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the mouth is due principally to the mobility of the intermaxillary and lower jaw bones, especially to the length of the ascending portion of the former. A second species (Z. pungio, Val.) is found in the Mediterranean; in this the spines of the 1st dorsal are much larger, the bifurcated spines along the 2d are 5 or 6 instead of 9 or 10, the osseous plates which bear them are stronger and more oval, and the scapular bone terminates in a large, round, pointed spine; the length is about 17 inches, and the color blackish brown. A species 2 feet long (Z. capensis, Val.) occurs at the cape of Good Hope; another (Z. Japonicus, Val.), of a grayish yellow color, with a deep blue spot, is found in Japan; and still another species in the Australian seas. In June, 1858, Dr. D. H. Storer described the first species of this genus found in American waters, in the "Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" (vol. vi., p. 385); this is the spotted dory (Z. ocellatus, Storer), captured at Provincetown, Mass. The color is cupreous, marked with numerous more or less circular dark spots; the base of the 2d dorsal is longer than that of the 1st; along the dorsal fin are 7 bony spinous plates, along the anal 5, along the abdomen 8, and along the throat 4; the length was 6 inches. The name of dory has been applied in this country to other scomberoid fishes of the genera blepharis (Cuv.), argyreiosus (Lacép.), and vomer (Cuv.), which were included by Linnæus and Bloch in the genus zeus, from which they were separated by Cuvier. These American dories have a very compressed body, and very singular forms. In the genus blepharis the body is sharp on the edges, with a brilliant smooth skin; the dorsal and anal fins have long filamentous rays from 4 to 12 inches in length, which from their resemblance to wax-ends have obtained for them in the West Indies the name of cordonniers (shoemakers). In the genus argyreiosus the 2d and 3d rays, or only the 1st, of one or both dorsals are filamentous; the great perpendicularity of the facial line gives a ridiculously solemn expression to this genus; these fishes are occasionally taken in the waters of New York, and are considered excellent articles of food. The genus vomer has a similar vertical profile and silvery lustre, but no filaments or prolongations of the fins; it is esteemed for food; the V. Brownii (Val.) of the New York coast is from 8 to 12 inches long.

DOUAY, or DOUAI, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name, in the department of Nord, 18 m. S. of Lille; pop. in 1856, 18,777. It is situated on the river Scarpe, and on the northern railway, thus having connection with the principal towns of France and Belgium. It is surrounded by walls, is strongly fortified, and contains several literary and scientific institutions, a public library, school of artillery, an arsenal and cannon foundery belonging to the government, and has manufactories of lace, embroidery, cotton, linen, leather, delft ware, glass, paper, refined sugar, salt, &c., several breweries, distilleries, and oil mills, and an extensive trade. Douay is a very ancient town, and, according to some, existed in the time of the Romans. It was a town of considerable importance when in possession of the counts of Flanders, from whom it came into the power of the king of Spain, and in 1667 passed into the hands of Louis XIV. Though taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1710, it was soon retaken by the French, and its possession was finally confirmed to them by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. During the religious troubles in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, it acquired considerable celebrity as the seat of a Roman Catholic college and ecclesiastical seminary, founded by Dr. William (afterward Cardinal) Allen, for the education of English youths. Studies were commenced at this institution in 1568, and for about 10 years its prosperity was uninterrupted. But in the course of time the townspeople of Douay, then subjects of the king of Spain, grew jealous of their English neighbors, and in spite of the efforts of the magistrates to preserve peace, disturbances were of frequent occurrence. To prevent further mischief the college was removed to Rheims in 1578, where it was protected by the Guise family. In 1593 it was again established at Douay, and remained there until finally broken up by the French revolution in 1793. A translation of the Bible into English was made at this college by Dr. Gregory Martin, assisted by Dr. Allen, Dr. Richard Bristow, and Dr. John Reynolds. The New Testament was published at Rheims in 1582, and the Old Testament at Douay in 1609 and 1610. This is the translation received in the English Roman Catholic church, and known as the Rhemish or Douay version.

also the author of a variety of papers on ornithology, entomology, and zoology, published in the "Entomological Magazine" and elsewhere.

