still more severe trial at the beginning of the present century as the head-quarters alternately of Napoleon and of the Russian and Prussian army. The memorable battle of Dresden, in which Napoleon finally achieved a brilliant but bloody victory over the allies, took place Aug. 24-27, 1813, under the walls of the town. In 1830 we find the city convulsed by a local revolution, the people insisting upon municipal reform, which was granted by the charter of Sept. 4, 1831. The revolution of 1849 also proved disastrous to Dresden. The opera house and a part of the Zwinger were then burned, and other damage was inflicted upon the town. From all this, however, Dresden has since fully recovered. The whole aspect of the city bears the impress of an ancient and thorough civilization. It is surrounded by promenades, pleasure grounds, &c., and consists of 3 portions: the Altstadt, or old town, with its 3 suburbs; the Friedrichsstadt, separated from the former by the Weisseritz brook; and the Neustadt, or new town, on the right or N. bank of the Elbe, connected with the other divisions by 2 fine bridges, one of which, 420 feet long, with 16 arches, received from Jean Paul Richter the name of "Dresden's triumphal arch;" the other, the "bridge of Mary," completed in 1852, is crossed by the railway to Prague. There are about 20 churches, some of great beauty, as for instance, the Frauen-Kirche and Sophien-Kirche for Protestants, and a church for Roman Catholics built after a design of Gaetano Chiaveri, with a famous organ, 50 statues of saints by Mattielli, a great altarpiece by Rafael Mengs, and other works of art. The Jews worship in a magnificent synagogue, and religious service in the Wendish language is held in the Kreuz-Kirche for the benefit of the Wendish residents of the city. The educational institutions of Dresden attract many students from foreign lands. In addition to the military academies, polytechnic institute, and medical institutions, there are 14 public schools, with a staff of about 200 teachers, including a gymnasium, 2 primary schools, 4 district schools, 4 local schools, 4 free schools for the poor, beside the seminaries connected with religious denominations, of which the Protestants have over 70. A reformatory institute for children, or ragged school, was founded in 1828, while at the same time a missionary enterprise to prevent crime among children was set on foot by the Pestalozzi association (Pestalozzistift). Foremost in beneficent influences among the many charitable institutions of Dresden are the Frauenverein, or association of ladies; the Verein für Rath and That (a society for dispensing advice and assistance); the Verein für's Leben (a society for supplying means of subsistence), which was founded in 1848; and the Suppenhaus (soup house), established in 1851. Commercial and industrial ac tivity is not great in Dresden, Leipsic and the manufacturing districts almost monopolizing the trade of the country. The capital, however, presents a fair array of establishments in

various branches of industry, its chief manufactures being glass, porcelain, earthenware, mirrors, mathematical and musical instruments, jewelry, gloves, silks, laces, gold and silver thread, painters' colors, white lead, soap, maccaroni, leather, carpets, cotton goods, and straw hats. It has also distilleries, breweries, a sugar refinery, a bell foundery, and a bomb and cannon foundery. The growing trade in cereals called for the establishment of a corn exchange in 1850. The fine chinaware which takes its name from Dresden is not made here, but in the neighboring town of Meissen. There are 3 associations for the promotion of trade and industry, 5 for various branches of science, and many other educational and humanitarian associations. About 26 newspapers and magazines are published there. Beside the many musical associations which have contributed powerfully in promoting the art and love of music in Germany, the city possesses a musical school in the Catholic or royal church, in which high mass is celebrated every Sunday, accompanied by an orchestra from the opera, led by the first masters of the art. Italian opera was predominant at Dresden until 1817, when the compositions of Weber and the performances of Madame Schröder-Devrient inaugurated a new and prosperous era for the German opera. The Dresden theatre is one of the most beautiful of Germany. The city has 27 public squares and a great number of splendid monuments. The railway depots are, as usual in Germany, buildings of great magnificence. Dresden has many superb palaces, espe cially the Brühl palace, formerly belonging to the minister of that name, afterward used as a residence by Napoleon, and since 1857 as that of the dowager queen Marie. Its chief beauty lies in the pleasure ground on its rear, which is called Brühl's terrace, and is the most fashionable and attractive public park of Dresden. Another favorite resort is the park adjoining the Japanese palace, so called from some oriental figures which adorn it, and occasionally called Augusteum, in commemoration of Augustus II., who originally laid it out. The academy of fine arts has been in operation since 1764, and consists of 3 different sections and a school for architects, which was added to it in 1819. The Japanese palace contains the museum of antiquities, occupying 10 saloons, a cabinet of coins, a porcelain cabinet containing more than 60,000 pieces of china, and the public library, consisting of about 300,000 volumes, 2,800 MSS., 20,000 geographical maps, 182,000 pamphlets, &c. Beside this and many private libraries, there is a library of 20,000 volumes in the palace of the princes, where there is also a cabinet of engravings, of porcelains, and of pictures. The Zwinger, a group of buildings surrounding an enclosure planted with orange trees and erected by Augustus II. as a vestibule to a new palace, contain the historical museum, formerly called the armory, celebrated for its splendid array of armor, and the cabinet of natural history. In the same building is a collection of mathemati

