horses, cattle, and sheep.-The town of Deux Ponts was the capital of the ancient duchy, and once possessed a handsome ducal palace, which was partially destroyed by the French, and has since been converted into a church. The name of the town, which in Latin is Bipontium, was given to it on account of the two bridges across the Erlbach, near the old castle of the dukes. The Bipont editions of the Greek and Latin classics were commenced here in the latter part of the 18th century.

DEV (Sanscrit, dio, to play, desire, shine, be mad or proud, tease, &c.; Slavic, div-iti, to wonder; dzrir, wild), the Parsee name of the peetiare Ahriman, or evil-breeding principle, and of his progeny of night, death, darkness, drought, dulness, dearth, dirt, negation, and starvation. The devs were the producers of these and of all other dire and dreadful calamities, as well as the seducers of men to all moral evils; the prototypes of the devils of Christian history. For the diabolos (scatterer, confounder) itself seems to be of recent formation in this sense, having been unknown to the ancient Greeks. As Ahriman, though akin to Ormuzd, both being the offspring of Zervane Akerene (Slav. trvanie, duration, a privative, and Slav. kraj, margin), or endless time, was his antagonist, so were the 6 arch-devs opposed to as many Amshaspands representing the principles of light, life, love, law, right existence, and happiness; both being also the prototypes of the 7 choirs of devils and of angels. Beside the regular army of evil spirits, rushing down from the desert of Gobi upon the south-western people of Ormuzd, compelling them to leave their native land, Eeriene Veedjo (Iran, pure), under the guidance of Jemshid, and to change their settlements 13 times, there were especial devs of falsehood, envy, putridity, and all other evil things, distinguished by specific names, such as Eshem, the man-killer; Akuman, the ugliest of all; Epeosho, the destroyer of waters in the shape of a dragon-star (probably a comet), &c. The Darudjs, a particular sort of devs, opposed to the good Izeds, or secondary good genii, are also conspicuous. The ever renewed contest of the two principles will end with the destruction of the earth by the comet Gurzsher. The cosmogony and theology of the Parsees is contained in the Zend Avesta.

DEVA (Lat. deus, divus), among the Aryans in general, an epithet of divine persons and things; hence often opposed to the dev of the Parsees. It is commonly applied to the goddess Durga, the wife of Siva, of terrific form and irascible temper. Devakātmajā is the mother of Krishna, who is also named Devāki. Devataru is the holy fig-tree, belonging to Sverga or paradise. Devata denotes a deity; Devadatta, the younger brother of Buddha, who is called Devadattarraja (Deodatus senior). Devadeva is a name of Brahma; Devapati is Indra, the god of the sky; Devayajna is the Homa or burnt sacrifice; Devarishi, a celestial saint. There are a great many classes or choirs of in

ferior devatas, who are ministers to the higher gods, such as the 12 Adityas or forces of the sun; the Maruts or winds, the celestial musicians; in short, endless motley hosts with variable attributes. (See BRAHMA.)

DEVANAGARI. See SANSORIT.

DEVAPRAYAGA, a town of Gurhwal, Hindostan, situated at the place where the rivers Bhagirathi and Alakananda unite and form the Ganges. This portion is considered by the Hindoos as the most sacred part of that holy river, and is believed by them to have the property of washing away sins. The town is not large, and is inhabited principally by Brahmins, who are supported chiefly by the contributions of pilgrims. It is built on an eminence about 100 feet above the river, and contains a celebrated Hindoo temple, built of large stones joined together without the use of mortar.

DEVENTER, or DEWENTER, a fortified city of Holland, province of Overyssel, on the Yssel, 8 m. N. from Zutphen; pop. in 1850, 14,378. It has narrow streets, spacious market places, handsome public promenades, a large town house, a court house, a prison, a weigh-house, 5 churches, a synagogue, various literary and educational institutions, 6 hospitals, and an orphan asylum. It has an excellent harbor, a prosperous trade, and extensive manufactories of Turkey carpets, stockings, iron ware, &c. It exports annually about 600,000 lbs. of butter.