DOUBLOON (Sp. doblon), a well known

gold coin of Spain and Spanish America, originally coined of the same weight and fineness as the Spanish dollar, and valued at $16. Its subdivisions in gold were the half doubloon, the quarter or pistole, the eighth or escudo, and in Spain the sixteenth or veintein. It is still coined in Mexico, Central America, and most of the South American states, but owing to a reduction of fineness is worth only from $15 50 to $15 60 of our money. (See COINS.)

DOUBS, a department on the E. frontier of France, named from the river Doubs, which rises in the Jura, and empties into the Saône; area, 2,020 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 286,888. Its surface is for the most part mountainous, gradually rising from the more level country in the N. W. of the department to the rugged and sterile mountain peaks on the frontier of Switzerland. The principal rivers are the Doubs and the Oignon, though there is a large number of smaller streams. Agriculture is carried on to some extent, but the grain raised is insufficient for the wants of the inhabitants. Much attention is paid to the raising of horses and cattle, and a considerable portion of the department is devoted to pasturage. There are some iron mines, which are worked, and coal, gypsum, building stone, and salt are also produced. The manufactures comprise clocks, paper, leather, woollen and cotton cloth, iron and steel ware, butter, cheese, &c. The climate is somewhat variable, but is on the whole cold, and in the lower parts of the department much rain falls. The country is nevertheless healthy, and the inhabitants vigorous and sturdy. It is divided into 4 arrondissements. Capital, Besançon.

DOUCE, FRANCIS, an English antiquary, born in 1762, died in London, March 30, 1834. He collected a great number of rare books, prints, medals, coins, &c., the most important of which he bequeathed at his death to the Bodleian library. His papers he gave to the British museum, on condition that the box which contained them should not be opened until the year 1900. Mr. Douce contributed some papers to the "Archæologia," and to the "Gentleman's Magazine," and was the author of "Illustrations of Shakespeare and Ancient Manners" (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1807), and a "Dissertation on the Dance of Death" (London, 1833).

DOUGHTY, THOMAS, an American landscape painter, born in Philadelphia, July 19, 1793, died in New York, July 24, 1856. He was apprenticed in his youth to a leather manufacturer, and afterward carried on the business on his own account. A growing taste for art, however, induced him in his 28th year, contrary to the advice of his friends, to become a painter. He had previously attempted a few paintings in oil, which he himself has characterized as "mere daubs," and had received a quarter's tuition in India ink drawing. He practised his profession for many years in the United States, and also in London and Paris. For some years previous to his death his pencil was less active.

DOUGLAS. I. AS. W. co. of Oregon, bounded E. by the Cascade range, and drained by Umpqua river and its branches; pop. in 1858, 2,105. Organized in 1855. Capital, Winchester. II. An E. co. of Nebraska, bounded E. by the Missouri, which separates it from Iowa, and W. by the Platte river. It is drained by Elkhorn, Big Papillon, and Little Papillon rivers. Capital, Omaha City. III. An E. co. of Kansas, bounded N. by Kansas river, and drained by the Waukarusa; area, 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, about 12,000. It consists chiefly of rolling uplands, with a black loamy soil, well timbered, and producing Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sorghum, and hemp. The minerals are coal and carboniferous limestone. The county was settled in 1854, and its name was changed to Lincoln in 1859. Chief towns, Lawrence and Lecompton; the latter is the capital of the territory.

