established themselves within the limits of the present township on the 17th of the same month. They soon erected a church, but no trace of it now remains, and no one can point out where it stood. The first water mill in America was built here in 1633, and Dorchester has the honor of having originated about the same time the New England cod fishery. In 1804 the N. E. part of Dorchester was annexed to the capital under the name of South Boston. Washington village was incorporated with Boston in May, 1855, and that part of Dorchester called Squantum was added to the town of Quincy at the same time. Edward Everett was born in this town. DORCHESTER, a decayed village at the head of Ashley river, Colleton district, S. C., 18 m. N.N. W. from Charleston. It was distinguished during the revolutionary war as a military post, both of the Americans and the British, and as the theatre of a variety of interesting incidents. It was settled originally in 1696 by the members of a Congregational church from Dorchester, Mass., under the spiritual charge of the Rev. Joseph Lord, and in its palmy days held a permanent population of 300 or 400 inhabitants. By an act of the assembly in 1723, and while it was yet a frontier post, it was established as a "fair and public market," and was therefore a place of gathering for the people of the borders, white as well as red. It was garrisoned by the Americans and British during the revolution, as each party had possession, and an old fortress still remains, one of the few evidences of the old settlement. Several brisk actions took place in and about the precinct. DORCHESTER, a municipal and parliamentary borough, market town, and the capital of Dorsetshire, England, near the river Frome, 141 m. S. W. from London by the London and Southwestern railway; pop. in 1851, 6,394. It contains 3 churches, several schools and charitable institutions, a theatre, large cavalry barracks, and a county museum. It has considerable trade in beer, butter, sheep, and lambs. It was fortified by the Romans, who surrounded it with a wall. Athelstan made it the seat of 2 mints, and during the civil war it witnessed many severe battles. In the vicinity are the remains of a Roman ampitheatre and camp, and of a British station called Maiden castle. DORCHESTER, a river port, and the capital of Westmoreland co., New Brunswick, on the left bank of the Peticodiac river, a little above its mouth in Shepody bay. A valuable, brilliant black inflammable mineral, containing a large quantity of gas of high illuminating power, is found in the vicinity. It is called by some jet coal, and by others is thought to be pure asphaltum. DORDOGNE, a S. W. department of France, composed of portions of the ancient provinces of Guienne, Agenois, Périgord, Limousin, and Angoumois; area, 3,492 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 504,651. It is divided into 5 arrondissements, 47 cantons, and 585 communes. Capital, Péri gueux. A large part of the land is occupied by marshes; nearly are considered unfit for cultivation, but the department is very rich in minerals. Iron, copper, lead, coal, manganese, lithographic stones, and marble are found in large quantities. The surface is hilly, and covered in many places with extensive forests. Chestnuts are abundant, and are cultivated to a considerable extent. Game is plentiful, but cattle, owing to the poorness of the pasture lands, are raised in very small numbers. Red and white wines of good quality are produced; the crops of grain are fair, and the truffles of Dordogne are esteemed the best in France. The principal manufactures are iron, paper, brandy, and liqueurs. The largest rivers are the Dordogne (from which the department is named) and the Vezère, both of which are navigable. DORÉ, PAUL GUSTAVE, a French artist, born in Strasbourg in Jan. 1833. He received his education at the lycée Charlemagne in Paris, and since 1848 has been constantly before the public as a painter of landscape and genre, and as a designer for illustrated editions of Balzac, Rabelais, and other authors. His series illustrating the legend of the "Wandering Jew" (1856) possesses a remarkable grotesqueness and power. The vividness of his imagination frequently, however, leads him into exaggeration. DORIA a family of Genoa, celebrated in history for the great number of distinguished men which it has produced since the 12th century. The influence which this family and that of the Fieschi, the Grimaldi, and the Spinolas exerted upon the destinies of Genoa was so powerful, that the 4 families were called Magna quatuor Prosapia, the Dorias and the Spinolas siding with the Ghibelline party, and the other two with the Guelphs. As early as the 12th century many high offices in the state were held by members of the Doria family, and 4 of them were distinguished admirals before the 14th century. Their fame, however, was eclipsed by ANDREA DORIA, the celebrated ruler of Genoa, and admiral, born in Oneglia, Nov. 30, 1468, died in Genoa, Nov. 25, 