The Donatists did not obey this sentence, and a new and more imposing council held at Arles in 314 was equally barren of result, except to inflame partisan wrath. Appealing to Constantine, the Donatists found no help; the emperor favored the moderate party, and consented to the decision of the council. The death of Majorinus in 316 did not open the way to a reconciliation. The Numidian party chose in his place another Donatus, a man of large scholarship, pure character, singular benevolence, and incorruptible firmness. The new bishop at once devoted himself to the organization of the schism. He encouraged his followers to maintain the position they had taken. He counselled them to a more austere morality, and a more strict observance of the Christian ritual. They were fined, imprisoned, expelled from the churches, driven to the mountains; but they constantly rallied, returned, and drove out their rivals. In a great council at Carthage of 270 bishops, they affirmed that theirs was the only Catholic church, and that the churches of Europe were schismatic. Constantine at last, weary of the fruitless effort to silence them, ceased to molest them. The episcopal life of Donatus of Carthage seems to have continued, in varying fortunes, for more than 30 years, in which time the Donatist party had grown to be the dominant church of Africa, numbering more than 300 bishops. In the towns and cities, the members of the sect confined themselves mostly to the milder measures of preaching and writing to defend their cause. But about the year 347 a fanatical party appeared in the mountains, who delivered themselves to the wildest excesses, going about the country plundering, burning, even murdering, and courting martyrdom as a joy and a privilege. These Circumcelliones (for such was the designation of this party) resorted often to suicide as a substitute for legitimate martyrdom, and sometimes compelled strangers, whom they met on the roads, to murder them. These excesses found, if not a defender, at least an apologist, in Donatus, who would not lend himself as an instrument of the emperor's vengeance, contending that it was an affair of the church and not of the empire. Paul and Macarius, the envoys of the emperor, were forced to employ the army to disperse and destroy these ignorant fanatics. These violent measures only strengthened the hatred of the Donatists against the Catholics. The sympathy of the civil power was drawn to them, and not bishops only, but governors and judges, took the side of the schism. The reign of Julian was still more favorable to their cause. They dared to defend the outrages committed in the name of a pure religion. Parmenian, successor of Donatus in Carthage, wrote an apology for the sect. This was answered by Optatus, and afterward by Augustine, to whom, more than any other writer, the downfall of the schism is due. Half a century longer the contest between the 2 parties continued to rage, the issue gradually turning against the schism. In the beginning of the

5th century the emperor Honorius attempted a new persecution; and in 411, in a conference between the Catholics and Donatists at Carthage, the latter were condemned and severe laws passed against them. A few bishops of the Donatist party succumbed and were received into the church; but most of them resisted, and were driven and hunted into the interior region, and forced to hide themselves in the mountains and the desert. A few ineffectual attempts at union were made by the party under succeeding emperors, but before the close of the century the sect had become virtually extinct, existing only in fragments in parts remote from the coast. The Vandal invasion overwhelmed at once Catholic and heretic, and in its great ruin made the church forget all minor strifes.-The heresy of the Donatists was twofold, a heresy of theory and of practice. The theoretical heresy consisted in asserting that the character of the minister influenced his ministration, and that the sacraments from the hand of one not properly ordained for the work were of no value, whatever the spirit of the recipient. The practical heresy consisted in rebaptizing those who came from the Catholic churches into their communion, and consecrating anew the sacred edifices which they took from their rivals. The ground of their condemnation was that they were exclusive and bigoted, and that they treated the Catholics as no better than Jews or idolaters. Donatus and others of his party, indeed, were accused of denying the Trinity; but from this charge they are expressly absolved by Augustine, who shows that they differ from the Arian party in recognizing but one divine substance. The Arians sought in vain to unite the Donatists to their party.-An account of the Donatists may be found in the works of St. Optatus; in Tillemont, vol. vi.; in the "Dissertation" of Collina (Bologna, 1758); in Ballerini's history; in De Potter's "History of Christian Churches," vol. ii. (Paris, 1836); in Villemain's Tableau de l'éloquence Chrétienne au Ve siècle (new edition, 1854); and in Ribbeck's Donatus und Augustinus (Elberfeld, 1857).

