discover their error, as usually on the 4th day a disturbed and irritable condition of the stomach, vomiting, languor, lassitude, and debility, occur. On the 5th or 6th day an eruption appears, relieving the lassitude and uneasiness, but bringing on a recurrence of the pains in the joints and muscles. The eruption, which resembles scarlatina in some particulars, and is accompanied with a sensation of itching and burning, usually subsides in 2 or 3 days, and is attended with desquamation of the cuticle. The arthritic pains are usually of longer duration, and often render the patient lame for some weeks. The disease is very rarely fatal. In 1780 the break bone fever occasionally proved so, perhaps from the resort to depleting measures, which seem to be contraindicated in this disease. The treatment adopted has usually been the administration of one or more emetics or a mild purgative, followed by diaphoretics and anodynes; occasionally opium has been administered in some form to allay the arthritic pains. After the subsidence of the eruption the use of tonics, and particularly of the various preparations of cinchona, is indicated.

DENHAM, DIXON, an African traveller, born in London, Jan. 1, 1786, died at Sierra Leone, June 8, 1828. He served with credit throughout the Peninsular war, and at Waterloo. In 1822 he joined Clapperton and Dr. Oudney in their exploring expedition. Setting out from Tripoli, the travellers crossed the desert and reached Lake Tchad, the coasts of which to the west and north were examined by Denham. He was separated from his companions, and after great sufferings returned to England in 1825. The result of their travels was published in 1826 under the title of "Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, in the years 1822, 1823, and 1824." Soon afterward Denham was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and superintendent of the liberated African department of Sierra Leone, and in 1828 governor of the colony, but died in the same year.

DENHAM, SIR JOHN, an English poet, born in Dublin in 1615, died in 1688. In 1641 he published "The Sophy," a tragedy which was praised by Waller, and had an immediate success, and in 1643 appeared his poem "Cooper's Hill," on which his fame rests. The following two famous lines occur in the apostrophe to the river Thames, in that poem:

Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull; Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full. DENINA, GIACOMO MARIA CARLO, an Italian historian, born at Revello, Piedmont, Feb. 28, 1731, died in Paris, Dec. 5, 1813. He took holy orders, acted as professor at Pinerolo and Turin, was subjected to persecutions on the part of the Jesuits, repaired (about 1782) to Berlin, in compliance with an invitation of Frederic II., for the purpose of writing a history of the German revolutions (which appeared at Florence, 8 vols., 1804), and wrote there several other works relating to the king himself, and to Russian literature, also an effusion in praise of

Peter the Great (La Russiade, Berlin, 1790; written in French, as well as some of his other works). While at Mentz in 1804, he was introduced to Napoleon, to whom he dedicated his Clef des langues (Berlin, 1804), and who shortly afterward appointed him imperial librarian at Paris. Denina wrote many other literary, critical, and historical works. One of them (Discorso sopra le vicende della letteratura, 2 vols., Turin, 1761; 4 vols., Berlin, 1792-1811; German translation, 1785-'88) displays considerable bibliographical erudition in treating of the progress of the literature of various European nations. But his literary fame rests chiefly upon his great work on the revolutions of Italy (Istoria delle rivoluzioni d'Italia; last edition, 5 vols., Venice, 1800), translated into several European languages, containing a general history of that country from the time of the Etruscans down to 1792. He left in MS. 3 vols. of a history of Piedmont, which have not been published in Italian, but have appeared in a German translation (Geschichte Piemonts und der übrigen Staaten des Königs von Sardinien, Berlin, 1800-23).