1560. In early life he was successively employed in the service of Pope Innocent VIII., of the duke of Urbino, of Ferdinand and Alfonso II. of Naples; and having passed some time in the Holy Land, where he became a member of the order of St. John, he distinguished himself after his return to Italy by his exploits against Gonzalvo de Cordova and the Corsicans. At the beginning of the 16th century he was placed at the head of the navy of Genoa, and soon displayed the remarkable naval abilities for which he was distinguished, especially by clearing the waters of Genoa of pirates and corsairs. When the political troubles in Genoa induced him to remove to Monaco, he showed as much public zeal in his retirement as he had while in power, and fitted out at his own expense 12 galleys which he had taken from the corsairs. When the war between Francis I. and Charles V. broke out, he accepted the command of the French galleys. After defeating the imperial which however was disturbed by the revolution instigated by the Fieschi family. In the first outbreak of 1547 his nephew Gianettino Doria lost his life (which caused Andrea to punish the conspirators with great severity), and Fiesco himself was drowned accidentally. Doria's death, at the age of 92, was deplored as a national calamity, and as the news of it spread over Genoa, the people exclaimed: "Andrea Doria is dead; the republic is left without a champion." The statue erected to him at Genoa bears an inscription characterizing him as "the father of his country." DORIANS, the name by which one of the 4 chief branches of the Hellenes, the descendants of Dorus, son of Hellen, were distinguished in the history of ancient Greece. In the remotest period they appear on the classical ground of fabulous antiquity, between Mount Olympus and Ossa; then, by turns conquering and conquered, in Macedon, on the island of Crete, in Doris, where they founded the Tetrapolis, and in the Peloponnesus, which they entered under the returning Heraclidæ, and where they became masters of Sparta, Argos, and Messenia. They distinguished themselves from other Hellenic tribes, particularly from the Ionians, by a character of dignified solidity, of rigid and often rough gravity. This manifested itself not only in their manners, laws, and institutions, so much in contrast with those of the milder Ionians, but also in their dialect, broad and rough, but strong and solemn, and therefore well suited to sacred hymns and choruses; in the light hunting dress of their women, in the strong and unadorned Doric column, in the warlike sounds of their music, and even in the spirit of the Pythagorean philosophy; while every thing Ionian was marked by a character of softness, elegance, and taste. Colonies of the Dorians flourished in Italy, Sicily, and Asia Minor. The best authority on the Dorians is K. O. Müller, Die Dorier (2d ed. 3 vols., Breslau, 1844). fleet at Marseilles in 1524, and rendering various other signal services to the cause of France, he took umbrage at the attempt of Francis to injure Genoa, by setting up a rival for her in fortifying the city of Savona, and, displeased at the same time with the personal treatment to which he was subjected, he left the French service to join that of Charles V., with whom he stipulated for the freedom of Genoa as the price of his services. By going over to the Spanish Austrian party he paralyzed the progress of the French arms in Italy, and became the deliverer of his country by expelling the French from Genoa. This happened in 1528. After the conclusion of peace on Aug. 5 of the following year, Doria was invested with the supreme power of Genoa, although he declined to accept the official dignity of doge, as this would have prevented him from remaining, as he wished, attached to the service of Charles V. The senate conferred upon him the name of "the father of peace," and ordered a statue to be erected to him and a palace to be placed at his disposal. He inaugurated a new form of government, making the office of doge biennial instead of for life, terminated the fatal dissensions between the Adorni and Fregosi, and recalled the banished members of the Genoese aristocracy, without however granting them on their return any privileges over the other classes of society. While restoring order and governing the affairs of the republic, he continued to render himself useful to Charles V., who appointed him commander-in-chief of his navy, invested him with the order of the golden fleece and the principality of Melfi, and raised the number of his galleys to 22. The favors of the emperor were fully repaid by Doria's achievements in the interests of the empire. In 1532 he took from the Turks the towns of Coron and Patras in Greece, and ravaged the whole coast of that country, compelling the sultan by this diversion to evacuate Austria and Hungary. The conquest of Tunis in 1535 was mainly due to his skill and bravery. In 1536 he took part in the invasion of Provence, captured Toulon, and carried the war