Dutch and English fleets, in which both were much crippled, and neither could claim the victory.

DOGS, ISLE OF, or POPLAR MARSHES, a peninsula in the river Thames, 3 m. below London, and opposite Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by the West India docks, and is rapidly filling up with establishments for heavy manufacturing, iron ship building, gas works, &c. The name is derived from its having been formerly the place where the king's hounds were kept. DOGWOOD (cornus, Linn.), a shrub or tree of the order tetrandria monogynia, under the middle size, deciduous, a native of Europe, Asia, and North America, of which there are several varieties. C. alternifolia (Linn.), the alternateleaved dogwood, is a small deciduous tree indigenous to North America, and is found in shady woods or by river banks in every latitude. It frequently attains a height of 15 to 20 feet. The leaves are alternate, ovate, and acute; flowers white, May to July; fruit purple, ripening in October. Of all the species of the genus the florida dogwood (C. florida, Linn.) is the most beautiful, and in its native soil under favorable circumstances attains a height of 30 to 35 feet. The specific name florida, from floreo, to blossom, was bestowed because of the profusion of the flowers it puts forth. Specific characters: branches shining; leaves ovate, acuminate, pale beneath; flowers umbellate, protruded after the leaves; leaves of involucre large, roundish, retuse; pomes ovate; flowers white and very large. It is found as far north as New Hampshire, but particularly abounds in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, where the soil is moist; in Florida and the Carolinas it deserts the barrens and is found only in swamps. In Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, it is not found in the forests except where the soil is gravelly. It was first described in Ray's Historia Plantarum, published in 1680, and afterward by Catesby in his "Natural History of Carolina." William Bartram, in his "Travels in Carolina and Florida," published in 1791, describes a remarkable grove of dogwood trees in Alabama, extending for 9 or 10 miles. The trees were about 12 feet high, spreading horizontally, their limbs meeting and interlocking with each other so as to form one vast, shady, cool grove, so dense and humid as to exclude the sunbeams and prevent the intrusion of almost every other vegetable. The wood of this tree is hard, finegrained, and susceptible of a high polish. It enters into the construction of many articles of ornament and utility, such as the handles of mallets, toys, harrow teeth, hames for horse collars, and the shoeing of sleds. The inner bark of the tree is very bitter, and has proved an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark in intermittent fever. Dr. Walker of Virginia, in a dissertation on the comparative virtues of the bark of these 2 plants, says that a summary recapitulation of the experiments made by him shows that the cornus florida and the Peruvian bark possess the same constituents, that is, gum,

mucilage, and extracts, which last contain the tannic and gallic acid, though in different proportions. Their medicinal virtues appear similar and equal in both forms. The extract and resin possess all their active powers. The bark may likewise be substituted for galls in the manufacture of ink. From the bark of the roots the Indians extract an excellent scarlet dye. The florida dogwood is often cultivated as an ornamental tree, its large flowers, which rival the whiteness of snow, affording a pleasing contrast with the deep green of the surrounding foliage.-The name dogwood is improperly given in some parts of the United States to the rhus venenata, a species of poisonous sumach.

DOHNA, a German family of counts (Burggraf), who trace their origin to the times of Charlemagne, and many of whom have occupied high positions in the military and civil service of Prussia.-KARL FRIEDRICH EMIL, born March 4, 1784, president of the military department in the Prussian cabinet and general of cavalry in 1854, when he retired from active service, died in Berlin, Feb. 21, 1859.

DOKOS, or DOKOES, a race of negroes said to inhabit a region of tropical Africa, S. of Abyssinia, near the river Gojeb. They were first fully described by the missionary Dr. Krapf, on the credit of a Galla slave who had visited their country, and whose relation was thought to bear every mark of truth, and was corroborated by other native accounts. According to this man, the Dokos are 4 feet high, of a dark olive complexion, and perfectly wild. They go naked, feed on ants, snakes, mice, and fruits, evince considerable intelligence, and are in great request by the people of Kaffa as slaves. They have no government, no laws, no priority of rank, no national feelings, no idea of marriage, and very little sense of religion. The mother abandons her child as soon as it is able to procure its own food. Their country is subject to almost incessant rains, and on account of the hostility of the surrounding nations is difficult of access. It is rarely visited except by slave dealers, who surround the wretched savages in their thick forests, entice them down from the trees in which they take refuge, and drive them into the plains, where immense numbers of them are captured. They have a horror of slavery, but easily become attached to their masters. They are supposed to be the "pigmies" whose existence has been a favorite belief since the days of Homer.