DENIS, SAINT, apostle and first bishop of Paris in the 3d century. He was one of a company of missionaries who, after the persecution of Severus, were sent from Rome, about 250, to revive the drooping church in Gaul; and after preaching in various parts of that country and suffering much at the hands of the pagans, he arrived at Lutetiæ or Paris, where he made many converts. He built a church there, and made it the seat of his bishopric. During the persecution under Aurelian he was condemned to death by the Roman governor Pescennius, and with a priest named Rusticus, and a deacon Eleutherus, was beheaded in 272. The bodies of the martyrs were thrown into the Seine, but were recovered by a Christian woman, Catulla, who caused them to be interred near the scene of the execution. A chapel was built over the spot, and after it had fallen to ruin was replaced by St. Genevieve with a church in 469, which was afterward united to the famous abbey of St. Denis. A number of French churches are said to have been founded by this saint or his companions; he became the patron of the kingdom, and his name served as a war cry to the French, who used to rally in battle at the words Montjoye Saint Denis. His festival is kept Oct. 9. The popular belief that after his decapitation he walked about with his head in his hands, may have originated in the ancient paintings, which represented him so engaged, as an emblem of the manner of his death.

DENIZEN, in English law, an alien born who has received by letters patent from the king certain privileges belonging to natural born subjects. Thus he may take lands by purchase or devise, but not by descent. In American law there is no middle class of this kind between aliens and citizens, unless we may designate as such those who have declared an intention to become citizens, but have not become fully naturalized under the laws of the United States. In

taining an elevation of about 1,200 feet. The island of Funen contains a range culminating at the height of 400 feet, called the Funen Alps, and Seeland has eminences 560 feet above the sea. All the rocks belong to the tertiary and upper secondary formations, and, with the exception of the hill of Gipsberg, which seems to have been upheaved from far below the surface, have apparently been deposited from water in regular strata. Several species of chalk are found, above which is an extensive bowlder formation traversed by seams of lignite, and above this again beds of clay and marl are spread over a large part of the country. The soil is almost wholly alluvial, and in the E. part of Jutland and in the duchies is covered with rich vegetable mould. The N. and W. parts of Jutland, however, are sandy wastes, and for a distance of 200 m. along the coast there is an almost continuous line of sterile flats called klitten. The larger islands are fertile and characterized by a rich marshy loam, interspersed with occasional tracts of moor. The climate, owing to the low and almost insulated position of the country, is temperate and humid, the cold being greatest in Jutland. The winters are seldom severe for that high latitude, the mean temperature from November to March ranging from 7° to 25° F., though in January and February the thermometer sometimes falls 22° below zero. From June to the middle of August the mean temperature ranges from 59° to 73°, and the extreme heat is 89°. The shortest day is 6 hours, and the longest 17. The weather is very variable, but thunder storms are rare. Violent winds, rains, and fogs frequently occur, and drought is seldom felt. The mineral products are of little value, and are confined principally to fullers' earth, potters' and porcelain clays, freestone, and salt. Coal mines were formerly worked in the island of Bornholm, but are now abandoned; there is one establishment for making salt in Holstein; peat is abundant, and amber is collected on the shore of the German ocean. The fine forests which once adorned Denmark have decayed or been cut down, and of the scant woods which remain, chiefly on the E. coast of Jutland and in the island of Funen, is the property of the crown. Pine, beech, oak, and birch are the principal varieties of timber. The alimentary crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, peas and beans, potatoes, other common vegetables, and fruits. The average annual yield of wheat is estimated at 3,200,000 bushels, rye 1,280,000, oats 3,600,000, barley 16,000,000, buckwheat 1,000,000, peas and beans 2,000,000, and potatoes 2,250,000 tons. About 450,000 lbs. of tobacco are produced, 2,500 cwt. of hops, and large quantities of rapeseed, hemp, and flax. A great proportion of the land is devoted to pasturage, and the rearing of horses and cattle forms an important branch of industry, and a considerable source of national wealth. Cattle are valued chiefly in connection with the dairy, from which is drawn the principal revenue of