cal and scientific instruments. In the chapel of the royal palace are paintings by Rembrandt, N. Poussin, A. Carracci, and Reni, while the throne room is embellished with large fresco paintings by Bendemann. Opening upon the yard of the royal palace is the celebrated green vault (Das grüne Gewölbe), containing an immense collection of precious stones, pearls, and works of art in gold, silver, amber, and ivory, which are arranged in 8 apartments, each exceeding the previous one in the richness of its contents. Their value is said to be over $5,000,000. The picture gallery, however, is the gem of the city. The present handsome red sandstone building, begun in 1846 and opened in 1855, forms one side of the Zwinger, and contains over 1,500 paintings, among which are Raphael's "Madonna di San Sisto," Correggio's "Night," Andrea del Sarto's "Sacrifice of Abraham," Leonardo da Vinci's "Francesco Sforza," 5 paintings of Titian, 14 of Rubens, 21 of Vandyke, and many celebrated works of Italian, Flemish, Dutch, French, and German masters of the ancient and modern schools. The best German work of art is Hans Holbein's "Virgin," and the best French are Claude Lorraine's landscapes. In the same building is the collection of plaster casts made by Rafael Mengs of statues of antiquity, and of the Elgin marbles in the British museum. Forming a supplement to the picture gallery is the collection of engravings, containing works of art of the highest value. It comprises about 300,000 plates, and is considered the finest collection of copperplates in Europe. In the 2d story of the Brühl palace are 6 pieces of tapestry executed after designs by Raphael, and a collection of 50 landscapes by Canaletto. Dresden is chiefly indebted to its art treasures for the high reputation which it enjoys at home and abroad, and for the name of the "Florence of Germany" which was conferred upon it by Herder. (See Lindau, Geschichte der Stadt Dresden, 1857.) ̧

DREUX (anc. Durocasis, or Durocasses), a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, on the Blaise near its junction with the Eure, 20 m. N.N. W. from Chartres; pop. in 1856, 6,187. It has grain markets and tanneries, but little other trading or manufacturing industry. The beautiful chapel built to serve as the mausoleum of the Orleans family occupies the site of the church of St. Stephen, erected in 1142, and demolished in 1793. Dreux was captured and burned by the English in 1188, and again taken by them in 1424. In 1562 the Catholic army of Charles IX. and the Protestants under the prince of Condé fought in its neighborhood a very bloody battle, in which Condé was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry IV. of France took it in 1593 after an obstinate siege, since which it has been of less political importance.

DREW, a S. E. co. of Ark., drained by Bartholomew bayou; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1854, 4,337, of whom 1,541 were slaves. It has a nearly level surface, and a fertile soil. A great part of the land is covered by forests of

cypress, ash, &c. The staple productions are cotton, grain, sweet potatoes, and grass, and in 1854 the county yielded 3,731 bales of cotton, 137,970 bushels of Indian corn, and 12,470 of oats. Capital, Monticello.