DONCASTER, a parish and handsome market town of England, in the county of York, West Riding; pop. in 1851, 12,052. The town is pleasantly situated on the river Don, here navigable and crossed by 2 stone bridges. It is in the centre of a populous and highly cultivated district, but is indebted for its celebrity to its horse races, which have an almost unrivalled reputation in the sporting world. They were established in 1703, and the list of winners since that time includes the best horses that have been bred in England. The famous St. Leger stakes were founded in 1776. The race course is 2 miles in length, and one of the finest in the kingdom. The expense of improving it since 1777 is said to have amounted to £20,000. The races are held annually in the 3d week of September, and continue for 5 days. Doncaster is the Da num mentioned in the itinerary of Antoninus; hence its Saxon name Dona Castre, and its pres

ént name. It was, prior to the reformation, the seat of several convents of Carmelites, and white, black, and gray friars. It is the birthplace of Richard Plantagenet, of Conisburgh, and Sir Martin Frobisher. A new parish church finished in 1858, at a cost of £52,000, is said to be the finest in England. Roman antiquities are frequently found in the city and vicinity.

DONEGAL, a maritime county of Ireland, bounded on the N. and W. by the Atlantic, on the E. by the counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh, and on the S. by the counties of Fermanagh and Leitrim, and by Donegal bay; area, 1,865 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 255,160. The shores are deeply indented by bays, the principal of which are Sheephaven, Gliddore, Guybarra, and Lochrus bays. There are numerous islands off the coast, and several lakes within the limits of the county. The general aspect of the surface is mountainous. Nearly of the land consist of bogs or sterile hills, incapable of cultivation. The chief rivers are the Swilly and the Leenan, and the principal towns Ballyshannon, Letterkenny, Ramelton, Donegal, and Killybegs. Oats, barley, flax, and potatoes are the staple agricultural productions. The total extent of land under crops comprised 232,353 acres in 1854, and 228,683 in 1855. The fishery districts employ about 2,000 vessels and 9,000 hands. The linen manufacture is actively carried on in several parts of the county, and there are also many corn mills, but the export trade is chiefly carried on through the port of Londonderry. Capital, Donegal.

DONETZ, or DONETS, a river of Russia, principal affluent of the Don, about 400 m. long. It rises in the government of Koorsk, pursues a S. E. course through the government of Kharkhov and the country of the Don Cossacks, and joins the Don on the right. Its banks are generally fertile, and its channel is wide and deep. The Oskol, the Aidar, the Kalitva, and some smaller branches join it on the N.; and it is navigable from its mouth to Zmiev.

DONGOLA, a province of upper Nubia, on the Nile, between lat. 18° and 19° 30′ N.; length, about 150 m.; breadth equal only to the strip of alluvial land lying between the river and the desert, and varying from 2 to 6 m. It contains the towns of New Dongola, or Maraka, Dongola Agous, or Old Dongola, Debbah, and Korti. It was a Christian country until the 14th century, was ravaged and subdued by the Sheygia Arabs in the 18th century, and is now subject to the pasha of Egypt, and governed by a bey who resides at New Dongola. The inhabitants are black, but not negroes, and resemble the people of lower Nubia. The productions are indigo, durra, barley, beans, sheep, goats, cattle, and horses, which rival in beauty and surpass in size the best breeds of Arabia.

DONIPHAN, a N. E. co. of Kansas, bounded N. by Nebraska, and separated from Missouri on the E. by the Missouri river; area, about 312 sq. m.; aggregate pop. of 12 principal towns in 1859, 4,700. It is well watered by the Missouri

and several small streams, is well timbered with cottonwood, elm, sycamore, &c., abounds with building stone, and is the 3d co. of the territory in wealth and population. The surface consists in part of rolling prairies, somewhat broken near the streams, but gently undulating in the interior. The river bottoms have a rich soil, generally timbered. The old overland route to California crosses the county, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad terminates at St. Joseph, Mo., opposite Elwood. Five newspapers are published in the county. Capital, Troy.