DE VERE, MAXIMILIAN SCHELE, professor of modern languages and belles-lettres in the university of Virginia, born near Wexio, in Sweden, Nov. 1, 1820. He first entered the military and afterward the diplomatic service of Prussia. Emigrating finally to the United States, he was appointed in 1844 professor in the university of Virginia, a position which he continues to occupy. Prof. De Vere has been an industrious and extensive writer, as well as a laborious student and teacher. His contributions upon a great variety of subjects, of a historical, literary, and scientific character, have appeared in the British quarterly reviews, the "Southern Literary Messenger," in "Putnam's" and "Harper's" magazines, and elsewhere. He has published 2 volumes: the first in 1853, "Outlines of Comparative Philology;" the second in 1856, "Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature." The former is a very full and comprehensive treatise, now in use as a text book at the university of Virginia; the latter a graceful and pleasing series of papers, dealing with a number of curious and interesting subjects, chiefly in the department of the minute naturalist. The miscellaneous articles contributed by Professor De Vere to the periodicals mentioned above have been valuable and interesting; among them we refer especially to a series of papers in the "Southern Literary Messenger," entitled "Glimpses of Europe in 1848," which are remarkable for political insight and vivid coloring. He has made himself master of English, and writes it with much perspicuity, force, and elegance.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, 1st earl of Essex, born about 1540, died in Dublin, Sept. 22, 1576. He succeeded his grandfather early in the title of Viscount Hereford, and recommended himself to Queen Elizabeth by his bravery and good conduct in suppressing the rebellion of the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, in 1569. For his service in driving them into Scotland he received the garter and the earldom of Essex. Afterward, in 1573, he was persuaded to undertake an expedition against Ireland, in company with other noblemen and gentlemen. In consideration of his contract to furnish half the expense of the enterprise, he was to have one-half of the colony as soon as it was established. The expedition was directed against the Irish province of Ulster, but in its prosecution Essex was subjected to many trials and disappointments, to the desertion of his friends,' and inability to carry out his plans. He was obliged to make peace with O'Neal, when, by continuing the war, he had the fairest prospects of driving him out of the country. Harassed with his difficulties, he retired to England, but was again induced to return, with the title of earl marshal of Ireland and the promise of support and assistance. As these promises were but poorly kept, he was overcome with grief, and the agitation of his mind threw him into a fatal dysentery. There was suspicion of poison, which was not diminished by the marriage, soon after, of his countess to the earl of Leicester.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, son of the preceding, 2d earl of Essex, born at Netherwood, in Herefordshire, Nov. 10, 1567, executed in the court of the tower, Feb. 25, 1601. He succeeded to his title in his 10th year, and in 1578 was sent by his guardian Lord Burleigh to Trinity college, Cambridge, where after 4 years he took the degree of master of arts. He retired to his seat at Lampsie, in South Wales, but appeared at court in his 17th year, and his youth, address, and spirit soon captivated Elizabeth. In 1585 he accompanied the earl of Leicester to Holland, and displayed his personal courage in the battle of Zutphen, in which Sir Philip Sidney fell mortally wounded. In 1587 he was appointed to the honorable post of master of the horse, and in the following year the queen ostentatiously showed her favor for him while reviewing the army at Tilbury, created him captain-general of the cavalry, and conferred on him the honor of the garter. He succeeded Leicester as prime favorite, and his attendance was constantly required at court. In 1589, when an expedition against Portugal was undertaken by Drake and Norris, Essex suddenly disappeared from court, followed the armament, and joined it on the coast of Portugal, where he was a leader in taking the castle of Peniche and in advancing upon Lisbon. Though he had departed without the permission of the queen, he was quickly reconciled with her after his return, and at once assumed a superiority over Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Charles Blount, the rival competitors for royal favor. He was challenged by Blount and

