Hindoo city, the ruins of which are still visible, and exhibit vast quantities of hewn stone, while the whole district, being of alluvial formation, furnishes scarcely a pebble.

DUBOIS, a S. W. co. of Ind., bounded N. by the E. fork of White river, and intersected by Patoka creek; area, 420 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,321. It has a slightly diversified surface, and is covered with thick forests. The quality of the soil is good, and the staples are Indian corn and live stock. The productions in 1850 were 287,905 bushels of Indian corn, 38,590 of oats, 15,213 of wheat, 1,241 tons of hay, and 12,269 lbs. of wool. There were 5 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 8 churches, and 273 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal is abundant. Organized in 1818. Capital, Jasper.

DUBOIS, ANTOINE, a French surgeon, born in Gramat, department of Lot, June 18, 1756, died in Paris, March 30, 1837. While attending lectures on philosophy at the Mazarin college in Paris, he supported himself by giving lessons in writing, and afterward studied medicine under Desault, became the assistant of that eminent physician, and gradually rose to the head of his profession in France. He acted over 30 years as professor of clinical surgery and obstetrics; but with the exception of several remarkable articles which he contributed to the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales, he never reduced his system to writing. The maison de santé, which was founded by the government and of which he was nominated surgeon in chief in 1810, is known to this day as the Dubois hospital, in remembrance of his eminent services. He was a great favorite of Napoleon, whom he had accompanied to Egypt, and on the occasion of the birth of the duke of Reichstadt he attended Marie Louise.

DUBOIS, GUILLAUME, a French cardinal and minister under the regency of the duke of Orleans, born in Brives-la-Gaillarde, department of Corrèze, Sept. 6, 1656, died in Versailles, Aug. 10, 1723. He was the son of an apothecary, went at an early age to Paris, and studied there in one of the colleges, where he was employed as a valet by the principal. Subsequently he became a private teacher, and eventually tutor to the duke of Chartres. By flattering the passions of his young pupil, who afterward became regent of France, under the title of duke of Orleans, he paved the way for his own elevation. Dubois persuaded him to marry Mlle. de Blois, a natural but legitimized daughter of Louis XIV., and was rewarded with a rich abbey in Picardy, and sent on a diplomatic mission to England. On his return to Paris he acted as private secretary of the duke of Orleans; and afterward, when on the death of Louis XIV. the duke was invested with the regency of France, Dubois became a member of the council, and exerted a prominent influence upon foreign affairs. He concluded in 1717, in concert with Lord Stanhope, the famous triple alliance of France, England, and Holland against Spain. After becoming minister of foreign affairs, he

succeeded in baffling the conspiracy of the Spanish ambassador Cellamare, which was instigated by the Spanish prime minister Alberoni, the object of which was to make Philip V. of Spain regent of France in place of the duke of Orleans. A war with Spain ensued, which resulted in the removal of Alberoni and the adhesion of Philip to the English, French, and Dutch treaty, which henceforth was called the quadruple alliance. Elated with his triumph, the ambition of Dubois knew no bounds, and it was fully gratified by his being appointed archbishop of Cambray, and eventually cardinal, prime minister, and member of the French academy. His administration of affairs was marked by a certain degree of vigor, and he was unquestionably a person of great ability; but his life on the whole presents a hideous array of selfishness and vices, and his nomination to high office in church and state belongs to the incidents which were characteristic of the dark history of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. When the operations of the Scotch financier Law brought the country upon the verge of universal bankruptcy, and while the regent was spending his time in pleasure and debauchery, Dubois availed himself of the disasters of France and the weaknesses of his master to amass an immense private fortune, his revenue amounting to 8,000,000 francs, beside the benefits accruing from the 7 abbeys of which he was the incumbent, independent of the see of Cambray. A record of his private life appeared in 1789, and his memoirs in 1817. Those published in 1829 are not authentic.

DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE, a French abbé and missionary, distinguished for his services in India, born in Saint-Remèze, department of Ardèche, in 1765, died in Paris, Feb. 7, 1848. He spent 32 years in the East Indies, and on his return published "Letters on the State of Christianity in India" (London, 1823), which produced much controversy in England from the fact of his having frankly expressed therein his disbelief in the possibility of the conversion of the Hindoos. He wrote several remarkable works relating to the religion and the traditions of India, and many contributions to the Bulletin des sciences, and to the journals of the Asiatic societies of London and Paris, of which he was a member. His most celebrated work, entitled

Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India, and of their Institutions, religious and civil," was purchased for £800 by the East India company, published at its expense in London in 1816, and afterward published in French under the title of Maurs, institutions, et cérémonies des peuples de 'Inde (Paris, 1825).