DONIZETTI, GAETANO, an Italian composer, born in Bergamo, Sept. 25, 1797, died there, April 8, 1848. He was originally destined for the law, but showing an unusual taste for art, he was placed at the musical institute of Bergamo, then under the direction of Simon Mayer, and subsequently studied at Bologna, under Pilotti and Mattei. At the age of 20 he had composed some short pieces of religious and instrumental music, evincing the severity of his studies and the direction of his taste, when the brilliant career of Rossini captivated him, and he determined to write for the stage. His father opposed his plans, and in a fit of pique Donizetti entered the Austrian military service, and while in gar. rison with his regiment in Venice produced in 1818 his first opera, Enrico di Borgogna. Several other works followed, and in 1822 his Zoraïde di Gracata, produced in Rome, procured him his discharge from the army, with which he had become heartily disgusted. His works now began to succeed each other with great rapidity, and in 1827 he accepted an engagement with Barbaja, the director of the theatres at Naples, to write 4 operas a year, 2 serious and 2 buffo, for 4 years. In 1830, when his Anna Bolena was produced at Milan, he had written 31 operas, nearly all of which were successful, but short-lived. At this time Bellini appeared, and Donizetti, who had hitherto been a professed imitator of Rossini, modified his style by borrowing somewhat of the tenderness and pathos of his young contemporary. He even went to Paris in 1835 to compete with him, but without success, his Marino Faliero being eclipsed by Bellini's Puritani. He returned at once to Naples, and in 6 weeks composed his Lucia di Lammermoor, the success of which repaid him for his disappointment. It was produced throughout Europe and even in Paris in the succeeding year with a success which seems undiminished at the present day. In 1840 he returned to Paris, and immediately brought out Les martyrs, La favorita, and La fille du régiment, the last 2 of which are still universal favorites. The reputation acquired by these and other works procured him the appointment of professor of counterpoint at the royal college of music in Naples, and of chapelmaster and composer to the court of Vienna. His last operas were Don Sébastien (produced at Paris in 1844, and which he wrote out in 2 months, remarking at the close of his labors: "Don Sébastien will be the death of me"), and Catarina Cornaro, produced at Naples in

1844. Soon afterward a mental affection, the result of early habits of dissipation and of excessive application, compelled him to abstain from work of every description, and for the last few years of his life he was the inmate of a lunatic asylumn. In addition to the works specified, he composed Lucrezia Borgia (Milan, 1833), Linda di Chamounix (Vienna, 1842), Don Pasquale (Paris, 1843), and Maria di Rohan (Vienna, 1843), all of which are constantly performed in Europe and America. Donizetti produced upward of 60 operas in the course of his life, most of which, however, in consequence of the haste and carelessness with which he wrote, have sunk into obscurity. In the fulness and variety of his melodies, and in his appreciation of dramatic fitness in single or concerted scenes, he stands almost unrivalled, and some of his works are likely to long retain their hold upon popular favor. His facility was such that he is known to have written out the score of an opera in 2 days. Toward the close of his life his operas showed a marked improvement.-His brother GIUSEPPE officiated for many years as director of the military music of the sultan, and died in Constantinople in Feb. 1856.

DONNE, JOHN, an English poet and theologian, born in London in 1573, died in 1631. He was of a Roman Catholic family, studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, and though designed by his parents for the law, relinquished it in his 19th year for theology, which was the chief interest and passion of the time. He abandoned the Roman Catholic church for the Anglican, and travelled and tarried some time in Spain and Italy. On his return to England he was appointed secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, keeper of the great seal, which post he held for 5 years; but having secretly married Anne, the daughter of Sir George More, and the niece of Lady Egerton, he was dismissed from his situation and for a time imprisoned in the tower. He was reconciled to Sir George by the mediation of Sir Francis Wooley. He afterward accompanied Sir Robert Drury to Paris, and returning to England was presented to James I., by whose command he wrote the "Pseudo-Martyr" to prove that Roman Catholics might conscientiously take the oath of allegiance. At the age of 42 he entered into orders, and having at once distinguished himself as a preacher he was made by the king his chaplain in ordinary and dean of St. Paul's, and received from the university of Cambridge the degree of doctor of divinity. His failing health obliged him to desist from preaching, but a calumnious whisper having reached him that his sickness was feigned because he chose to be idle, he ascended the pulpit and preached what his biographer has called his own funeral sermon, which was afterward printed with the significant title of "Death's Duel." He died soon after, admired and almost reverenced for his holiness. He left sermons and devotional and controversial works, but he is best known as a poet. His poems consist of satires, elegies, epigrams, and religious and complimentary

His

verses. His subtle and vivid imagination, and his great simplicity and tenderness of character, are manifest amid his vast learning and the abounding vicious conceits of his style. He was the first of the series of English poets characterized by Dr. Johnson as metaphysical. rugged numbers and laborious faults made him little esteemed during the last century, but lately the scattered gems of poetry and melody in his books have recalled something of his first reputation, and his works have been republished under the editorial care of the Rev. Henry Alford (6 vols. 8vo., London, 1889). His life was written by a contemporary and very congenial spirit, the angler Izaak Walton, whose admira tion of him was unbounded.