wounded in the knee, and the queen is said to have expressed her gratification that some one had taken him in hand, as otherwise there would be no ruling him. In 1590 he married the daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham, the widow of Sir Philip Sidney, and in the following year had command of a fruitless expedition in Brittany against the Spaniards, who were attempting its conquest. When, in 1596, alarm was excited by the hostile preparations in the Spanish harbors, he was joined with Lord Admiral Howard in command of the expedition against Cadiz, and entered the city by land soon after the engagement in the harbor, in which 13 Spanish ships of war were taken or destroyed. The intrigues of the Cecils, who had regarded Essex with jealousy from his first introduction at court, caused him to be coolly received on his return; but he quickly recovered favor, the queen preferring him as an accomplished courtier and Sir Robert Cecil as a man of business. Two subsequent expeditions which he conducted against Spanish shipping, in one of which Lord Thomas Howard and Sir Walter Raleigh were his seconds, met with little success. The queen received him with frowns and reproaches, and he retired to Wanstead; nor would he be pacified by her acknowledgment that the charges against him were unfounded, but after a long negotiation he accepted the office of hereditary earl marshal as indemnity for the promotion that had been given to his rivals. In 1598 he quarrelled with the queen about the appointment of deputy in Ireland, and when she boxed him on the ear, and bade him “go and be hanged," for turning his back to her in presence of her ministers, he swore that he would not endure such an affront even from Henry VIII. himself, and withdrew from court. Only a formal reconciliation was ever effected. In 1599 the province of Ulster was in rebellion, and Essex, invested with unusual powers, accepted the lord-lieutenantcy of Ireland. His campaign resulted only in a temporary armistice, and completed his ruin. He returned in haste, retired from his first audience with a cheerful countenance, but was immediately ordered to consider himself a prisoner in his own house, and was for a time delivered to the lord keeper to be kept in "free custody." After months of hesitation, both on his own part and that of Elizabeth, he at length conceived the plan of forcibly banishing his enemies from her majesty's council. At the head of a force of 80 knights or gentlemen, and about 200 other persons attached to him by friendship or fear, he made his way into the city, but was disappointed in expecting the people to rise in his favor; he completely failed in his design, and took refuge in Essex house, where he was besieged and forced to surrender. He was committed to the tower, tried for treason, condemned, and executed, the queen reluctantly and irresolutely signing the warrant. He was an accomplished scholar, a patron of literature, and the most frank and impetuous of the politicians of his time. He erected a monument to Spen

ser, gave an estate to Bacon, and was the friend of Wotton and other men of learning.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, son of the preceding, 3d earl of Essex, born in London in 1592, died in the same city, Sept. 14, 1646. He was educated at Eton and at Merton college, Oxford. He succeeded to his title in 1603, and in his 15th year was married to Lady Frances Howard, who was a year younger than himself. He proceeded to the university and thence to the continent, while his wife remained at court, and numbered Prince Henry and Rochester (afterward earl of Somerset) among her admirers. A divorce ensued between her and the earl of Essex, on the plea of his natural incapacity, and she was soon after married to Rochester. Essex led a solitary life in his country house, till in 1620 he raised a troop and served under the elector palatine in the wars of the Netherlands. He was engaged in several campaigns abroad, and as vice-admiral commanded a fruitless expedition sent by England against Spain. His second marriage resulted unhappily and in a divorce. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed lord general by the parliament, laid siege to Portsmouth, and was proclaimed a traitor by Charles. He fought against the king at Edgehill (1642), captured Reading (1643), advanced into Cornwall, and, after refusing to negotiate with the royalists, met with a succession of disasters which forced his army to capitulate, he himself escaping in a boat to Plymouth. He repaired to London, where a parliamentary deputation waited on him in honor of his faithful services. He again raised a corps, but ill health soon obliged him to quit his command. As early as 1644 he suspected Cromwell of a design to obtain the supreme command of the army, abolish the house of lords, and erect a new government according to his own principles. He therefore urged his impeachment before the house of lords, and Cromwell took revenge by proposing the "self-denying ordinance," by which members of both houses were excluded from all offices, whether civil or military. This measure having passed, Essex ceased to be a parliamentary general, but for his services £10,000 per annum was voted to him out of the sequestered estates of the loyalists. He died in the next year, and was interred in Westminster abbey, the houses of parliament expressing their respect for his memory by attending his funeral.