the farm. The breeds of horses are excellent for cavalry or for draught; sheep are kept more for their milk (of which butter is made) and their flesh than for their wool; there are 3 species of swine, and poultry of all kinds abound. The rivers and fiords furnish valuable fish, among which are the herring, cod, mackerel, and salmon.-The inhabitants of Denmark are of 5 distinct races, viz.: 1, the Danes, who occupy Jutland, Seeland, and part of Schleswig; 2, the pure Germans of Holstein, Lauenburg, and the greater part of Schleswig; 3, the Frieslanders, who dwell on the W. coast of Schleswig, and the small islands in the German ocean; 4, the Angles, inhabiting the regions between the Flensburg fiord and the Sley; and 5, the Norwegians of Iceland and the Färöe islands. Of these, the first comprise nearly of the entire population. About of the inhabitants use the Danish language, and the rest speak German. The Danes are strong, well made, patient, industrious, and contented. They have regular features, blue eyes, and light hair. They make bold seamen and brave soldiers, but have little enterprise. The proportion of paupers is 3 per cent., only of that of Holland. About 60 per cent. of the population are engaged in agriculture, which is conducted with great industry; but from the subdivision of land into small farms, the possession of a few acres being the summit of a Danish husbandman's ambition, it is seldom carried on with appliances requiring much outlay. The art of husbandry, however, is steadily progressing, and Holstein and Lauenburg, notwithstanding heavy dues and taxes, are tilled with considerable skill. About of the available land are devoted to useful purposes. Both agricultural and industrial resources are more fully developed in the duchies than in Denmark proper, and Holstein is probably the most flourishing part of the whole kingdom. Manufactures generally are in a backward state; they comprise silk, linen, woollen, and cotton goods, leatlier, lace, gloves, straw hats, sail cloth, thread, paper, soap, glass, earthenware, plated ware, iron ware, saltpetre, gunpowder, arms, refined sugar, tobacco, soda, potash, brandy, and malt liquors. The peasantry make most of their wearing apparel and domestic utensils with their own hands.-Lying between two seas, in easy communication with all the maritime nations of Europe, commanding the entrance to the Baltic, abounding in good harbors, and possessing a large body of hardy and excellent seamen, Denmark enjoys unrivalled facilities for commerce, and beside its own import and export traffic, conducts a large carrying trade for other countries. The principal articles of export are grain, butter, cheese, brandy, smoked and salted meats, horned cattle, horses, skins, hides, whale and train oils, fish, eider down, woollens, tallow, and bristles. Among the imports are wines, salt, drugs, silk, wools, cotton, cotton fabrics, timber, coal, iron, colonial produce, spirits, glass, flax, hemp, coffee, rice, tobacco, and whalebone. The value of imports from all countries in 1856 was

The entrances at the various ports were 71,361 vessels of 1,719,643 tons, and the clearances 71,094 vessels of 1,649,339 tons. Until about the close of the 18th century the commerce of Denmark was oppressed by legislative enactments which tended more to the immediate emolument of the crown than to the general prosperity and wealth of the kingdom. Imported manufactures had to be sold at auction by the revenue officers, and the importer received the proceeds after the duties had been deducted. These duties were excessively high; monopolies were often granted to rich companies for trading even with the colonies; and heavy taxes were also laid on the domestic traffic between different provinces. But toward the year 1797 a more liberal policy began to prevail; the customs regulations assumed the form of a more permanent tariff; many of the most burdensome restrictions were taken off, and commercial treaties have since been made on a basis of reciprocity with the United States and other nations. Connected with the commercial regulations is the question of the Sound dues, which a few years ago acquired considerable prominence. The Sound is a strait leading from the Cattegat into the Baltic, between the island of Seeland and Sweden, its width at the narrowest part being about 3 m. Both coasts were once owned by Denmark, which has consequently from a forgotten period claimed the right of imposing tolls on all vessels navigating this passage. This exaction was from time to time resisted by various nations, and several obtained exemption either by payment of an annual commutation or by treaty, but at the congress of Vienna the Danish claims were generally admitted. Subsequently the question of their abolition was agitated. A meeting of representatives of several European powers was held in Copenhagen in the first months of 1856, and Denmark agreed to accept as compensation for the removal of the tolls the sum of 35,000,000 rix dollars ($19,145,000 U. S. currency), payment of which was to be apportioned among the various states interested in the trade of the Baltic. The proposal was accepted by the United States as well as other powers, and a convention between the former and Denmark was signed in Washington, April 11, 1857. Great Britain paid 28.90 per cent. of the indem