DREW, SAMUEL, a Methodist divine, born in the parish of St. Austell, Cornwall, England, March 3, 1765, died March 29, 1833. At the age of 10 he was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and while engaged in learning his trade he learned to read. One of the first books that attracted his attention was Locke's "Essay." Next he read Franklin's "Way to Wealth." In 1787 he commenced business on his own account, and made an attempt to study astronomy, but was not able to advance in that science in consequence of his ignorance of mathematics. His attention was next directed to the study of natural history, but not being able to obtain the requisite books he abandoned it, and resolved to devote his attention to mental philosophy. His first publication was an answer to Paine's "Age of Reason" (1798), which at once brought him into notice. His next work was an "Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul" (8vo. 1802), which had passed through 8 editions in 1848, and has been translated into French. Then followed a work on the "Identity and General Resurrection of the Human Body" (8vo., 1809), and another on the "Being and Perfections of God" (2 vols. 8vo.). In his 24th year he became a local preacher among the Wesleyan Methodists. He was a man, in the language of Dr. Adam Clarke, "of primitive simplicity of manners, amiableness of disposition, piety toward God and benevolence to men, seldom to be equalled; and for reach of thought, keenness of discrimination, purity of language, and manly eloquence, not to be surpassed in any of the common walks of life." His last literary production was a "Life of Dr. Coke," written in 1817.

DROGHEDA, a town and port of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, counties of Meath and Louth, on the river Boyne, 4 m. from its mouth, and 32 m. N. from Dublin, by rail; pop. in 1851, 16,845. It was for a long time strongly fortified, and from an early period till about the close of the 17th century was always regarded as a post of great importance by the English. It was for three centuries the principal rendezvous of the numerous troops marched by government against the refractory and rebellious chieftains of Ulster and Leinster. It was gallantly defended in the civil wars of 1641 against a large besieging force under Sir Phelim O'Neill. It was stormed by Cromwell in 1649, and on account of the carnage then inflicted the name of the great protector is still abhorred by the inhabitants. În 1690 the town held out against the troops of King William III. until after the victory achieved by them at the famous battle of the Boyne, fought 2 miles from its walls, and which is commemorated by an obelisk 150 feet high raised upon the very spot where the aged Schomberg fell. Few of the

ancient fortifications of the town remain. The only perfect specimen is the St. Lawrence gate, consisting of 2 lofty round towers with the low gateway between. The Magdalen's steeple, a square structure of elegant proportions, is all that remains of a Dominican convent founded in 1224. Among many other ruins of old religious institutions are those of a Carmelite convent, and of a hospital of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. The town is now the seat of extensive cotton and linen manufactories, tanneries, and breweries, and has considerable trade in corn and cattle. Its harbor has been much improved within a few years, and vessels of 250 tons can discharge at the quay. Steamers ply constantly between Drogheda and Liverpool, and a railway connects the town with Dublin. The registered shipping of the port in 1856 was 54 vessels of 6,018 tons; the entrances were 804 vessels, tonnage 107,123; clearances 634, tonnage 110,331.

DROITWICH (anc. Salina), a parliamentary and municipal borough of Worcestershire, England, 1324 m. by rail N. W. of London, pleasantly situated in the vale of the Salwarpe; pop. of the parliamentary borough in 1851, 7,096. It is celebrated for its salt works, which have been in operation for 1,000 years, and yield 50,000 or 60,000 tons of salt a year. The product of these works is shipped mostly to Gloucester by a canal upward of 6 m. in length, connecting with the river Severn. The brine contains 33 per cent. of salt, and is obtained from wells sunk within the town. Baths are established here for gouty and rheumatic invalids. It returns one member to the house of commons.

DROME, a department in the S. E. of France, formed of parts of Dauphiné and Provence, traversed by a navigable river of the same name, by the Isère, and by other affluents of the Rhone, and situated on the left shore of the latter river; area, 2,519 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 324,760, comprising more Protestants than any other French department. Toward the E. are many picturesque and high mountains, the most celebrated of which are the Montagne inaccessible and the Montaiguille. The department produces famous wines, especially red Hermitage, which is made near the little town of Tain on the Rhone, and is also celebrated for its melons and truffles. Orange, olive, and chestnut trees abound here, and above all the mulberry tree, and the production of silk is consequently the principal industry of the department. With the exception of the fertile and beautiful valley of the Rhone, the soil is not favorable to agriculture, but mineral wealth, including iron, copper, and lead, is not inconsiderable; the mountains and forests abound with game, and apart from the important trade in wine, fruits, and silks, there are various manufactories of porcelain, bricks, beet root sugar, &c. This department comprises 4 arrondissements, 25 cantons, and 362 communes, and forms part of the 3d military division established in 1858, of which Lyons is the headquarters. Capital, Valence.