DOL, a French town, capital of a canton of the same name, in the department of Ille-etVilaine; pop. 4,181. It is wretchedly built, but contains a fine cathedral, and possesses considerable historical interest. During the middle ages it was again and again besieged, and passed into many different hands. In 1793 it was garrisoned by the Vendeans, and successfully resisted an attack of the republican troops. The old fortifications of the town are still standing. Its trade is principally in corn, hemp, and cider.

DOLABELLA, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, a Roman

general, celebrated for his profligacy, born about 70 B. C., died 43 B. C. Notwithstanding his debauched character, he became the son-in-law of Cicero, and enjoyed several high offices of state. After the death of Cæsar, Dolabella, although the former had always been his friend, professed the utmost contempt for his memory, and, being supposed a good republican, obtained the consulship, and afterward from Antony the administration of the province of Syria. On his way thither, however, he committed such atrocious extortions and crimes that the senate declared him an enemy of the republic, and he was killed by one of his soldiers at his own order, to avoid falling into the hands of his enemies.

DOLCI, or DOLCE, CARLO, or CARLINO, an Italian painter, born in Florence, May 25, 1616, died there, Jan. 17, 1686. His father, grandfather, and uncle were all painters, and after the death of his father, his mother placed him at the age of 9 with Jacopo Vignali. Under Vignali's tuition Carlo's genius developed itself with such remarkable rapidity that after a few years he was able to attempt successfully a full-length figure of St. John. He next produced a picture of his mother, and the delicacy and tenderness which marked these early productions attracted much attention, and procured for him employment at home and abroad. Pietro de' Medici was among his earliest patrons, and brought him into notice at court. He devoted himself almost exclusively to sacred subjects, a branch of the art in harmony with his devout disposition. His works are deficient in imaginative genius, but they are all distinguished by agreeable coloring, a remarkable relief produced by his skilful management of chiaroscuro, a singular delicacy of composition, and a finish in which he approached alznost the consummate patience and industry of the great Dutch masters. Although he was proverbially slow in the execution of his paintings, he amassed sufficient wealth for the honorable support of his family of 8 children. The sameness of expression in most of his pictures facilitates copies and imitations, which consequently abound all over Europe. He excelled most in small pictures, and the themes in which he was most successful are borrowed from the New Testament. Among his best works are the "St. Anthony" in the Florentine gallery, the "St. Sebastian" in the palazzo Corsini, the "Four Evangelists" in the palazzo Ricardi at Florence, and "Christ Breaking the Bread," in England, in the marquis of Exeter's collection at Burleigh. Dresden possesses several of his works, including "Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist" and "St. Cecilia, or the Organ Player.' Another of his chief productions, "Christ on the Mount of Olives," is at the Louvre in Paris. -AGNESE, one of his daughters, who married a merchant named Carlo Baci, was one of his best pupils, and the most successful copyist of his works.

DOLE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name, in the department of the Jura; pop. of the town in 1856, 9,443,

and of the arrondissement 72,185. It is neat and well built, and situated on the slope and at the foot of a hill on the right bank of the river Doubs, near the canal that joins the Rhone and the Rhine. The railway from Dijon to Besançon, which passes the town, gives it some importance as a place of transit between Paris and Switzerland. It is of great antiquity, having been founded by the Romans, and is situated on the old road leading from Lyons to the Rhine. Some remains of this work, as well as of an ancient aqueduct and theatre, are still to be seen. It was for a time the capital of Franche Comté, and the seat of a parliament. After having been taken once or twice previously, it was captured and dismantled by the French in 1674.

