before the Roman conquest Denbighshire was the territory of the Ordovices, and was annexed to the empire only after long struggles. It contains several interesting Roman remains. It was the scene of many a fierce contest under the Saxons and the Normans, in the wars of the roses, and in the revolution of the 17th century.

DENDER, or DENDRE, a river of Belgium, in the provinces of Hainault and E. Flanders, 53 m. long, joining the Scheldt at Dendermonde. It is made navigable by locks to Ath, 40 m., and is largely used for the transportation of coal.

DENDER, a river in Abyssinia and Nubia, tributary to the Blue Nile, which it joins 40 m. N. of Sennaar. It rises in a mountain range W. of Lake Dembea, skirts Abyssinia for about 95 m. before entering Nubia, and has a total course of about 260 m.

DENDERAH (anc. Tentyra), a ruined town of upper Egypt, near the left bank of the Nile, famous for its antiquities, which are among the most interesting and complete in that country. The principal building is a magnificent temple, enclosed with some other edifices, in a space 1,000 feet square, by a wall of sun-dried brick, 15 feet thick, and 35 feet high. It was dedicated to the goddess Athor or Aphrodite, or, as some believe, to Isis. Facing it there is a richly sculptured gateway in the enclosing wall, on which the emperors Domitian and Trajan, whose names occur in accompanying inscriptions, are represented in the act of worship. The portico or pronaos of the temple is 135 feet in width, and has 24 columns arranged 4 deep, each 32 feet high, and nearly 22 feet in circumference. The capitals have a full face of the presiding divinity on each of their 4 sides; the architrave is covered like the portal with sculptures representing a religious procession, and the projecting fillet of the cornice bears an inscription in Greek,

setting forth that the portico was added to the temple in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar, in honor of the goddess Aphrodite. On the ceiling of the portico is the famous zodiac, discovered in 1799 by the French savans under Bonaparte, and on the ceiling of one of the inner chambers there was a small and somewhat similar planisphere, which was removed to Paris in 1821. Taken as an ancient representation of the zodiac, intersecting the equator at a very different point from the present equinoxes, it was rashly considered to prove, by the precession of the equinoxes, its own date to be from 15,000 to 17,000 years B. C. All scholars are now agreed that it is not older than the Ptolemies, and that a zodiac was not used by the ancient Egyptians. Seyffarth finds in the zodiac of Denderah the planets placed in such order as to indicate the year of Nero's birth, A. D. 37; the temple having been, as he supposes, built or rebuilt under that emperor. In the pronaos or on the front of the temple may also be distinguished the names of Augustus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Ptolemy Cæsarion, and his mother Cleopatra. The last 2 personages are also represented by rude portraits. The interior consists of 3 large halls, an isolated sanctuary, and several small chambers. Rows of columns stand in some of the rooms, displaying on their capitals the budding lotus, and all the apartments but 2 are profusely sculptured. The roof is flat and formed of oblong masses of stone. Small holes cut in the ceiling or sides admitted the only light which the interior of this gloomy but magnificent building received, and some of the rooms on the ground floor were lighted only by the few rays which found their way through apertures communicating with the rooms above. There are 2 smaller temples of Roman date near that of Athor, one dedicated to Isis, and the other, it is said, to the evil genius, though some believe it to appertain to the great temple. Works are now established at Denderah for extracting saltpetre from the ruins.

DENDERMONDE, or TERMONDE, a Belgian arrondissement in the province of E. Flanders, pop. in 1857, 97,289, with a strongly fortified capital of its own name. The latter is situated at the junction of the Scheldt and Dender rivers, at a distance of 16 m. by rail from Brussels; pop. in 1857, 8,662. It contains 9 places of worship, many charitable and educational institutions, an academy of design and architecture, and several fine private collections of art. In the church of Notre Dame are 2 pictures by Vandyke and other works of art, and David Teniers was for some time a resident of the town. The surrounding country is fertile and famous for producing the finest flax in Flanders. An active trade is carried on in this article, in grain, linseed, hemp, and oil, and in the various manufactures, the most important of which are woollen cloths, cotton yarn, and lace. The town is among the oldest in Belgium, and many Roman antiquities have been found in the neighborhood. In 1667 it resisted a siege of Louis XIV.

by opening the sluices. In 1706 it was taken by Marlborough, and in 1745 by the French. The present fortifications date from 1822, and the bridge over the Scheldt from 1825.

DENDROBIUM, a genus of epiphytes or parasitical plants, found chiefly in the damp tropical parts of Asia, and belonging to an order remarkable for the grotesqueness as well as beauty of its flowers. The species are numerous; and in some instances they affect dry and open places on the bark of trees in New Holland, and even on bare rocks exposed to the sun. Dr. Royle found D. alpestre on the Himalaya mountains, at an elevation of 7,500 feet. The flowers are generally very beautiful, varying in color from a deep yellow to nearly white. They possess a high fragrance. In cultivation they thrive best when planted in pots filled with earth, but require an artificially elevated temperature to insure success.

DENGUE, called also DINGEE, DUNGA, DANDY, BOUQUET FEVER, BUCKET FEVER, BREAKBONE FEVER, &c., a peculiar febrile epidemic, which at varying periods has pervaded the East and West Indies and the southern and middle states of the United States. Its first known appearance was in 1780, when it broke out at Philadelphia suddenly in the autumn, and raged for 2 or 3 months. Both sexes and all ages were affected by it, and in the district where it occurred hardly any one was exempted from its attack. It was named by the people, Dr. Rush states, the breakbone fever. Its next appearance was at Calcutta in 1824-'5; here it is very fairly described by Dr. Mellis. In 1826 it seems to have occurred in a mild form at Savannah, and perhaps elsewhere. In the autumn of 1827 it appeared in the West Indies, occurring as before as a universal epidemic. In St. Thomas the negroes gave it the name of the "dandy fever," from the stiff gait and appearance of those affected by it. When it appeared in Cuba this name, in undergoing the Spanish pronunciation, was changed into dunga or dengue, which it has since retained. It appeared again at Savannah in 1827, and in the autumn of 1828 raged through most of the southern cities. It disappeared in the winter. A few cases were seen in 1831. In 1844 it appeared at Mobile, and in 1848 at Natchez. In 1850 it again spread over the southern states, and presented the same characteristics as in the previous epidemics. The usual symptoms of dengue are pain, stiffness and swelling of some of the smaller joints, usually of the hand or foot, or of the muscles of a limb, stiffness of the neck, aching of the back and loins. These symptoms are soon followed by fever, headache, suffusion of the eyes, full, quick, frequent pulse, hot, dry skin, restlessness and thirst. The fever seldom remits, but generally declines and disappears on the 2d or 3d day. At this time the skin loses its dryness, and abundant perspiration takes place, with considerable relief of the pains in the joints; during this deceptive lull of the disease many consider themselves recovered, but soon