DROMEDARY. See CAMEL.

DRONTHEIM, or TRONDHJEM (Lat. Nidrosia), an E. province of Norway; area, about 18,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 227,343. It comprises the districts of N. and S. Drontheim and part of Romsdal. N. Drontheim lies between Nordland, the Drontheim fiord, the mountains which divide it from Sweden, and the Atlantic; area, 8,832 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 73,571. It is watered by the river Namsen. Chief town, Levanger. S. Drontheim occupies the S. shore of Drontheim fiord, and is bounded S. by the bishopric of Aggershuus or Christiania, and W. by Romsdal; area, 7,210 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 96,304. Its largest rivers are the Nid-Elv, Guul-Elv, and Oerkel-Elv, and the chief town and capital of the whole province is Drontheim. Romsdal, part of which is included in the province of Bergen, occupies the S. W. part of the territory. The whole of Drentheim proper is mountainous, and much of it is well wooded. The coasts are indented by numerous bays, the most important of which is the Drontheim fiord, running 60 m. inland in an E. and N. E. direction, but describing with its windings a curve of 90 m., and the surface is dotted over with lakes. The inhabitants are engaged chiefly in the fisheries, cattle raising, iron mining, and to some extent in agriculture, but little grain is raised. Fruit, hops, flax, and hemp are the principal crops.-DRONTHEIM, the capital of the province, and the third of the cities of Norway in importance and population, is situated in lat. 63° 25' N., and long. 10° 23' E., on a small gulf near the outlet of the river Nid, by which river and the sea it is almost entirely surrounded; pop. in 1855, 16,012. The most interesting edifice is the cathedral of St. Oluf, founded in the 11th century; and though dilapidated, the little of it that remains and forms part of the present cathedral is sufficient to show that it was originally a magnificent Gothic structure. The harbor of Drontheim is not deep, and is frequented only by small vessels. Its trade consists chiefly in exports of masts for vessels, of copper and iron, goat skins, and dried and salted fish. It has a public library, a collection of medals, a museum, and a Norwegian society of the arts and sciences, founded in 1760. The refined society and beautiful women of this city are much celebrated. Upon a rock in the midst of the harbor is the fortress of Munkholm, at first an ancient abbey, then a state prison, and now the chief fortification of the city on the sea side. On the land side Drontheim is commanded by a succession of picturesque heights. It was founded in 997, and for a long time was the residence of the kings of Norway, who in the 12th century were consecrated and crowned in its cathedral. it was formerly built only of wood, it has suffered from repeated conflagrations, and been several times almost entirely reduced to ashes. The last conflagration took place in 1857.

As

DROPSY, a collection of serous fluid occurring in one or more of the closed cavities of the

body or in the cellular tissue, independent of inflammation. Inflammations of serous membranes, pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis, &c., are often attended with copious effusion; but the effusion here depends immediately upon the inflammation, and consists of the liquor sanguinis, not of serum alone. Dropsy is a symptom and not a disease, and is caused either by pressure exerted upon some part or the whole of the venous system, or by an altered state of the blood. In the vast majority of cases dropsy depends upon disease of the liver, the heart, or the kidneys. From the peculiarity of the hepatic circulation (see LIVER), when cirrhosis of the liver exists, the venous system of all the abdominal viscera becomes congested, and that congestion finally relieves itself by an effusion of serum into the sac of the peritoneum. In this way the swell ing in ascites, dependent upon cirrhosis, begins in the abdomen, and the legs only become swollen secondarily. A scirrhus or other tumor by which the vena portæ is compressed produces dropsy exactly in the same manner as cirrhosis. When there is disease of the heart, that organ has more or less difficulty in emptying itself of the blood which is thrown into it; the difficulty commonly commences at the left side of the heart, and congestion of the lungs is a consequence; finally the right side becomes affected, there is congestion of the general venous system, and swelling takes place in the more dependent parts of the body; the great cavities, the abdomen and the chest, are afterward involv ed, and the dropsy becomes general. In Bright's disease the cause of the dropsy is probably to be sought in the deteriorated character of the blood (see ALBUMINURIA); in many cases disease of the heart is added to the affection of the kidneys, and increases the tendency to dropsy. Chlorosis, severe hemorrhages, any cachexia by which the character of the blood is greatly altered, are apt to be attended with more or less serous effusion into the cellular tissue. The treatment of dropsies is spoken of under the diseases of which they form a symptom.