DOLET, ÉTIENNE, a French scholar and printer, born in Orleans in 1509, burned as a heretic in Paris, Aug. 3, 1546. He was very fond of classical studies, and was one of the especial admirers of Cicero, who were ridiculed by Erasmus, and warmly defended by Dolet and others. He was of a rash, impetuous disposition, which made him many enemies, who lost no opportunity of persecuting him. Having been often accused of cherishing heretical sentiments, he was at last adjudged an atheist by an ecclesiastical court at Paris, in consequence of an expression which he made use of in his translation of the Axiochus of Plato, which was not to be found in the original; and for this he was condemned and burned.

DOLGORUKI, the name of a princely Russian family, whose origin is carried back to Rurik, and several members of which occupy a place in the history of their country. I. GRIGORI, distinguished himself by the valiant defence of a monastery near Moscow against the Poles under Sapieha and other generals (1608'10). II. MARIA, was married in 1624 to Czar Michael, the first of the house of Romanoff, but died 4 months after. III. YURI, a general in the reigns of Alexis and Fedor, was killed in the revolt of the Strelitzes after the death of the latter czar in 1682, while defending the right of the young Peter the Great to the throne. IV. MIHAIL, son of the preceding, and minister of Fedor, perished with his father. V. YAKOB, a senator of Peter the Great, noted for his boldness and frankness toward his master, died in 1720. It is said that one day, having torn to pieces an imperial ukase in full council of the senate, he appeased the wrath of the czar, who threatened to kill him, by the words: "You have but to imitate Alexander, and you will find a Clitus in me." VI. IVAN, was the friend of Peter II., to whom his sister Catharine was betrothed; but the young czar having died on the day fixed for the marriage (1730), he was exiled to Siberia with all his family by Biron, duke of Courland, the favorite of the empress Anna. Recalled from exile, he was accused of a conspiracy against the life of the empress, and executed at Novgorod in 1739, other members of the family being beheaded or exiled. VII. VASILI, commanded the army of Catharine I.

in the war against Persia, was made field marshal in 1728, banished to Siberia in 1739 as an accomplice of the preceding, recalled by the empress Elizabeth, and died in 1755. VIII. VASILI, nephew of the preceding, commanderin-chief of the army of Catharine II., conquered the Crimea in a short campaign in 1771, and received from the empress the surname of Krimskoi. IX. VLADIMIR, resided for 25 years as minister of Catharine II. at the court of Frederic the Great, whose friendship he gained. X. YURI, commanded in the wars of Catharine II. against the Turks and Poles, signalizing himself by his valor. XI. IVAN, one of the classical poets of Russia, was born in 1754, and died in St. Petersburg in 1823. XII. PAVEL, was the author of a Notice sur les principales familles de Russie (Brussels, 1843), an English translation of which, with annotations and an introduction, appeared in London in 1858.

DOLLAR, the monetary unit in the United States and several other countries, both of coined money and money of account. All values in the United States are expressed in dollars and cents, or hundredths. The term mill, for the Joo of a dollar, is rarely employed. The doilar unit, as a money of account, was established by act of congress of April 2, 1792, and the same act provides for the coinage of a silver dollar "of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current." The silver dollar was first coined in 1794, weighing 416 grains, of which 371 grains were pure silver, the fineness being 892.4 thousandths. The act of Jan. 18, 1837, reduces the standard weight to 412 grains, but increases the fineness to, the quantity of pure silver remaining 3711 grains as before; and at these rates it is still coined, in limited amount. The smaller silver coins are not of /equal weight proportionally. (See COINS.) The act of March 3, 1849, directs the coinage of gold dollars. They were issued the same year, weigh ing 25 grains, fine, 23, grains being pure gold. All other coins of the United States are either multiples or subdivisions of the dollar. The term dollar is of German origin. During the years 1517-26 the counts of Schlick, under a right of mintage conferred by the emperor Sigismund in 1437 upon their grandfather, Casper Schlick, caused to be struck a series of silver coins of 1 ounce weight, and worth about 113 cents of our money. These pieces were coined at Joachimsthal (Joachim's valley), a mining town of Bohemia, and came to be known in circulation as Joachimsthaler, and then for shortness Thaler; and this name for coins and money of account has been widely used in the German states ever since. Some German scholars, however, derive the term Thaler from talent, which was used in the middle ages, designating a pound of gold. In Norway and Sweden we find the daler, and in Spain the dalera, the famous Spanish dollar which for centuries figured so conspicuously in the commerce of the world. It was the Spanish pillar dollar (called also the milled dollar for its milled edge) that was taken as