to the gulf of Lyons. After the defeat of the imperial army by the French, he accompanied the emperor to Barcelona; and DORIS, now belonging to the eparchy of when, under the auspices of Pope Paul III., a Phocis, in N. Greece, a small mountainous retruce was concluded between the 2 parties, the gion, watered by the Mavropotamo, anciently interview between Charles V. and Francis I. one of the smallest divisions of Hellas, inhabittook place on board of one of Doria's galleys, ed by the Dorians, and bounded by Thessaly, this opportunity serving at the same time to ef- Phocis, Locris, and Ætolia. Of its 4 confedfect a reconciliation between himself and his for- erate cities, the so-called Tetrapolis, built at the mer master, the king of France. In Doria's sub-foot of Mount Eta, none was adorned by great sequent career in the service of Charles his good fortune seems to have abandoned him. In 1539 he neglected to avail himself of his superior force for the purpose of defeating at Prevesa the Turkish fleet under Khair-ed-Deen of Algiers, brother of the famous Barbarossa; and in 1541, during the fatal expedition of Charles to Algiers, he lost 11 of his galleys. On his return to Genoa he applied himself for the rest of his life to the administration of the affairs of the republic, DÖRING, THEODOR, a German actor, born in Warsaw in 1803, since 1840 connected with the royal theatre of Berlin, celebrated for his admirable personations of Mephistopheles, Shylock, Richelieu, and similar characters. names or events of Grecian history. They were soon destroyed by hostile neighbors, and were in ruins in the time of the Romans.-DoRIS in Asia Minor, a part of the coast of Caria, settled by a colony of Dorians, contained a confederacy of 6 cities, which, though dependent at every period of history on some larger state, had, on the promontory of Triopion, a place of national assembly, where festivals and games were celebrated, and common affairs discussed. DORKING, or DARKING, a market town. and parish of Surrey, England, situated in a beautiful valley on the left bank of the Mole, 21 m. S. W. of London; pop. in 1851, 5,996. It is noted for its romantic scenery. The Dorking fowls, celebrated for their excellent qualities, and in such demand for the London market, are supposed to have been introduced here by the Romans. They are usually white or of a partridge color, and have 5 claws on each foot. The neighboring country contains many beautiful residences, among which are Deepdene, the seat of the late Thomas Hope, and the Rookery, where Malthus was born. DORMOUSE, a small rodent of the jerboa family, belonging to the genus myoxus (Gmelin); this genus has since been subdivided, with the addition of the genera muscardinus (Ray) and graphiurus (F. Cuv.). The genus myo.rus has 2 incisors above and below, and 4 molars on each side of each jaw divided by numerous transverse bands; the eyes are large and prominent; the ears large; the whiskers long; no cheek pouches; fore feet with 4 toes and the rudiment of a 5th; hind feet 5-toed; tail long and hairy; fur soft; claws sharp. Dormice live principally on trees, eating fruits, and pass the winter in a state of lethargy, having collected a store of food for use in the spring. All are said by Cuvier to be destitute of a cæcum. The best known species are all European. The largest species, the fat dormouse or Îoir (M. glis, Linn.), is about 6 inches long, of an ashy brown above, whitish below, with brown about the eyes; the whiskers are strong; the tail is hairy its whole length, much like that of a squirrel. This animal resembles the squirrel in its manners, though it is less active, climbing trees with facility, and rarely descending to the ground; it makes a nest of moss in hollow trees, couples in the spring, and brings forth 4 or 5 at a birth; it is confined to the south of Europe, and in Italy has from remote times been used as food. As cold weather approaches, the dormouse rolls itself into a ball, and in this state is found in winter in holes of trees and clefts of rocks; if kept in a warm room during winter, it continues active like ordinary animals; when the thermometer descends to about 48° F. it begins to grow torpid, and becomes entirely so at about 42°; according to the experiments of M. Mangili of Pavia, a temperature in the neighborhood of and below 32° revives the animal. When torpid, it appears as if dead, with the eyes closed, the breathing being suspended for a period of from 5 to 20 minutes, and then renewed for from 15 to 30 respirations, with a corresponding retardation of the circulation; the nature of this state will be more fully discussed in the article HIBERNATION. The garden dormouse, or lerot (M. quercinus, Linn.), is smaller, with a thicker body, more pointed muzzle, and more thinly haired tail; the color is reddish gray above and white below, black round the eyes to the shoulders, tail black with a white tuft. As the name indicates, this species lives in garVOL. VI.