DROSOMETER (Gr. Sporos, dew, and peTрov, measure), any instrument for measuring the quantity of dew that falls upon a definite area during the night. Dr. Wells, in his experiments upon dew, employed dry wool for this purpose, its increase of weight giving the quantity. Weidler made use of the bent lever balance, the pan being a plate of glass upon which the moisture condensed, and by its weight raised proportionally the counterpoise. The rain gauge may easily be made to serve the same purpose, the moisture being collected in the tube.

DROSTE, ANNETTE ELISABETH, Baroness Hülshoff, a German lyrical poetess, born Jan. 12, 1798, near Münster, died May 24, 1848, in a villa near the lake of Constance. Her whole life was consecrated to religion, study, and poetry. The feebleness of her health prevented her from mixing much with society, and, with the exception of a short stay at Bonn and Cologne in 1825, she passed most of her time in retirement in the

country. Her poems were published at Stuttgart in 1844. She left many compositions, of which Das geistliche Jahr nebst einem Anhang religiöser Gedichte appeared in 1852. Medwin has translated some of her poetry into English. DROUET, JEAN BAPTISTE, a member of the French convention, and the captor of Louis XVI., born in Sainte-Menehould, department of Marne, Jan. 8, 1763, died in Mâcon, April 11, 1824. After having served for 7 years as a common soldier, he returned to his native town, where he assisted his father, who was at the head of the post office. In the evening of June 21, 1791, the members of the royal family, on their flight to the frontier, stopped at the town for the purpose of changing horses, when Jean Baptiste identified the lady who travelled under the name of Baroness de Korff as Marie Antoinette, and the gentleman who accompanied her as Louis XVI., and caused them to be arrested. For this the national assembly voted him a reward of $6,000, which he is believed to have refused, and in Sept. 1792, he was chosen member of the convention by his native department. Here he became one of the most violent of the terrorists. He voted for the immediate death of the king, and on July 20, 1793, he proposed a wholesale butchery of the English residents of France. On Sept. 5 following he called upon the convention to organize a revolutionary army. In the same month he was sent by the convention on a mission to the northern army, where he fell into the hands of the enemy, who consigned him to the fortress of Spielberg in Moravia. This added to his popularity, and after having recovered his liberty in Dec. 1795, he was on his return to Paris received with every demonstration of enthusiasm, and not only declared eligible as a member of the council of 500, but appointed secretary of that body. He joined Babeuf's conspiracy, and was imprisoned, but made his escape. After the advent of Napoleon he dropped his republican convictions, became a sub-prefect, and fought in 1814 against the allies. During the Hundred Days he represented his department in the chamber of deputies, but under the restoration he was expelled from France. He succeeded, however, in passing the remainder of his life at Mâcon under the fictitious name of Merger. He was only identified after his death.

DROUET D'ERLON, JEAN BAPTISTE, Count, a French general, born in Rheims, July 29, 1765, died in Paris, Jan. 25, 1844. A private soldier in 1792, he had risen in 1803 to the rank of lieutenant-general, and fought bravely at the siege of Dantzic, at Jena, and at Friesland in 1807, on which occasion he was severely wounded. Napoleon conferred on him the title of count of Erlon and a pension of $5,000. Subsequently he took a part in the conflicts in the Tyrol and in Spain, and was raised to the peerage in 1815, but Napoleon found fault with him at Waterloo. After the fall of the empire he lived in Germany until 1825, when he was permitted to return to France. He was reinstated in his