DUBOS, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French critic and historian, born in Beauvais in Dec. 1670, died in Paris, March 23, 1742. The best known of his numerous works is his Histoire critique de l'établissement de la monarchie Française dans les Gaules (3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1734). The theory which he maintains in this work, that the occu

pation of Gaul by the Franks was a settlement and not a conquest, has been warmly contested by Montesquieu and others. Of his Réflexions critiques sur la poésie et la peinture (2 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1719; 6th ed., 1755), an English translation was published in London in 1748.

DUBS, JAKOB, a Swiss statesman, born at Affoltern, in the canton of Zurich, in 1822, has gained distinction by his advocacy of reform in the administration of justice and in education, and written several valuable treatises on both subjects; has occupied various high functions in the government of his native canton; officiated in 1857 as president of the federal court, and from July 7, 1856, to the same date in 1857, as president of the federal council of states.

DUBUFE. I. CLAUDE MARIE, a French painter, born in Paris about 1790. He studied with David, and for many years attempted historical paintings on a grand scale, which met with little favor. In 1827 he exhibited 2 pictures of a sentimental character entitled Les souvenirs and Les regrets, which, in spite of much hostile criticism, became very popular through the medium of engravings. After executing several works of a similar character, he turned his attention to portraits, in which he has been successful. He painted the likenesses of many distinguished persons, including Louis Philippe and his daughter, the queen of the Belgians. A number of years ago two large pictures by Dubufe, representing the temptation and expulsion of Adam and Eve from paradise, were extensively exhibited in the United States. II. EDOUARD, son of the preceding, born in Paris about 1818, studied under his father and Paul Delaroche, and for some years followed the sentimental style of his father's Souvenirs and Regrets with success. Afterward he painted scriptural subjects, but of late years, following the example of his father, he has confined himself almost exclusively to portrait painting. Among his most successful recent works are portraits of the empress Eugénie, Rosa Bonheur, and of the members of the congress of Paris.

DUBUISSON, PAUL ULRICH, & French author, born in Laval in 1746, guillotined March 23, 1794. He went when young to Paris, and wrote for the stage with small success. He was one of the most jealous of authors, and was accustomed to fill his prefaces with abuse of the contemporary writers who surpassed him, the actors who refused to flatter him, the journalists who jested at him, and the public who neglected him. Finally, he went to America, and subsequently to Belgium, whence he returned to France a few years before the outbreak of 1789. He embraced the cause of the revolution with enthusiasm, became associated with the Jacobin club, and having taken part in the schemes of Hébert, Ronsin, and Anacharsis Clootz, he shared the fate of those revolutionists. He published a number of tragedies and comedies, a volume of "Critical and Political Letters upon the Colonies of France," and a "History of the American Revolution." VOL. VI.-41

DUBUQUE, an E. co. of Iowa, bordering on Illinois and Wisconsin, bounded N. E. by the Mississippi river, watered by Fall river and the Little Maquoketa; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 25,871. It has a hilly surface, clothed with extensive tracts of timber. The soil is adapted to Indian corn and wheat, which form, together with grass and dairy produce, the chief staples. In 1856 the productions were 12,779 tons of hay, 233,931 bushels of wheat, 236,108 of oats, 564,236 of Indian corn, 124,457 of potatoes, and 178,574 lbs. of butter. Dubuque county is one of the richest mineral regions of Iowa, and yields annually vast quantities of lead. Limestone underlies most of the surface. The county was named in honor of Julien Dubuque, by whom the lead mines were first worked. Capital, Dubuque.