the basis of the United States coinage and money of account. By the act of April 2, 1792, 371 grains of pure silver and 244 grains of pure gold were declared to be equivalent one to the other, and to the dollar of account. At that time, as now in Great Britain, 113 grains of pure gold were the equivalent of the pound sterling. The value of £1 in federal money, therefore, was $4 56.5. Prior to this date, and during the confederation, the dollar of account, as compared with sterling currency, had been rated at 48. 6d. which was an exaggerated valuation of the Spanish dollar; and in precise accordance with this valuation the congress of the confederation had established $4 44.4 as the custom house value of the pound sterling. The effect of the act of 1792 was really to reduce the value of our dollar of account, but apparently to increase the value of the pound sterling about 24 per cent. By the act of June 28, 1834, the weight of fine gold to the dollar was reduced from 24.75 to 23.20 grains; and 3 years later, Jan. 18, 1837, it was fixed at 23.22 grains, where it now remains. Comparing this latter weight with the pound sterling of 113 grains, we find an apparent increase in the value of £1 to $4 86.6, an advance of exactly 94 per cent. upon the old valuation of $4 44.4. We have here the explanation of the existing practice in this country of quoting sterling exchange at 9 per cent. premium, when it is really at par. A much more simple and intelligible method would be to state in dollars and cents the ruling rate per pound sterling for bills on London, e. g. $4 84, $4 87, $4 90, &c. Spanish dollars were chiefly coined in the Spanish American colonies. The best known variety was the pillar dollar, so called from the 2 pillars on its reverse, representing the "Pillars of Hercules," the ancient name of the opposite promontories at the straits of Gibraltar. The rude imitation of these pillars in writing, connecting them by a scroll, is said to have been the origin of the dollar mark ($), now universally familiar. A more plausible explanation is that, as the dollar consisted of 8 reals, 8 R. being stamped upon it, the mark was designed to stand for the "piece of eight," as the dollar was commonly called. The two vertical lines distinguished it from the figure 8. The Spanish American dollars ceased to be coined when the colonies became independent, and since 1822 their place in commerce has been supplied by the dollars of Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru. (For values, &c., see COINS.)

DOLLART BAY, or THE DOLLART (Lat. Sinus Emdanus or Dollarius), an arm of the German ocean, about 10 m. in length from N. to S., and 7 m. in breadth. It lies between Hanover and the Netherlands, and extends to the estuary or mouth of the river Ems. It is supposed to have been formed by a terrible inundation in 1277, which destroyed nearly 50 villages. The sea has since receded in some measure from the Hanoverian shore, and several thousand acres of land have been recovered.

DÖLLINGER, IGNAZ, a German physiologist, born in Bamberg, May 24, 1770, died in Munich,

Jan. 14, 1841. He was professor of physiology at Bamberg, and afterward, when this university was dissolved, at Würzburg. In 1823 he became a member of the academy and a professor of medicine in Munich, and in 1826 professor of anatomy. Among his principal works is Grundriss der Naturlehre des menschlichen Organismus (Bamberg, 1805).

DOLLOND, JOHN, an English optician, born in Spitalfields, June 10, 1706, died in London, Sept. 30, 1761. He was descended from a French refugee family, and was originally a silk weaver, but conceiving a passion for the science of optics, he went into partnership with his son as an optical instrument manufacturer. He commenced a series of experiments on the dispersion of light and other subjects connected with the improvement of telescopes and microscopes, the results of which were communicated to the royal society in a series of papers, which appeared in its "Transactions" during the years 1753, 1754, and 1758. These papers were deemed so important by the council of that learned body, that it awarded to Dollond the Copley medal, and in 1761 sanctioned his election as a member of the society. He was the discoverer of the laws of the dispersion of light, and the inventor of the achromatic telescope.-PETER, eldest son of the preceding, born in Spitalfields in 1730, died in Kennington in 1820. Soon after entering into partnership with his father he removed his business from Spitalfields to St. Paul's churchyard, where he met with great success. He made several important improvements in optical instruments, and contributed some valuable papers to the "Transactions" of the royal society, one of which was a vindication of his father's claim to the discovery of the true theory of the refrangibility of light, which appeared in the "Transactions" for 1789. The "Dollond optical establishment" is still flourishing.