position as peer in 1831, and officiated as governor-general of Algeria in 1834 and 1835. DROUYN DE LHUYS, ÉDOUARD, a French diplomatist, born in Paris, Nov. 19, 1805. He made his début under Louis Philippe as secretary of legation at Madrid; became chargé d'affaires in Holland; in 1836 returned to Madrid; in 1840 he was placed at the head of the commercial bureau in the French ministry of foreign affairs; in 1842 he was elected member of the chamber of deputies, in which capacity he voted, in 1845, against the government on the Pritchard indemnity question. This hostile vote led to his immediate dismissal from office. He then became one of the most active opponents of Guizot and the government of Louis Philippe, and was a prominent orator at the memorable reform banquets. After the revolution of 1848 he was elected to the constituent assembly, and subsequently officiated as minister of foreign affairs, and as ambassador in England. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2 he adhered to Louis Napoleon, and under the empire was once more made minister of foreign affairs. He took the task of asking the European governments to recognize the new emperor. Afterward he took also a conspicuous part in the negotiations relating to the Crimean war. He attended on behalf of France the peace conference at Vienna, where he evinced a readiness to side with the Austrian view of the question, which led to the appointment, May 7, 1855, of Count Walewski as his successor. Since then he has taken no prominent part in public affairs. DROWNING. The specific gravity of the human body is very little greater than that of water, for though the muscles and the bones are heavier (the one being 1.085, the other 2.01), the fat (0.92) is specifically lighter, and the air with in the thorax tends to restore the equilibrium. Owing to this, a very slight exertion enables a person to keep himself at the surface of the water; but any part of the person, an arm, &c., raised out of the fluid, acts like a weight imposed upon the rest of the body, and thus inexperienced persons are drowned by their own struggles. Death takes place by asphyxia; the blood in the lungs being unchanged by the action of air, the circulation through these organs is obstructed, and the blood becomes charged with carbon; insensibility is rapidly induced, and death takes place, frequently preceded by convulsive movements. The period during which the submersion may continue without death taking place varies in different persons. Dr. Lefèvre of Rochefort states that there was none among the Navarino sponge divers who could remain under water for 2 consecutive minutes; while according to Mr. Marshall, the best pearl divers of Ceylon rarely were submerged more than 50 seconds. But, according to some authorities, the divers of Ceylon have been known to remain 6 minutes under water; and Franchère, in his "Narrative of a Voyage to the N. W. Coast of America," states that he saw two Sandwich islanders dive in 14 fathoms of water, and that by his watch and those of his

companions the time they remained under water was 4 minutes. In some instances bodies submerged but a minute, in despite of all attempts at restoration, have been found completely lifeless, while there are many cases on record in which recovery has taken place after a submersion of 5 minutes. In the "London Medical Gazette," vol. xxxi., a case is given of recovery after 14 minutes' submersion; the time here was calculated, but the circumstances render the calculation exceedingly probable. Cases of recovery are related after submersion for or of an hour, but they are not sufficiently well authenticated. The explanation of recovery after prolonged submersion has been sought in the occurrence of fainting at the moment of the fall, and it is certain that during syncope the demand for air is very much diminished.—When the body is recovered a few hours after drowning, the skin is cold and pale, presenting sometimes patches of livid discoloration; the expression is placid, the eyes half open, the pupils dilated, the tongue swollen and pressed forward, and the lips and nostrils covered by a mucous froth; the fingers are sometimes found torn and abraded, and the hand grasping gravel or other substances which have been seized in a convulsive struggle at the bottom of the water. Internally the body presents few appearances which are characteristic of the mode of death; of these the presence of a mucous froth sometimes stained with blood, and perhaps of a little water in the trachea, and of water in the stomach, appear to be most noteworthy. The water contained in the stomach appears to be swallowed previous to death; after death the apposition of the sides of the oesophagus prevents the entrance of water into the stomach. When the body of a person is recovered after a short immersion in the water, means for resuscitation should immediately be had recourse to, and these should be perseveringly continued until recovery takes place, or the case is abandoned as hopeless. In a case related by Mr. Bloomfield 1 hours elapsed before there was any appearance of returning animation; and in one by Dr. Douglas (“Medical Gazette," vol. xxxi., p. 449), success was met with only after 8 hours. The plan proposed by the late Dr. Marshall Hall in 1855 is based on physiological principles, and has been found eminently successful in practice. For an account of it see ASPHYXIA.

DROYSEN, JOHANN GUSTAV, & German historian, born in Treptow, Pomerania, July 6, 1808. He was educated at Stettin and at Berlin, and between 1829 and 1840 discharged the duties of teacher at the Gray cloisters in the latter city, and of private tutor and professor at the university. In 1840 he went to Kiel as professor of history, and during a residence of 10 years was an active partisan of the duchies in the controversy between Holstein and Denmark. He was the author of the "Kiel address" of 1844, and in 1846 took part in the preparation of the protest signed by 9 professors of the university of Kiel. He also drew up a plan for the