DOUGLAS. I. A seaport town on the E. coast of the isle of Man; pop. in 1851, 9,880. It is the capital of the island, and a watering place of much resort. It has a harbor capable of admitting vessels of 10 or 12 feet draught at high water, and a pier 520 feet in length. Steamers from Liverpool, Glasgow, and various ports of Ireland, often touch here. Ship-building is carried on to some extent, and many of the inhabitants are employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. II. A village and parish of Lanarkshire, Scotland, on a river of the same name; pop. in 1851, 2,611. The parish is owned almost entirely by the heir-at-law of the Douglas family, who takes from this place his title of baron. The duke of Hamilton is marquis of Douglas. Near the village are the ruins of the ancient church of St. Bride, noted for its numerous family tombs, among which is a monument to "the good Lord James," the friend of Robert Bruce and the hero of Sir Walter Scott's tale, "Castle Dangerous."

DOUGLAS, a Scottish family, once so powerful that it passed into a proverb: "No man may touch a Douglas, nor a Douglas's man, for if he do, he is sure to come by the waur (worse)." The family has been connected with the most distinguished nobles of England, Scotland, France, and Sweden, and has intermarried 11 times with the royal houses of Scotland, once with that of England, and in 1841 with a princess of Baden. It held for a time the earldom of Athol, and one of its members acquired in the 14th century the title of earl of Douglas and Mar. The earls of Angus afterward became the heads of the family, and the 11th of that title was created marquis of Douglas in 1633, while another branch acquired the earldom of Queensberry. The 3d marquis was made a duke, but dying without issue the title of marquis of Douglas fell to the duke of Hamilton, and the chief dignities of the family are now held by the houses of Buccleugh and Queensberry. Baron James Douglas of Douglas was a son of Archibald Stewart, nephew of Archibald, duke of Douglas, whose legitimacy was contested by the duke of Hamilton; it being alleged on Stewart's behalf that he was one of a pair of twins born in Paris,

July 10, 1748, when his mother was in her 51st year; the other twin was said to have died in infancy. The Scotch courts determined in favor of Hamilton, but the house of lords reversed the judgment. This suit, known as the Douglas case, was one of the most extraordinary ever litigated in Great Britain. Mr. Stewart was elevated to the peerage as Baron Douglas in 1790. Baron James, the late peer, died April 6, 1857, when this title became extinct, and the estates devolved on his half sister, Lady Montagu. Among the present representatives of the great Douglas family is Sir Robert Douglas, an officer in the army, born July 19, 1837.

DOUGLAS, DAVID, a British botanist, born in Scone, Scotland, in 1798, killed in the Sandwich islands, July 12,1834. Having been employed as a laborer in the Glasgow botanic garden, his intelligence attracted the notice of Dr. (afterward Sir William) Hooker, who procured for him an appointment as botanical collector to the horticultural society of London. In this capacity he travelled extensively in America; in 1824 explored the Columbia river and California, and in 1827 traversed the continent from Fort Vancouver to Hudson's bay, where he met Sir John Franklin, and returned with him to England. He made a second visit to the Columbia in 1829, and afterward went to the Sandwich islands. His death was caused by falling into a pit made to entrap wild cattle, where he was killed and mutilated by an animal previously entrapped. Through his agency 217 new species of plants were introduced into England. He collected 800 specimens of the California flora. A gigantic species of pine which he discovered in California is named after him pinus Douglasii.

DOUGLAS, GAWIN, or GAVIN, a Scottish poet, bishop of Dunkeld, youngest son of Archibald, 5th earl of Angus, born in Brechin about 1474, died of the plague in London in 1521 or 1522. He was educated for the church, partly in Scotland and partly at Paris, and when 22 years of age was appointed rector of Hawick. While in this office he translated into verse Ovid's "Remedy of Love." In 1501 he addressed to King James IV. the "Palace of Honor," an allegory which resembles so much in structure the "Pilgrim's Progress," that Bunyan has been thought to have borrowed the idea of his work from that of the Scotch bishop. In 1509 he was appointed provost of St. Giles's, Edinburgh. At the solicitation of Lord Sinclair, who afterward fell at Flodden, he translated the neid into Scottish verse. The original issue bears the title page: "The xiii. bukes of Eneados of the famose poet Virgill, translatet out of Latyne verses into Scottish metir, bi the Reuerend Father in God, Mayster Gawin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkel, & vnkil to the Erle of Angus: euery buke hauing hys perticular prologe (4to., London, 1558). This work was written in 16 months and finished in 1513, though first printed 40 years later. It is praised for its spirit and fidelity. The 13th book was the production of Mapheus Vegius. In Sept. 1513,