DOLOMIEU, DEODAT GUY SILVAIN TANCRÈDE GRATET DE, a French geologist, born in the village of Dolomieu, in the department of Isère, June 24, 1750, died in Châteauneuf, Saône-et-Loire, Nov. 26, 1801. While yet very young he killed in a duel a knight of Malta, of which order he was himself a member. He was condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment, and in his dungeon he devoted himself with ardor to the study of the natural sciences. On recovering his liberty he obtained a commission in the army, but did not relinquish his scientific investigations, of which the first fruits appeared in 1775 in his essay Sur la pesanteur des corps à différentes distances du centre de la terre, and in two translations into Italian on the subject of mineralogy and of volcanic substances. Made a corresponding member of the academy of sciences, he quitted the military profession and devoted the rest of his life to science. For a series of years he was engaged in exploring Portugal, Spain, Italy, and afterward Egypt, whither he went with Napoleon's expedition.

After having completed his survey of the valley of the Nile, he was on the point of exploring the Libyan desert when his failing health compelled him in 1799 to return to France. While on his way to Marseilles, his ship was overtaken by storm and driven into the gulf of Taranto. Seized by the Neapolitans, who at that time were at war with France, he was, in consequence of his former offence against the order of Malta, detained in prison, while the other passengers were after a short time restored to liberty. In the prison of Messina he wrote on the margin of the Bible, with a bone sharpened against the walls for a pen, and the black of his lamp smoke mixed with water for ink-the only writing materials at the prisoner's commandhis Traité de philosophie minéralogique, and his Mémoire sur l'espèce minérale. He recovered his liberty, March 15, 1801, with impaired health; and died soon afterward, while on a visit to his sister. The results of his researches are embodied in his contributions to the Journal de physique, Journal de l'institut, Journal des mines, &c. More than 50 distinct memoirs, many of which contain valuable additions to the knowledge of geology and mineralogy, can thus be traced to his pen, beside his contributions to the Dictionnaire minéralogique and the Nouvelle encyclopédie. His most interesting essays are: Mémoires sur le tremblement de la terre en Calabrie; Voyage aux iles de Lipari; Mémoires sur les îles Ponces, et Catalogue raisonné des produits de l'Etna; and on the nature of leucite, anthracite, pyroxene, &c. The Journal du dernier voyage du citoyen Dolomieu dans les Alpes was published by Brunn-Neegaard at Paris in 1802.

DOLOMITE, a mineral species named in honor of the French geologist Dolomieu. It occurs crystallized in rhombohedral forms, and also as a rock of granular and crystalline structure. The mineral species includes several varieties, as brown spar, pearl spar, &c. Its hardness is 3.5-4; specific gravity, 2.85-2.92. The weight of a cubic foot of the rock is consequently about 180 pounds. Dolomite is a magnesian carbonate of lime, consisting of one equivalent of carbonate of magnesia and one of carbonate of lime, or, in 100 parts, 45.65 of the former and 54.35 of the latter. It is usually white, but is also found of various colors. The geological position of the rock is in the primary and metamorphic group. Of these it is an important member, being extensively used for the manufacture of lime, and also as a building stone. It is found abundantly along the eastern part of the middle states, its range extending through the gold region of the southern states, northward, passing near Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, thence crossing northern New Jersey, and to the south of the highlands across the Hudson, through western Massachusetts and Vermont into Canada. The rock also occurs at many localities to the eastward of this metamorphic range. The lime made from dolomite varies in quality, not only with the purity of the rock, but also with its tex