-37 dens, and sometimes enters houses; it often does mischief in orchards, always selecting the choicest fruit; it hibernates, 8 or 10 being sometimes found together rolled up in a magazine of food; the scent is like that of the rat, and the flesh is not used as food; it is confined to temperate Europe. The common dormouse (muscardinus avellanarius, Linn.) is not much larger than a mouse, but the head is shorter, the muzzle less pointed, and the eyes larger; the color above is a cinnamon red, and whitish beIow; the tail, as long as the body and flattened horizontally, is covered with hair, quite short, and arranged on each side like the barbs of a feather. This species inhabits the woods, hibernating in the clefts of trees, and is rarely found in gardens or houses. The name dormouse, or sleeping mouse, is best applied to this species, as it most readily falls into the lethargic state, from which it is roused either by a too high or a too low temperature, becoming active in less than half an hour; when awakened, like the other species, it partakes moderately of food. One of these, exposed in a lethargic state to a cold which killed it in 20 minutes, presented on examination the heart, great vessels, and lungs distended and gorged with blood. It is found in temperate Europe, occasionally in England. The cape dormouse (graphiurus capensis, F. Cuv.) is found in South Africa; the length is 73 inches, of which the tail is 3; the color is bluish gray above and whitish below; the muzzle and spots above and behind the ear white, behind the chin rufous; tail bushy and penniform, grayish above and blackish below. -Dormice are kept as pets, and may be fed on all kinds of grain and nuts; the inner part of the cage should be stuffed with fine hay, and the whole kept very clean; in winter they should be kept in a warm room to prevent their going to sleep. DORN, JOHANNES ALBRECHT BERNHARD, & German orientalist, born at Scheuerfeld, SaxeCoburg, May 11, 1805. He was professor of oriental languages at the Russian university of Kharkov from 1829 to 1835, when he removed to St. Petersburg. Since 1843 he has been at the head of the imperial library, and presides over the Asiatic museum, of which he published a description in 1846. He has written several works on the Afghan language and other oriental subjects, and is noted for his knowledge of the history and geography of the Caucasus. DORPAT, DÖRPT, or DERPT, a Russian town, capital of a circle in the N. E. part of the government of Livonia; area of the latter, 4,257 sq. m.; pop. 190,000. The former is situated on the Embach, here crossed by a granite bridge; pop. in 1851, 12,683. It is on the road from Riga to St. Petersburg, and has 2 suburbs bearing the names of those cities. Its distance from the former is 150 m., and from the latter 170. It has a neat and picturesque appearance, being ranged in a semicircle, with clean, well-paved streets, and a spacious market place. The most noteworthy of the public buildings is the univer sity, founded in 1632, when the town belonged to Sweden, by Gustavus Adolphus, suppressed by the Russians in 1656, and reestablished in 1802-23 by the emperor Alexander. Connected with it are a normal school called the Professoren-Institut, founded in 1828, and an observatory which Tycho Brahe rendered famous, and which in modern times has derived additional celebrity from the labors of Struve and other astronomers. The university has a library of about 60,000 volumes, a museum, and a botanical garden. It is held in high repute, and students (numbering from 600 to 700) resort to it from every part of the empire. The rector of the university is now appointed by the emperor; previous to 1851 he was selected by the professors from their own body. Dorpat also contains a college founded in 1589, a number of other schools and academies, handsome law courts, and an ancient cathedral, now partly in ruins. In former times the town was fortified, but the defences have been dismantled and converted into pleasure gardens. It was founded in 1030, and anciently possessed great commercial importance, ranking as one of the Hanse towns. The Teutonic knights took it from the Russians in 1223, and erected it into a bishopric the following year. This rendered it a place of considerable note, and for upward of 3 centuries the bishop exercised almost sovereign power within his diocese. The see was abolished in 1558, when the town passed again into the hands of the Russians. The Poles seized it in 1582, and the Swedes took it from them in 1625. Peter the Great recaptured it in 1704, and it has remained ever since in the possession of Russia. The vernacular language is Esthonian, but the best educated classes speak German. DORR, THOMAS WILSON, an American politician, born in Providence, R. I., in 1805, died there, Dec. 27, 1854. He was the son of Sullivan Dorr, a successful manufacturer, was educated at Phillips academy, Exeter, N. H., and was graduated at Harvard college in 1823. He studied law in New York in the office of Chancellor