The

"the provost of St. Giles," as he was now called, accompanied the king to Flodden field, where his 2 elder brothers, the master of Angus and Sir William Douglas, with 200 gentlemen of their name, were slain. Soon afterward the earl his father died of grief. chief of Douglas was now the young earl of Angus, nephew of Gawin. This youth married the queen regent, and was the means of Gawin's obtaining the abbacy of Aberbrothwick, and a nomination to the archbishopric of St. Andrew's, which would have made him head of the church in Scotland. The pope would not assent to this appointment, and as the partisans of the various candidates appealed to arms, it ended in Gawin's abbacy being taken from him. Thereupon the queen made him bishop of Dunkeld, in 1515. On taking possession of his see he found it in armed possession of the earl of Athol's brother, Andrew Stewart. Douglas's friends rallied in force and took the cathedral, after which the contention went on for years between the rival families of Angus and Hamilton, and in April, 1520, both families met in Edinburgh to fight it out. Bishop Gawin, foreseeing bloodshed, besought Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, a partisan of the Hamiltons, to prevent the fray. The archbishop, who was in canonical habit, struck his hand on his breast and declared on his conscience that he knew nothing of any attempted violence. Unfortunately the archbishop had armor under his gown, intending himself to take part in the fight; his gesture of asseveration caused the steel to clash. Methinks," said Douglas drily, "your conscience clatters." Douglas's intercessions were of no avail; the forces of the rival lords met. Hamilton was defeated, and the bishop had the revenge, later in the day, of saving the life of Beaton, whom the victors were about to slay on the altar of Blackfriars' church. Next year the regent Albany called the Angus party to account, and the earl, with Gawin and the chief men of his name, were forced to fly to England, where Henry VIII. received them well, and allowed Gawin a pension. An allegorical poem of his, entitled "King Hart," was left in manuscript, and published by Pinkerton in his "Ancient Scottish Poems," 1788. According to Hallam, "the character of Douglas's original poetry seems to be that of the middle ages in general— prolix, though sometimes animated, description of sensible objects." Warton thinks, on the contrary, that his metrical prologues are often highly poetical, and show that Douglas's proper walk was original poetry."

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DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD, an English general, born in Gosport, Hampshire, July 1, 1776. He entered the army at an early age, served in Walcheren, and in the Spanish and Portuguese campaigns in 1808-'9-11-'12. He succeeded his brother as 3d baronet, May 24, 1809. In 1823 he was appointed governor of New Brunswick, and held that office until 1829, in which year he received the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. He was lord high commissioner

of the Ionian islands from 1835 to 1840, and member of parliament for Liverpool from 1842 to 1847. He was raised to the rank of general in 1851. Sir Howard is the author of several valuable works on military science, among which are an essay "On the Construction of Military Bridges," &c. (1817), and "A Treatise on Naval Gunnery" (1819). In a 4th edition of the latter work, published in 1855, he reviewed very severely the military operations in the Crimea. DOUGLAS, JOHN, D.D., an English prelate, born in Pittenweem, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1721, died in Salisbury, May 18, 1807. He was chaplain to a regiment of foot guards serving in Flanders, was present at the battle of Fontenoy (1745), and was employed by Gen. Campbell in carrying orders. After having held various ecclesiastical benefices, chiefly through the patronage of the earl of Bath, in 1781 he was chosen president of Sion college; in 1787 was made bishop of Carlisle; in the succeeding year became dean of Windsor; and in 1792 was translated to the see of Salisbury. He was a member of the royal society, and vice-president of the antiquarian society. Beside an early literary effort entitled "A Vindication of Milton from the charge of Plagiarism," Dr. Douglas wrote many religious and political pamphlets. He also superintended in 1762 the publication of the 2d Lord Clarendon's "Diary and Letters;" in 1777, Lord Hardwick's "Miscellaneous Papers," and Capt. Cook's second voyage; and in 1781, Capt. Cook's last voyage. His religious writings were several anniversary sermons; the "Criterion, or Miracles Examined," intended as a vindication of the Christian miracles from the attacks of Hume; with sundry controversial discourses against the Hutchinsonians, Methodists, and other sects. He was a member of the club instituted by Dr. Johnson, and is accordingly mentioned by Boswell and Goldsmith.