DEVIL (Gr. diaBolos, scatterer or accuser), in Jewish and Christian theology, the sov ereign spirit of evil. The doctrine of the fathers of the church, founded upon certain passages of the Scriptures, makes him the leader of a rebellion in the angelic world, the enemy of God, the author and constant promoter of sin, now suffering chastisement for his crimes, and destined to eternal punishment. Though called the prince of this world, and though all heathendom was the effect of his agency, yet his power was broken by the work of Christ, so that Christians can rise superior to the might

of his influence. As sovereign of the demons, he figured prominently in the practice of magic and in many of the poetical legends of the middle ages. In the mysteries he was often represented on the stage, with black complexion, flaming eyes, sulphuric odor, horns, tail, hooked nails, and cloven hoof. Milton in the character of Satan, and Klopstock in that of Abbadonna, have personified the devil as a fallen angel, still bearing traces of his former dignity amid the disfigurements caused by sin. The Mephistopheles of Goethe is a more malignant character, and chuckles in anticipating the ultimate ruin which he is preparing by his arts.-The Yezidis, a singular race found in Koordistan and Armenia, are perhaps the only acknowledged worshippers of the devil. They seem to have once professed Christianity, then Mohammedanism, and now risk their destiny on devilism. Admitting that the mighty angel Satan, the chief of an angelic host, at present has a quarrel with God, they yet believe that a reconciliation will hereafter take place, and that he will be restored to his high estate in the celestial hierarchy. This is the foundation of their hope, and they esteem their chance for heaven a better one than if they trusted to their own merits or to the merits of the leader of any other religion whatsoever. (See DEMONS.)-Among the most complete theological treatises on the subject are those of Mayer, Historia Diaboli (2d ed., Tübingen, 1780); Semler, Versuch einer biblischen Dämonologie (Halle, 1785); and Schulz, Untersuchung über die Bedeutung des Worts Teufel und Satan in der Bibel.-The devil, as the ideal of evil, vice, craft, cunning, and knavery, has played a prominent part in literature. The following are examples: Hocker, Wider den Bann-Teufel (Magdeburg, 1564); Musculus, Wider den Ehe-Teufel (Frankfort, 1566); Fabricius, Der heilige, kluge, und gelehrte Teufel (Eislingen, 1567); Luberti, Fast-Nachts-Teufel (Lübeck, 1573); Brandmüller, Der Geiz-Teufel (Basel, 1579); Musäus, Melancholischer Teufel (Tham, 1572), and Speculativischer Teufel (Magdeburg, 1579); the Theatrum Diabolorum (Frankfort, 1565, containing 20 old German writings similar to the preceding); Velez de Guevara, El diabolo coruelo (Barcelona, 1646); Damerval, Le livre de la diablerie (Paris, 1508); Le diable bossu, Le diable femme, Le diable pendu et dépendu, Le diable d'argent, Le diable_babillard (all early in the 18th century); Le diable confondu (the Hague, 1740); Le diable hermite (Amsterdam, 1741); Le Sage, Le diable boiteux (Paris, 1755); Frédéric Soulié, Mémoires du diable (Paris, 1844); the "Parlyament of Deuylles," printed by Wynkin de Worde (1509); the "Wyll of the Deuyll and Last Testament;" the "Devill's White Boyes" (1644); "Devil turned Roundhead" (London, 1642); the "Devill of Mascon" (Oxford, 1658); and Defoe, the "Political History of the Devil, as well Ancient as Modern" (London, 1726).

DEVIL-FISH, a cartilaginous fish of the ray family, and the genus cephaloptera (Duméril).