DUBUQUE, the largest city of Iowa and seat of justice of Dubuque co., situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, directly opposite the boundary line of Wisconsin and Illinois, and 450 miles N. of St. Louis; pop. in 1850, 3,108; in 1854, 6,634; in 1856, 15,000; in 1859, estimated at 17,000. It is the oldest town in the state, having been first settled by white men in 1788, when Julien Dubuque, a French Canadian, under a grant from the Spanish government, commenced operations in the lead mines on the present site of the city. Its permanent settlement commenced in June, 1833, when the U. S. government took possession of the land, which the Indians by treaty had vacated the year before. Before the end of the first year of its settlement it had a population of about 500. A town government was organized in 1837, and a city charter was adopted in 1841. In 1838 its "corporation tax" was $524; in 1858, upward of $100,000. The assessed value of the real and personal property is $8,000,000. The business part of the city is situated on a plateau of land about 4 of a mile wide, narrowing to a point a mile below the centre of the city. This plateau has a gradual ascent to the base of the bluffs, which are steep and rise to the height of more than 200 feet. Ravines here and there lead up through them into the open and undulating country. Beautiful houses of unusual size and finish stand upon their summits, in the midst of a young growth of shrubbery. In front of the city are sloughs, which are being filled by the enterprise of 3 wealthy improvement companies, and thus the extent of the business quarter will shortly be nearly doubled. The land is mostly of a gravelly nature, is therefore generally dry, and hence the city is remarkably healthy. Dubuque has the largest and best constructed school houses west of the Mississippi, and its public schools are modelled on the graded system. It has also Alexander college, a female college, and several private schools, Protestant and Catholic. It has 1 Baptist church, 1 Christian, 1 Congregational, 3 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran, 3 Methodist (including 1 German), 2 Presbyterian, and 1 Universalist. It has a branch of the state bank and several

banks of deposit. A U. S. building designed for a custom house, post office, &c., is in process of erection; the material employed is a beautiful stone from quarries near Nauvoo, Ill. The city has been lighted with gas since the summer of 1855. The Illinois central railroad terminates at Galena, opposite Dubuque; the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad is gradually approaching Dubuque; the Dubuque and Pacific railroad is in progress westward, being already open to Nottingham, 39 m. distant; the Dubuque western is open to Anamosa in Jones co., 40 m. S. W.; the Dubuque and Bellevue is in course of construction southward along the right bank of the Mississippi; and the Dubuque, St. Paul, and St. Peters, and Dubuque and Turkey Valley roads, are projected. Commercially, the situation of the city is advantageous. Lying on the Mississippi, the great natural outlet of all the states on its western side, and being the radiating point of several railroads, it must speedily become the great shipping port north of St. Louis. The agricultural and mineral products of the northern half of Iowa, the lumber from Wisconsin, and almost every other article of traffic in western commercial towns, is here seeking a market or the facilities for transshipment. The value of merchandise exported in 1854 was $1,573,408, and of that imported $4,933,208; the value of exports in 1855 was $3,689,266, and of imports, $11,266,845. In 1856 the imports of dry goods amounted to $3,595,200, and the sales and exports to $3,749,547; the imports of groceries to $3,423,000, and the sales and exports to $3,936,450. The next in importance of the articles of commerce were hardware and iron (sales and exports, $1,109,475), clothing ($332,720), boots and shoes ($298,071), and drugs and chemicals ($247,118); amount of lumber imported, 89,440,880 feet; number of shingles, 8,984,000. The Dubuque and Dunleith ferry company has 2 steam ferry boats, one of which plies constantly. The Dubuque and Minnesota packet company has a line of 15 steamboats engaged in the upper Mississippi trade; two of them leave Dubuque daily for St. Paul. The city has 3 daily newspapers, 2 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 5 weekly, and 1 monthly. Measures are in progress for the construction of water works. Establishments for the manufacture of shot, white lead, threshing machines, reapers, steam engines, mill machinery, &c., are in operation. The lead mines of Dubuque have yielded fortunes to hundreds of men, and yet the task of working them is but just begun. Several very rich "leads" were struck in the summer of 1858. Mining companies have recently been formed, and with organized capital and suitable machinery the work of mining will be carried on more extensively and to much better advantage. Zinc is also abundant in the city limits, and will one day be rendered a source of wealth.

DU CANGE, CHARLES DU FRESNE, a French historian and philologist, born in Amiens, Dec. 18, 1610, died in Paris, Oct. 23, 1688. He was

educated in the Jesuits' college in his native city, and at the age of 13 spoke and wrote Greek and Latin freely. In 1631 he was admitted as an advocate before the parliament. From that time, however, he gave himself up to literature, and in 1678 produced his first and one of his most useful works, the Glossarium ad Scriptores Media et Infimæ Latinitatis (3 vols. fol., Paris), a new edition of which, in 7 vols. 4to., appeared in Paris in 1844. As a companion to this, he published a glossary of the impure Greek of the middle ages (2 vols. fol., Paris, 1688). Both are works of the highest value to the student of medieval history, and the former was augmented by the Benedictines, who added to it at different times 7 volumes. Du Cange also produced a Traité historique du chef de Saint Jean Baptiste (4to., 1665); an annotated edition of De Joinville's Histoire de Saint Louis IX. (fol., 1668); and a Historia Byzantina illustrata (Paris, 1680). His published works, however, comprised but a small part of his labors. His MSS., the voluminousness of which is almost incredible, have been collected and catalogued in the university of Paris, and measures have been taken for their publication in Paris. A monument to this profound scholar was erected in Amiens in 1850.See Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de Du Cange, by Léon Feugère (Paris, 1852).