DONNYBROOK, or ST. MARY'S OF DONNYBROOK, a parish and village of Ireland, co. of Dublin. The parish contains the villages of Irishtown, Donnybrook, Merrion, Ringsend, and Sandymount; area, 1,689 acres; pop. in 1851, 11,177.-The village, 2 miles S. E. of Dublin, of which it is a suburb, is situated on the Dodder, here crossed by a handsome bridge, and contains a fine church, several chapels, a Magdalen asylum, a dispensary, a lunatic asylum, classical and other schools, a hat manufactory, and a number of mills. It is celebrated for its fair, granted by King John, and formerly held during 15 days from Aug. 26, but now lasting only a week, and being merely a pleasure fair. It was originally for the sale of horses and black cattle, but became notorious by frequent scenes of riot, bloodshed, and debauchery. The magistrates have succeeded of late years in repressing such disorders.

DONOSO CORTES, JUAN FRANCISCO MARIA DE LA SALUD, marquis de Valdegamas, a Spanish writer and statesman, born in Valle de la Sarena, in Estremadura, May 6, 1809, died in Paris, May 3, 1853. At the age of 12 he had finished his classical studies, and entered upon a course of law at the university of Salamanca. He was entirely prepared to receive his degree at the age of 16, but the rules not permitting it until the age of 25, he went to Seville, and employed the intervening years in the study of philosophy, history, and literature. He commenced his public career as professor in the college of Caceres. During the divisions which took place in Spain in 1832, with regard to the right of succession to the throne, Donoso presented a memoir to Ferdinand VII., in which he pleaded the liberal cause with great eloquence. The king rewarded him by a distinguished place in the ministry of justice. After the death of Ferdinand he warmly defended the cause of Queen Isabel and her mother. He was elected to the cortes, and afterward appointed secretary to the ministerial council. Differing essentially from Mendizabal, who was at its head, he resigned his post, and devoted himself zealously to the tribune and the press. Defending a middle ground between absolute power and revolutionary government, he was at this period one of the foremost representatives of liberalism. He was for some

time the editor of the Revista, and a leading contributor to the Piloto, a newspaper founded by himself. At the same time he gave at Madrid a course of lectures on political rights. During the dictatorship of Espartero, Donoso defended the interests of Maria Christina. In this contest he was vanquished, and shared the exile of the queen mother to France as her private secretary, and also accompanied her on her return to Spain in 1843. He was afterward appointed secretary to Queen Isabel, and director of her studies; he was reestablished as member of the cortes, and the post of minister was offered him, but he declined it. Shortly afterward he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to the court of Berlin. The death of a brother made a great impression on Donoso, and from that time his writings acquired a strong religious tendency. In his speech in the cortes, Jan. 4, 1849, he renounced all liberal ideas, which he designated as sterile and disastrous to human society, whose peace had been disturbed by them for 3 centuries. This discourse made a great sensation in France and Spain. A work of his in French, entitled Essai sur le Catholicisme, le libéralisme, et le socialisme (1 vol., Paris, 1851), maintained that theology is the proper basis of politics. It was attacked by both radicals and Gallicans. Its author answered by sending it to Rome, condemning in anticipation whatever Rome should condemn; but hitherto Rome has not spoken, and the congregation of the Index has not interdicted the book. Among his principal writings may be mentioned Consideracions sobre la diplomacia, y su influencia en el estado politico y social de Europa (Madrid, 1834); La ley electorai, considerada en su base y en su relacion con il espiritu de nuestras instituciones (Madrid, 1835); and a collection of his speeches and early writings (Madrid, 1849-'50). The 3d and last volume of a complete French edition of his works appeared in Paris in 1859.