In this genus the head is truncated in front, and provided on each side with a pointed, wing-like process, separate from the pectoral fins, and capable of independent motion; these processes, however, seem sometimes to be prolongations of the pectorals, and give the name to the genus, which signifies wings upon the head. The pectorals are of great breadth, triangular, resembling wings, and making the transverse diamter of the fish greater than the longitudinal, with the tail included; the jaws are at the end of the head; the lower are the most advanced; the eyes are prominent and lateral; the tail is armed with one or two serrated spines, and is long and slender; in front of the spine is a small dorsal fin with 36 rays; the teeth are small, numerous, flat, and arranged in many rows; the small nostrils are placed near the angles of the mouth, and openings (probably the auditory) are situated on the dorsal aspect of the appendages to the head, behind the eyes; the branchial openings are 5 on each side, large, linear, near each other, the 5th being the smallest; the ventral fins are small, rounded, near the base of the tail; the skin is rough to the touch, like that of some sharks; the skeleton is cartilaginous. The old genus cephaloptera has been divided by Müller and Henle, and the genus ceratoptera added. In the first the mouth is on the ventral aspect, and the pectorals are prolonged forward to a point beyond the head, resembling horns; 4 species are described. In the second the mouth is at the end of the snout, the upper jaw is crescentic, and the under convex; there are no teeth in the upper jaw, and they are small and scale-like on the under; the pectorals are separated from the precephalic fins by a rayless space; this includes 3 species, and among them, probably, the one mentioned below as caught at Kingston, Jamaica. The devil-fish mentioned by Catesby, in his "Natural History of Carolina," is probably the same as the gigantic ray described by Mitchill in vol i. of the "Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York," under the name of the "vampire of the ocean" (C. vampyrus, Mitch.). This specimen was taken in the Atlantic, near the entrance of Delaware bay, in 1823, and was so heavy as to require 3 pair of oxen, a horse, and several men to drag it on shore; it was estimated to weigh about 5 tons, and measured 174 feet long and 18 feet wide; the skin on the back was blackish brown, and on the belly black and white, and very slimy; the mouth was 24 feet wide, the greatest breadth of the skull 5 feet, and the distance between the eyes 41 feet; the cranial appendages were 2 feet long and a foot wide, tapering, supported internally by 27 parallel cartilaginous articulated rays, allowing free motion in almost all directions, and probably used as prehensile organs; the immense pectorals were attached to the scapular arch, and contained 77 articulated parallel cartilaginous rays, and were used like wings to fly through the water. The specific name of this ray was given by Mitchill from its size, repre

senting in its family what the vampire does in the bat family. This specimen was again described by Lesueur in the "Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences" (vol. iv., 1824), as C. giorna (Lacép.). Cuvier and Dekay consider the latter a distinct species, rarely exceeding the weight of 50 lbs. The devil-fish is occasionally seen by the fishermen on the coast of the southern states in summer and autumn, and many wonderful stories are told of its strength and ferocity, its extraordinary shape and size having transformed a powerful but inoffensive animal into a terrible monster in the eyes of those who cannot see the admirable adaptation of means to ends even in the most hideous creatures. Other species of the genus are met with in the tropical parts of the Atlantic and Pacific, both in mid ocean and on sandy coasts, which they approach to bring forth their young; and doubtless many of the marvellous stories of the sea serpent and other marine monsters have arisen from the sight of these animals sporting on the surface of the water, or dimly seen beneath the vessel's keel. They are not uncommon in the West Indies, and Dr. Bancroft, in vol. iv. of the "Zoological Journal," describes one which was captured in 1828 in the harbor of Kingston, Jamaica, after a resistance of several hours, which had strength sufficient to drag 3 or 4 boats fastened together at the rate of 4 miles an hour. In this specimen, which was smaller than the one described by Mitchill, the mouth was 27 inches wide, opening into a cavity 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep, and so vaulted that it could easily contain the body of a man. named it C. manta, which is doubtless a synonyme of C. vampyrus (Mitch.). In Anson's "Voyage round the World" there is an account of an immense fish which, "broad and long, like a quilt, wraps its fins round a man that happens to come within its reach, and immediately squeezes him to death." Another writer says that it is so inimical to the pearl diver that it darts at him "immediately that he submerges, and envelops and devours him." The fish thus characterized is, no doubt, the ray called devilfish, but it is anatomically impossible that it can so seize its prey; the accounts above mentioned are mere traditions, as it does not appear that any one has ever been a witness of such an event. The pectoral fins of the devil-fish are too thick at their base and anterior margin, and their cartilages are too rigid, to allow of their being so bent downward as to enfold a man or any other prey in the manner alluded to; they are composed of a great number of joints, more than 600, and must be capable of a considerable variety of motions calculated to impel the animal through the water with great strength and speed; any one who has caught a skate, and experienced the resistance of a fish 2 or 3 feet in diameter, can readily believe that an animal 18 feet in extent of fins might, if entangled in the cable of a small vessel, draw it for miles with considerable velocity, as was observed by Catesby, and has since happened in the harbor