Kent, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and commenced practice in Providence. Originally a federalist in politics, he became a democrat in 1837. The government of Rhode Island at that time was based upon a charter granted by Charles II. in 1663, and the apportionment of representation in the legislature was greatly at variance with the distribution of population. The elective franchise was limited to the holders of a certain amount of real estate and to their eldest sons. About one third only of the citizens were voters. Mr. Dorr was elected a member of the assembly in 1833-4-5-6"7, and exerted himself to procure the substitution of a liberal constitution in place of the old charter, but his movement for reform obtained in the legislature only 7 out of 70 votes. He resorted to popular agitation, and organized a suffrage party in opposition to the charter party. The suffrage party, after holding several large mass conventions in 1841, called a delegate state convention to frame a new constitution, which was submitted for ratification to the popular vote. It received 14,000 votes, a clear majority of the citizens of the state. The charter party, however, contended that the whole proceeding was seditious, and that a large proportion of these votes were fraudulent. Mr. Dorr and his party assumed that the new constitution was the fundamental law of the state, and proceeded in accordance with it to hold an election for state officers. Mr. Dorr was chosen gov ernor, and a legislature composed exclusively of his supporters was elected, to meet at Providence on the first Monday of May, 1842. The charter party also held a legal election for state officers, polling 5,700 votes, while the suffrage party claimed to have polled 7,300. On May 3, Mr. Dorr's government attempted to organize at Providence and to seize the reins of power. They were resisted by the legal state government, which organized at Newport on the same day, at the head of which was Gov. Samuel W. King. Both sides appealed to arms. Gov. King proclaimed the state under martial law, called out the militia, and asked and obtained the aid of the United States to suppress the insurrection. A precept was issued for the arrest of Mr. Dorr, charged with treason. On May 18 a portion of the suffrage party assembled at Providence under arms, and attempted to seize the arsenal, but dispersed on the approach of Gov. King with a military force. They assembled again to the number of several hundred, May 25, at Chepachet, 10 m. from Providence, but being attacked by the state forces they dispersed without resistance, and the affair was over on the 28th. Mr. Dorr took refuge in Connecticut, and afterward in New Hampshire. A reward of $4,000 was offered for his apprehension by the authorities of Rhode Island. He soon returned to the state, was arrested, tried, and convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He was pardoned in 1847, and in 1853 the legislature restored to him his civil rights, and ordered the record of his sentence to be expunged. He lived to see his state under a liberal constitution, and his party in legal possession of the government. DORSETSHIRE, a maritime co. of England, on the British channel; greatest length from E. to W. 57 m; greatest breadth, 40 m.; area, 987 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 184,207. The seacoast is very irregular, running out in several promontories, and broken by Poole harbor and Weymouth or Melcombe Regis bay. The chief rivers are the Stour, Frome, and Piddle. The face of the country is undulating, there being no mountains, and the highest point, Pillerden Pen, being only 934 feet above the sea. A range of chalk downs, entering the county from Wiltshire on the N., passes S. W. and W. to the border of Somersetshire on the W., and is called the North downs; while a similar range, under the name of South downs, runs S. and S. E. from the W. terminus of the other, nearly par allel with the coast, to Poole harbor. The soil consists mainly of loose sand or gravel, interspersed with clay and chalk, and in some places mixed with these last, the conglomerate thus produced being the most fertile in the county. Beside the chalk formation, Dorsetshire contains pipe, plastic, and potters' clays, and has famous quarries of Portland stone, so called from the locality in which it is found, and which is exported to various parts of England, Ireland, and France. There are no ores nor coal. The downs are employed chiefly as sheep pastures, and it is estimated that the sheep stock amounts to 632,000, and the annual yield of wool to 10,000 packs. The Dorset sheep are noted as a profitable breed, and "Southdown mutton" has a high reputation. There is another and very small breed in the island of Purbeck, much prized by epicures. A large proportion of land is devoted to the use of the dairy. Excellent butter is made, but the cheese is of poor quality. The principal grain crops are wheat and barley. Potatoes, flax, and hemp are