DONOVAN, EDWARD, an English popular writer upon subjects of natural history, died Feb. 1, 1837. His first publication was a "Natural History of British Insects" (16 vols. royal 8vo., London, 1792-1813); of a similar character to which were his "Natural History of British Birds" (10 vols. royal 8vo., 1794-1818); "Fishes" (5 vols. royal 8vo., 1802-'8); "Shells" (5 vols. royal 8vo., 1803-'4); and "Quadrupeds" (3 vols. royal 8vo., 1820). In 1798 he published in 4to. an "Epitome of the Natural History of the Insects of China," which was followed by works on the insects of India (1800), and of islands in the Indian and South Pacific oceans (1805). He also published a little book of instructions concerning the collection and preservation of subjects of natural history. His later works were a narrative of "Excursions through South Wales and Monmouthshire” (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1805); a periodical publication, entitled the "Naturalist's Repository;" and an "Essay on the Minute Parts of Plants." The works of Mr. Donovan were not designed for the instruction of men of science, but they have been service

able in creating a general interest in the subjects of which he wrote.

DOOLY, a S. W. co. of Ga., with a level surface, well watered by many small creeks, bounded W. by Flint river; area, 530 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 9,321, of whom 3,483 were slaves. Pine forests occupy much of the land, but the soil is fertile, and the cultivated tracts produce excellent crops of grain, cotton, sugar cane, and potatoes. In 1850 the county yielded 5,962 bales of cotton, 289,378 bushels of Indian corn, and 94,645 of sweet potatoes. There were 225 pupils in the public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,205,575. The county, organized in 1821, was named in honor of Col. John Dooly, a revolutionary officer. Capital, Vienna.

DOOLY, JOHN MITCHELL, an American lawyer, born in Lincoln co., Ga., about 1772, died May 26, 1827. His father, Col. John Dooly, emigrated from North Carolina at the beginning of the American revolution, and did good service throughout that struggle. In 1802 John M. Dooly was appointed solicitor-general of the western circuit, to fill a vacancy, and in 1804 he was elected to the same office by the legislature. He was elected judge of the western circuit in 1816; and in 1822 was elected the first judge of the newly made northern circuit, to which office he was reëlected in 1825. Though a man of vigorous intellect and one of the most successful lawyers of his day, he is more widely known as a wit and humorist than in any other capacity, and probably a greater number of anecdotes are related of him than of any other man who ever lived in Georgia.

DOON, a lake and river of Scotland, in Ayrshire. Loch Doon is about 8 m. in length, and at no place exceeds of a mile in breadth. It is enclosed by the Star mountains of Kirkcudbright, from the base of which the river Doon takes its rise, while from their opposite side the river Dee starts. The lake abounds in trout, and has an islet on which stands an old castle, reputed to have once been the residence of Edward, brother of Robert Bruce. The river Doon issues from the lake, and after pouring impetuously for about a mile through a wild and rocky ravine, called Ness Glen, passes into gentle and sylvan scenery, and after a N. W. course of 16 m. falls into the frith of Clyde, 2 m. S. of Ayr. About a mile from the sea, close by the side of the river, stands a monument to Burns, who sang of the "banks and braes o' bonny Doon."

DOOR (Sax. dor), a movable shutter, usually of framed timber, placed upon hinges, or sliding in grooves, and employed for closing an opening termed a doorway. Doors are of various materials, sizes, patterns, and forms. Those used by the ancient Egyptians in their domestic architecture were of wood, usually native, though often stained to resemble rare foreign woods. In the mansions of the wealthier classes it was customary to build porches or porticos in front of the outer doors; these were about 12 or 15 feet in height, slightly exceeding that of