DUCAREL, ANDREW COLTEE, an English antiquary, born in Normandy in 1713, died in London, May 24, 1785. He was educated at Eton, and at St. John's college, Oxford, and made a journey to Normandy in 1752, which supplied materials for a work entitled "AngloNorman Antiquities" (first published in 4to. in 1754; enlarged and republished in fol., London, 1767). He thus opened the way for other learned antiquaries of his country, who during the past century have frequently visited and described the religious monuments of a province where so many traces of connections between Norman and English families exist. His work was received with great favor, and though subsequent researches have proved the inaccuracy of some of its statements, yet it is still valued for the materials which it contains. It has descriptions and representations of some monuments since destroyed. In 1762 he was elected a member of the royal society, and the next year he was appointed, with Sir Joseph Ayloffe, to put in order the state papers at Whitehall. It was his custom annually to travel incognito with one of his friends during the month of August, taking with him Camden's "Britannia" and a set of maps, and thus to examine minutely all places of interest. Among his other publications were a "Series of more than 200 of the Anglo-Gallic Coins of the Ancient Kings of England, illustrated in 12 Letters" (4to., London, 1757); the "History and Antiquities of the Archiepiscopal Palace at Lambeth;" and numerous papers in the "Philosophical Transactions."

DUCAS, MICHAEL, a Byzantine historian of the 15th century. He was a descendant from an

imperial family, and himself held a high position at the court of Constantine Palæologus, the last emperor of Constantinople. After the conquest of that city by Mohammed II. he took refuge with the prince of Lesbos, Dorino Gateluzzi, and was appointed by him and his successors to various diplomatic missions. He accompanied his master to Constantinople, when he went to do homage to the sultan, and his prudence and skill succeeded in saving the independence of Lesbos. Under Nicholas Gateluzzi, however, the wrath of Mohammed was called down upon the island, and it was united in 1462 to the Ottoman empire. Though Ducas survived this event, nothing more is known of his life. It is probable that he retired to Italy, and wrote in his old age the history which has come down to us. This work, divided into 45 chapters, begins with an outline of universal chronology, and does not become detailed and truly instructive till the reign of John Palæologus I., and it terminates abruptly in the middle of a sentence, at the capture of Lesbos in 1462. It is the most difficult of all the Byzantine histories, written in a barbarous style, but is judicious and impartial.

DÚCAT, a gold coin, which has been long in circulation in a large part of Europe. The first ducats are said to have been struck in the 12th century in Sicily by Roger II., and to have received their name from the device which was inscribed upon them: Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis, iste ducatus. A little later ducats of various kinds became current in Italy, and especially in Venice; and they spread thence through Switzerland, the Germanic states, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and Spain. In Spain, however, at present, the ducat is only a money of exchange. In Germany the ducats, being made in 1559 a legal coin of the empire, soon displaced the gold florins, and were gener ally struck with the likeness of the sovereign princes upon them. The ducats of Austria and Holland are the only ones which have acquired a very extensive circulation. Those of Holland are the most widely spread, bearing an emblem of a knight armed cap-a-pie. This emblem was for a short time exchanged for the likeness of King Louis of Holland. The value of the ducat varies somewhat in different countries, but it is generally little more than that of 2 American dollars. There are also silver ducats in France and Spain, having half this value. (See COINS.) DUCHÁTEL, CHARLES MARIE TANNEGUY, count, a French economist and politician, born in Paris, Feb. 19, 1803. Prior to 1830 he took an active part in editing the Globe, one of the leading organs of the liberalists. In 1827 he published a work on pauperism, which competed unsuccessfully for the academic prize, and in which he showed himself a disciple of the principles of Malthus, and proposed as a remedy for the sufferings of the poorer classes the formula of "labor, economy, and prudent marriages." He began his parliamentary career in 1832, was named secretary-general of the finances in 1833, and in 1835 was appointed to the ministry of commerce. He

resigned with his colleagues in Feb. 1836, but became a member of a new cabinet 6 months later as minister of the finances The new doctrinaire ministry, however, was soon overthrown, being followed by the administration of Molé, and Duchâtel now became one of the most energetic leaders of the opposition. At the accession of the cabinet of Soult and Guizot in 1840 he came again into power as minister of the interior, and retained this position with but a short interruption till the revolution of 1848, since which he has lived in retirement. The measures supported by him both as deputy and minister were generally of a financial character, but he also took a prominent part in the establishment of railways and telegraphs in France.