also raised, but husbandry is in a backward state. The manufactures comprise silk, woollens, cottons, blankets, canvas, ducks, fabrics of flax, gloves, parchment, buttons, strong beer, ale, and cider. Herrings, salmon, oysters, and large quantities of mackerel are taken off the coast. The chief towns are Dorchester, the county seat, Bridport, Lyme Regis, Weymouth, Poole, Shaftesbury, Wareham, and Sherbourne. Dorset returns 13 members to parliament, 3 of whom are for the county proper. DORSEY, JOHN SYNG, an American physician, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1783, died Nov. 12, 1818. He was educated in his native city at a school belonging to the society of Friends, studied medicine with his relative Dr. Physick, and received the degree of M.D. in 1802. He visited France and England, and returning home in Dec. 1804, began the practice of his profession, in which his success was rapid. In 1807 he was elected adjunct professor of surgery in the Philadelphia medical school, was afterward transferred to the chair of materia medica, and having given 2 courses of lectures on that subject, was chosen to succeed Dr. Wistar in the professorship of anatomy. On the evening after delivering his introductory lecture he was attacked by a fever, and died at the end of a week, having gained at the age of 35 the reputation of one of the first surgeons of America. He contributed valuable papers to several periodicals, and published "Elements of Surgery" (2 vols. 8vo., 1813), which was adopted as a text book in the university of Edinburgh. DORT, or DORDRECHT (Lat. Dordracum), an ancient town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, situated on an island in the Merwede, a river formed by the junction of the Meuse and the Waal; pop. in 1856, 22,000. The advantages of its position, 10 miles from Rotterdam, near the sea, accessible from the Rhine through the Waal, and having easy communica DORT 579 tion with an extensive inland district, have rendered it one of the first commercial towns of Holland. From Liége it receives coal, lime, and millstones. The vineyards on the Rhine supply it with wine, and from Switzerland and upper Germany it obtains timber, which drifts down the river in large rafts like floating islands, and is here collected, serving for ship-building afford plenty of good fish and wild fowl. A flourishing trade is carried on in oil, seeds, grain, and other purposes. The surrounding waters flax, and stock fish. There are oil mills, saw mills, salt and sugar refineries, bleaching grounds, and factories of white lead, tobacco, steel pens, and window glass. The port is excellent. There are canals leading to the interior of the town, and a number of quays. The houses have an exceedingly antiquated appearance; the windows are grotesquely ornamented, and the gable ends generally face the street. The public buildings are numerous, and some of them possess considerable historical interest. Three old houses formerly used as doelens, or places of rendezvous for armed burghers, are still standing. In one of these, now used as a public house, was held the famous Protestant synod of Dort, in 1618-19, which condemned the doctrines of Arminius. The provincial synods of South Holland were held regularly in the same place until 1731, after which they convened in the great church. Another of the doelens has been converted into the third. Among the churches, the chief is St. a court house, and a public school is taught in originally used by the Roman Catholics, and then containing no less than 20 chapels and 40 Mary's, an immense building of great antiquity, altars. It has a square tower of considerable height, and a vaulted stone roof. The pulpit is elaborately sculptured. The church is now held by the Protestants, who have beside 2 other a fine piece of workmanship, of white marble places of worship. There are also a new Roman Catholic church, a congregation of Jansenists, numbering about 100, and a Jewish synbut still in good preservation. Dort also has a agogue. The town hall is a very old building, sical, agricultural, and other schools, an orphan asylum, alms houses, an infirmary, and a lunatic corn exchange, a bank, an artillery arsenal, clasasylum. In 1421 it was involved in a terrible inundation, which is said to have swallowed up 70 villages, and to which the island of Dort owes its formation, the city having previously stood sumed upward of 2,000 houses, including many on the mainland. A conflagration in 1457 conformation the new doctrines, which were so well of the public edifices. At the time of the resupporters here at first, though they were afterreceived in many towns of Holland, found few ward received with avidity. The spot where the reformers first preached in Dort in 1572, beneath the old doelens, is still pointed out to strangers. a linden tree which stood in front of one of The first meeting of the states-general, at which the independence of the United Provinces was declared, was held here during the same year. |