the cornices of the doors, and the columns supporting them were often decked with banners or ribbons. Above the door was sometimes inscribed a sentence, as "The good house," or the name of the king under whom the owner had perhaps held office. The doors were either of one or two leaves, turning on pins of metal, and secured within by a bar or bolts; the folding doors had bolts in the centre, sometimes above as well as below, and a bar was placed across from one wall to the other. According to Hamilton, no vestiges of doors have been discovered in the temples of Egypt, though in some cases holes have been observed in the stone lintels and floors, in which they might have turned, as well as those for the bolts and bars, and the recess for receiving the opened leaves; it seems highly probable that doors were employed, and perhaps of bronze, as the Egyptians possessed the art of working in metals much earlier than the time of Herodotus, who describes the door of the temple of Belus at Babylon as made of metal, which is supposed to have been bronze. Wood was used for constructing the doors of Solomon's temple: "And for the entering of the oracle he made doors of olive tree; the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall. The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims and upon the palm trees." (1 Kings, vi. 31, 32.) The doors of the Egyptians, and of the Romans, opened inward in all cases, and the latter were expressly forbidden to make a street door open outward without a special permission; the custom of the Greeks was exactly the reverse, and they were consequently obliged to strike on the inside of the street door before they opened it, in order to warn persons passing by. The Roman and Grecian doors were often elaborately ornamented with ivory and precious metals. Those of the middle ages were frequently constructed with skill, and embellished with ornamented handles, knockers, locks, and tracery; but the existing examples are not numerous, on account of their fragility as compared with the materials of the buildings to which they belonged.-The proportions of doors vary according to the size and intention of the building; as a general rule, for large doors the breadth may be the height, and in small doors. In buildings of any magnitude, the principal entrance should be in the centre, both as producing greater symmetry of appearance, and as communicating more readily with all portions of the interior; in the principal rooms the door should be at least 2 feet from the return of the wall, to admit of furniture being placed in the corner if desired.

DOOR, a N. E. co. of Wis., consisting of a narrow peninsula between Green bay and Lake Michigan; area, 625 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 739. It was formed in 1851 out of a portion of Brown county. Value of real estate in 1855, $120,000. Capital, Gibraltar, or Bailey's Harbor.

DOOSTEE, DUSTEE, DUSEE, DOOST, DOUST, or DUST, a river of Beloochistan, the position of whose source is unknown. Flowing from the interior, it traverses the province of Mekran, and enters the Indian ocean in lat. 25° 15′ N., long. 61° 50' E. Its total course under various names is supposed to be about 1,000 m., but it is generally shallow, and is of little commercial importance.

DORAT, CLAUDE JOSEPH, a French poet, born in Paris, Dec. 31, 1734, died April 29, 1780. He was intended for the bar, but at the age of 20 commenced literary career by producing an unsuccessful tragedy. He then turned his attention to light poems, tales, and sketches, which he threw off with great rapidity, and by which he acquired considerable reputation, although the extravagant profuseness with which he illustrated his most trifling works involved him in pecuniary ruin. He wrote several more pieces for the stage, which exposed him to ridicule from contemporary wits. He failed to obtain admission to the academy, and but for the charity of Beaumarchais and Mme. de Beauharnais he might have died of starvation. He expired in the act of correcting a proof sheet. His works fill 20 vols., but are not highly esteemed. His tales are humorous but indecent.

DORCHESTER, a S. E. co. of Md., bordering on Delaware and on Chesapeake bay, bounded N. and N. W. by Choptank river, and S. E. by the Nanticoke, both of which are here naviga ble; area, 640 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 18,887, of whom 4,282 were slaves. It has a level and partly marshy surface, with a soil sandy in some places and clayey in others. The productions in 1850 were 55,000 bushels of Indian corn, 137,470 of wheat, 8,496 of oats, and 84,816 lbs. of butter. There were 2 coach factories, 1 hat factory, 2 newspaper offices, 26 churches, and 798 pupils attending public schools. Organized in 1669. Capital, Cambridge.

DORCHESTER, a township of Norfolk co., Mass., on Dorchester bay, an arm of Boston harbor, contiguous to South Boston; pop. in 1855, 8,340. It is a fertile, highly cultivated, and diversified part of the county, laid out in numerous villages, and a favorite residence for the business men of Boston. It communicates with that metropolis by the Old Colony and the New York and Boston central railroads, and by a horse railroad. In 1855 it contained 1 iron furnace, 1 forge, 1 manufactory of britannia ware, 1 of starch, 1 of cordage, 3 of railroad cars, carriages, &c., 2 of soap and candles, 3 of tin ware, 1 of refrigerators, 3 of chocolate, 3 paper mills, and 1 gas manufactory. In 1859 it had 2 banks, 1 insurance office, 2 libraries, 11 churches, an industrial school for girls, a literary association, and a historical and antiquarian society in Dorchester village. The township contains 4 post offices, viz.: Dorchester, Neponset, Harrison Square, and Mattapan. It was first settled by a party of English Puritans, headed by the Rev. John White of Dorchester, England, who landed at Nantasket, June 11, 1630, and