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD, an American statesman, born at Brandon, Rutland co., Vt., April 23, 1813. His father was a native of the state of New York, and a physician of considerable reputation. He died suddenly of apoplexy when his son Stephen Arnold was but little more than 2 months old. The widow, with her infant and a daughter only 18 months older, retired to a farm which she had inherited conjointly with an unmarried brother. At the age of 15 her son, who had received a good common school education, desired to prepare for college; but his family proving unable to bear the requisite expense, he left the farm, determined to earn his own living, and engaged himself as an apprentice to the trade of cabinet making, at which he worked a year and a half, partly at Middlebury and partly at Brandon, when his health became so impaired by the severity of the labor that he abandoned the occupation altogether. He has often since said that the happiest days of his life were passed in the workshop. He now entered the academy at Brandon as a student, and remained there a year. His mother about this time was married

to Mr. Granger, of Ontario co., N. Y., to whose son her daughter had been previously married. Young Douglas removed with his mother to Canandaigua, and entered as a student the academy of that place, in which he continued till 1833. He studied law in the office of the Messrs. Hubbell, at the same time that he pursued his academical course, having finally adopted that as his profession. In the spring of 1833 he went to the West in search of an eligible place in which to establish himself as a lawyer. At Cleveland he was detained the whole summer by severe illness, after his recovery from which he went to Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Jacksonville, Ill. At Jacksonville he found his funds reduced to 373 cents, and accordingly walked to Winchester, a little town 16 miles distant, where he hoped to get employment as a school teacher. He found there a large crowd assembled to attend the auction sale of the stock of a deceased trader. The auctioneer was without a clerk to keep the account of the sale, and perceiving that Mr. Douglas, who stood among the spectators, looked like a man who could write and keep accounts, requested him to serve in that capacity. Mr. Douglas consented, and acted as clerk during the three days of the sale, receiving for his services $6. With this capital in hand he promptly opened a school, and obtained 40 pupils, whom he taught for 3 months at $3 a quarter, devoting his evenings to the study of some law books which he had borrowed in Jacksonville, and on Saturday afternoons practising in petty cases before the justice of peace of the town. In March, 1834, he opened an office and began practice in the higher courts, for which, after examination, he had obtained license from the judges of the supreme court. He was remarkably successful at the bar, as may be inferred from the fact that within a year from his admission, while not yet 22 years of age, he was elected by the legislature attorney-general of the state. This office he resigned in Dec. 1835, in consequence of having been elected to the legislature by the democrats of Morgan co. He took his seat in the house of representatives, the youngest member of that body. In 1837 he was appointed by President Van Buren register of the land office at Springfield, Ill., a post which he resigned in 1839. In Nov. 1837, Mr. Douglas received the democratic nomination for congress, although he was under 25 years of age, and consequently ineligible. He however attained the requisite age before the day of election, which was the 1st Monday in Aug. 1838. His congressional district was then the most populous one in the United States, and the canvass was conducted with extraordinary zeal and energy. Upward of 36,000 votes were cast, and the whig candidate was declared to be elected by a majority of 5 only. A number of ballots sufficient to have changed the result were rejected by the canvassers because the name of Mr. Douglas was incorrectly spelled. After this defeat, which under the circumstances was claimed by his friends as a victory,