nity, Russia 27.80 per cent., Prussia 12.60 per cent., and the United States 2.03 per cent. or $393,011.-The domestic shipping trade of Denmark is very large, and as no inland point is much more than 40 m. from the sea, most of the internal communication is carried on by water. There are 4 large canals, one of which, called the canal of Kiel, from the town of that name on the Kieler fiord, to a navigable part of the Eider, 23 m. distant, connects the Baltic with the German ocean, and is navigable by vessels of 150 tons. It has 7 sluices, and the same number of bridges. The Stecknitz canal, in Lauenburg, completes a chain of communication between the Baltic and the Elbe. The Daneskiold canal is in the island of Seeland, and that of Odense connects the capital of Funen with the sea. There are 3 railways, viz.: from Copenhagen via Roeskilde to Corsoer on the Great Belt; from Altona, opposite Hamburg, to Kiel, with branches to Glückstadt and Itzehoe, and to Rendsburg; from Toenningen to Flensburg, with a branch to Rendsburg. The high roads, which are wide, macadamized, and well kept, are under the care of a corps of royal engineers.-The religion of Denmark is Lutheran, but all creeds are tolerated. The national church is governed by 11 bishops nominated by the crown. It embraces almost the whole population, and has at Copenhagen a missionary college founded in 1777, and a seminary for approved candidates in divinity, beside 12 religious communities in various parts of Denmark proper and the duchies. The Jews number 4,143; Mormons, 2,044; Baptists, 1,548; Roman Catholics, 1,151; Anglicans, 140; others not of the established religion, 1,555. Great attention is paid by government to education, and there is in the ministry a department of public worship and instruction, under which are superintendents for the several divisions of the kingdom. The ministers appoint teachers and regulate the course of studies in the public schools, of which some are free. Every village has at least one school, and there are moreover 30 or 40 gymnasia, and several normal seminaries. Copenhagen and Kiel have their universities, the former attended by 1,200, the latter by 300 students. There are asylums for the deaf and dumb, and literary and scientific institutions of various kinds are established throughout the country. Every child between the ages of 7 and 14 is obliged by law to attend some school, and it is rare to meet a Danish peasant, however poor, who cannot read and write. The number of periodicals is large in proportion to the population. The government of Denmark is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. By the constitution of Oct. 2, 1855, the king must confess the Evangelical Lutheran religion, be at least 18 years of age, and give his oath to the privy council of state that he will maintain the fundamental laws. His dignity is inviolate, and all his ordinances must be countersigned by the minister of state, who is appointed by him, and who is responsible to the king or diet before