He

of Charleston, S. C.; it is equally conceivable that by means of the immense pectorals they could raise a great commotion on the surface of the water, and even leap entirely out, yet the pectorals must be considered as organs of locomotion, and not of prehension. The appendages to the head can hardly be used in locomotion; Lieut. St. John, who has watched attentively the movements of this fish, says that these flaps are used in driving a large quantity of water toward the mouth when the animal is at rest, feeding; they can be bent in front of, and even into the mouth, and are probably prehensile organs for various purposes; when swimming, the flexible ends are coiled up. The nature of the teeth, and the narrowness of the gullet, also render it improbable that this fish feeds upon any thing but small fry, which it sweeps toward the mouth by its cranial flaps. The truth appears to be that the devil-fish, though powerful and hideous, is a timid and harmless creature, avoiding rather than attacking man; but when attacked and defending itself, the serrated spine of the tail would prove a dangerous weapon, inflicting a deep, lacerated, and possibly fatal wound to man or fish within its range. They are gregarious, and are pursued by fishermen for the oil which the liver contains.-Another large and hideous fish, sometimes called sea devil and devil-fish, is the lophius piscatorius (Linn.), which will be described under the title of GOOSE FISH.

DEVIL'S ADVOCATE. See ADVOCATUs DIABOLI.

DEVIL'S BRIDGE, a remarkable stone bridge over the Reuss, in Switzerland. It is on the road from Germany to Italy, over the pass of St. Gothard, and crosses the river from mountain to mountain, a distance of about 75 feet. It is one of the most ancient structures of the kind in Switzerland, though there are others which surpass it in height, length, and width. The surrounding country abounds in romantic and beautiful scenery.

These de

DEVIL'S WALL, a name given during the middle ages to the remains of some Roman fortifications designed to protect the Roman settlements on the Rhine and the Danube against the inroads of the free German tribes. fences originally consisted of a row of palisades, in front of which extended a deep ditch. The emperor Probus strengthened them by the erection of a wall 368 m. long, passing over rivers and mountains, and through valleys, and protected by towers placed at intervals. The only portions of this wall now distinguishable are between Abensberg, in Bavaria, and Cologne, on the Rhine. In some places the ruins are overgrown with oaks, in others they form elevated roads or pathways through dense forests, while not unfrequently modern edifices have been built above them.

DEVISE. By this term is designated the disposition of lands to take effect after the death of the devisor. It is of Norman origin, and signified at first any division of lands, marque de

division ou partage de terres, from the Latin divido. The instrument by which lands are devised is called a will; the disposition of personal estate to take effect after the death of the person making it is in legal language a testament; but the common appellation, where both real and personal estate are included, is last will and testament. The Roman testamentum applied equally to the disposition of real or personal estate, and the same rules were observed in either case. But the mode of executing a will has been always more formal in England than was required for the validity of a testament.-For a further explanation of the principles applicable to devise, see WILL.

DEVIZES, a parliamentary borough and market town of Wiltshire, England, built on a fine eminence on the Kennet canal, 82 m. S. W. of London; pop. in 1851, 6,554. It has 3 silk factories; the woollen manufacture, once carried on, is now extinct. The town is supposd to owe its origin to a strong castle built here in the reign of Henry I. by Roger, bishop of Salisbury, and dismantled toward the close of the reign of Edward III. The grain market held here every Thursday has been famous ever since the time of Henry VIII.

DEVONIAN, the name of one of the great geological formations, including the old red sandstone, and the groups below it to those of the upper silurian. It is named from South Devon in England, where its strata were first distinguished in 1837 from those of the silurian and carboniferous by Prof. Sedgwick and Sir R. Murchison. The formation is recognized by its fossils and relative position in various parts of Europe; but it is nowhere found so largely developed as in the United States. In the New York system of the rocks it includes the following groups, though it is thought by Prof. Hall that the fossils of the 3 last named nearly resemble those of the Ludlow group of Murchison, and that these should consequently be referred to the upper silurian :