ture, and the manner of burning it. No lime is more highly prized by masons than that made of the close, compact dolomite called the "hard jointer" of Smithfield, R. I. It is perfectly white, is very strong, taking a great deal of sand, and sets quickly. But the same kind of rock of other localities, if burned in the common anthracite kiln, finds little favor with masons from its not slacking uniformly. Lumps of it remain without slacking until after it has been laid upon the walls, where they form blotches, which by the masons is called "pitting out." This is in great measure obviated by a proper method of burning, and particularly by the use of wood or a blazing coal instead of anthracite. Lime of very superior quality has thus been made of the white crystalline dolomite found on the Hudson at Hastings and Sing Sing. Its strength was such as to take about more sand than other limes in use of the best qualities. For agricultural purposes magnesian lime is not in good repute, though the fact of its inferiority does not appear to be well established. As a building stone, dolomite ranks among the best, possessing in a high degree the properties of durability and ease of working. It is obtained in large blocks of sound and uniform texture, with good grain for splitting, and unmixed with foreign matters. But different layers in the same quarry vary greatly in quality, so that care is required in selecting them. The softness of the stone admits of its being easily sawn into ashlar and carved into ornamental mouldings. It forms a considerable part of the white marble used in the construction of the capitol at Washington. The custom house in New York city is built of this stone from the Tuckahoe quarries on the Harlem railroad, and the new custom house at Charleston, S. C., is built of the same from the quarries at Hastings on the Hudson. In England, dolomite has proved so durable and excellent a stone, that a variety of it found at Bolsover moor was select ed by the commissioners appointed by the British parliament for investigating the qualities of the various building stones of the kingdom, and choosing from them the best for the new houses of parliament. The choir of Southwell church, which was built of this variety of stone in the 12th century, was found by the commissioners to be in so perfect a state that "the mouldings and carved enrichments were as sharp as when first executed." After describing other examples illustrating the durability of this rock, the commissioners say: "We may here remark, that as far as our observations extend, in proportion as the stone employed in magnesian limestone buildings is crystalline, so does it appear to have resisted the decomposing effects of the atmosphere; a conclusion in accordance with the opinion of Professor Daniell, who has stated that, from the results of experiments, he is of opinion that 'the nearer the magnesian limestones approach to equivalent proportions of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia, the more crystalline and better they are in

DOLPHIN (delphinus, Cuv.), a cetacean mammal, carnivorous in its habits, and found in most of the seas of the world. The dolphins, as generally restricted, have a convex forehead, and a beak or snout, armed with teeth, separated from the forehead by a well-marked furrow; they do not acquire the dimensions of the whales, being rarely more than 9 feet long. The body is fusiform in shape, without evident neck, and terminated by the horizontal tail common to all cetaceans; the head is not disproportionately large, and both jaws are toothed; there are 2 pectoral fins, and toward the middle of the back there is a fold of the skin which may be called a dorsal fin; the eyes are small, with bare lids; the external opening of the ear is small; the tongue is thick, soft, and but slightly movable; the skin is naked and soft, covered only by a thick mucosity. The teeth are simple, conical, and numerous, varying in number even in individuals of the same species. The cranium is very small compared with the face, concave, and much elevated in front and arched behind; the snout is narrow and elongated from the prolongation of the maxillaries and intermaxillaries, which are not curved forward above; the upper jaw is a little shorter than the lower; the maxillaries extensively overlap the frontals; the tubercles which represent the nasal bones are above the intermaxillaries, resting on the frontals; the parietals are below the maxillaries, and quite on the side; the symphysis of the lower jaw is extensive, and the bone is light and hollow. The cervical vertebræ, 7 in number, are very thin, and united together in the different genera; the dorsals are 13, with as many pairs of ribs, their articular processes becoming effaced by age, commencing posteriorly, and the transverse being about as long as the spinous processes; the lumbar vertebræ are 18, with very long transverse and spinous processes; a sacral vertebra can hardly be said to exist, as the pelvis consists of a rudimentary bone on each side suspended in the muscles; the caudal vertebræ are about 28, gradually decreasing in size, the transverse processes disappearing about the 16th, and the spinous about the 20th; exclusive of the cervicals, there are about 60 vertebræ in all; the V-shaped bones on the under surface of the bodies begin about the 6th caudal. The breast bone is composed of 3 bones, the 1st very wide, grooved in front, and usually pierced with a hole; the shoulder blade is fan-shaped, slightly concave; the clavicle is absent; the pectoral fin is composed of a very short humerus, with a large