the supreme court of the state. The king appoints officers, declares war, and concludes treaties of peace, alliance, and trade; but he cannot alienate the territory or essentially modify the political relations of the state without the consent of the diet. The legislative power is divided between the king and diet, which consists of 80 members, 20 of whom are appointed by the king, 30 by the representative assemblies of different portions of the state, and 30 by election of the citizens. It sits once in 2 years in Copenhagen; its president and vice-president are appointed by the king; and its proceedings are either in the Danish or German language. It proposes laws, which are not valid till sanctioned by the king; and taxes cannot be imposed without its consent. The supreme court of the kingdom consists of 15 members, 5 of whom are chosen from the diet, and 10 from the high courts of the country. Personal freedom, freedom of the press, religious freedom, the inviolability of private residences, and the right of public assembly, are secured. The highest court of the kingdom is the privy council of state, consisting of 5 ministers for the entire monarchy (3 for Denmark, 1 for Schleswig, and 1 for HolsteinLauenburg), and presided over by the king. The administration of the government is carried on by 5 ministries: of foreign affairs, of interior affairs, of war, of naval affairs, and of the finances. The estimated revenue of the whole kingdom for the fiscal period of 2 years ending March 31, 1860, is $18,563,650; and the expenses, of which $875,200 were for the civil list, were estimated at the same sum. The national debt, April 1, 1858, was $62,942,196. The numerical strength of the army on a peace footing is nominally 40,000, but only 10,000 men are actually employed. The navy comprises 4 ships of the line, 9 frigates, 7 corvettes, 4 brigs, 3 schooners, 17 transports, and 78 other vessels of different kinds. The capital and principal town is Copenhagen.-There is no authentic account of the early settlement of Denmark, but the Cimbri seem to have occupied it toward the end of the 2d century B. C. In A. D. 250 the country was occupied by the Goths under the balf fabulous Odin or Wodin, whose son Skiold is mentioned as first monarch of Denmark. During the 8th and 9th centuries the Danes began to acquire renown by their maritime expeditions, in which they invaded England and Scotland and conquered Normandy. In the 9th century the different states of Denmark became united under one monarch, and in 1000 and 1014 Norway and the greater part of England were added to the growing kingdom. In 1016 Canute, under whom Denmark became Christian, completed the conquest of England, where his race continued to rule until 1042. The feudal system was introduced into Denmark in the 12th century, and contests took place here between the sovereign and the barons similar to those which convulsed England during the same period. In 1387 Margaret, styled the northern Semiramis, widow and suc

cessor of Haco, king of Norway, and daughter of Waldemar III., a descendant of Canute, mounted the thrones of Denmark and Norway, and, claiming the Swedish crown also in right of her husband, vanquished a competitor in that country, and united the 3 powers by the compact of Calmar in 1397. But the Swedes always resisted this union, and after a series of contests, in which they were finally led by the famous Gustavus Vasa, seceded from it in 1523. During this troubled period the population dwindled, the seas swarmed with pirates, commerce fell away, and incessant quarrels between the king and his nobles or the latter and the clergy added to the disasters of the kingdom. After the extinction of Margaret's line in 1439, and the deposition of Eric VII., the states elected Christian, count of Oldenburg, king, from whose grandson, the ill-famed Christian II., the crown passed in 1523 to Frederic I., duke of Schleswig and Holstein. Frederic's son, Christian III., united these 2 duchies to the crown 11 years later, and divided the greater part of them between his brothers, a measure which caused a long series of disturbances. In his reign a code of laws called the "Recess of Kolding" was promulgated. In the 17th century Christian IV. sided with the Protestants in the great religious war, but was worsted by Wallenstein in 1626-7, and compelled to sue for peace. Eleven years later commenced the first of several wars with Sweden, which lasted until 1645, and cost Denmark several extensive provinces. A few years later the Swedes under Charles Gustavus overran Holstein, crossed the frozen Belt into Funen, took Odense, and invested Copenhagen, but were successfully opposed by Frederic III. In 1658 they again besieged Copenhagen, and continued their operations until the death of Charles Gustavus in 1660, when Denmark secured a peace by the sacrifice of territory. The same year was marked by the restriction of the power of the nobility and the extension of the royal prerogative. The succession, too, which had formerly been to some extent elective, was by the commons, who sided with the king in his struggle with the nobles, acknowledged hereditary in the family of Frederic. A new war with Sweden terminated in 1669, and another was occasioned in 1699 by an attempt of Frederic IV. to invade the dominions of the duke of Holstein, an ally of Sweden. Copenhagen again became the seat of war, when the Danes, terrified by the energy of the young Charles XII., bought peace by the payment of a sum of money, and remained neutral until the disasters of the Swedes in the Ukraine tempted them to renew hostilities. The war lasted until the death of Charles XII. in 1718, after which Sweden began to decline and Denmark to pursue the wise policy of peace. By a defensive alliance, however, with Russia, Prussia, and Sweden in 1801, she involved herself in a quarrel with England, suffered severely in the naval battle off Copenhagen, and lost her colonies in the East and West Indies,