DU CHÂTELET, GABRIELLE EMILIE (LE TONNELIER DE BRETEUIL), marchioness, noted for her intimacy with Voltaire, and for her literary attainments, born in Paris, Dec. 17, 1706, died in Lunéville, Aug. 10, 1749. She was married at an early age to the marquis du Châtelet-Lomont, and afterward divided her time between science and dissipation, in both of which she became a proficient. Not even a love affair with the fascinating duke de Richelieu could withdraw her from her studies. In 1733 she became the mistress of Voltaire, and the next year removed with him to Monjeu near Autun, and afterward to the château of Cirey, where the marquis extended to her paramour the indulgence he had always shown to herself. Here they passed several years in unrestrained freedom, both actively engaged in literary pursuits, especially in the study of the English philosophers, Newton and Locke. The marchioness composed her Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation du feu; Institutions de physique, a synopsis of Leibnitz's philosophy, and various other essays; while Voltaire wrote Le siècle de Louis XIV., Mérope, Alzire, and Mahomet. During a visit to the court of Stanislas, the ex-king of Poland, at Lunéville, the faithless lady fell in love with the marquis de Saint Lambert, a captain in the guard, by whom she had a daughter, and a few days after giving birth to this child she died at the palace of Lunéville. Several of her works were published posthumously, including Principes mathéma tiques de la philosophie naturelle (translation of Newton's Principia, with a commentary, 1756); Doutes sur les religions révélées, adressés à Voltaire (8vo., Paris, 1792); Lettres inédites à M. le comte d'Argental (12mo., Paris, 1806).

DUCHE, JACOB, an American clergyman, born in Philadelphia in 1739, died there in Jan. 1798. He was graduated at the college of Philadelphia, afterward the university of Pennsylvania, in 1757, and completed his education at Cambridge, England. In 1759, having received a license from the bishop of London, he was ordained an assistant minister of Christ church in Philadelphia, of which in 1775 he became rector. He was a man of brilliant talents and impressive eloquence, and at the meeting of the second congress in 1775, just after the outbreak of the war

of the revolution, he was invited to open the congress with prayers. By sermons delivered before congress, and before the patriots of the army, he established his character not only for eloquence but for patriotism; and being in 1776 chosen chaplain to congress, he resigned his salary for the relief of the families of those patriots who had fallen in battle. Yet he lost confidence in the cause of independence, and in 1777 addressed a letter to Washington in which he pictured the hopelessness of resistance, and urged him to cease his desperate and ruinous efforts. Washington transmitted the letter to congress, and, Duché having fled to England, his estate was confiscated as that of a traitor. He returned to America in 1790, but never regained influ ence or position. He published while in London 2 volumes of sermons, written in an easy and elegant style, which passed through several editions. His wife was a sister of Francis Hopkinson, and his daughter married John Henry, whose political manœuvres in 1812 caused some excitement. The literary character of Duché has been variously estimated. Wharton and Graydon term him weak and vain; Sabine attributes to him brilliant talents, impressive oratory, and fine poetic taste; while all unite in denouncing him, in the language of John Adams in 1777, as an apostate and traitor."

DUCHESNE, ANDRÉ, a French historian, whose labors gained him the title of the father of French history, born in Isle Bouchard, Touraine, in 1584, died in 1640. He was geographer and historiographer to the king, and died by being crushed under a cart, while on his way from Paris to his country seat. Beside his published works he left more than 100 volumes in MS. Among the most important of the former are Historia Normannorun Scriptores Antiqui (fol., Paris, 1619); Historia Francorum Scriptores (fol., Paris, 1633-5); and some genealogical histories. His son, FRANÇOIS, born in 1616, died in 1640, was also historiographer to the king, and wrote a history of the popes (2 vols. fol., Paris, 1653).

DUCHESNE DE GISORS, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH, & French painter, born in Gisors, department of Eure, Dec. 8, 1770, died there, March 25, 1856. He removed to Paris at an early age, and made himself prominent in 1812 by a remarkable portrait of Napoleon. After the restoration of the Bourbons he became court painter. His miniature of the duchess de Berry is considered a unique specimen of the art. He was much employed by the royal families of England and Belgium, and between 1840 and 1848 was engaged in executing a commission from the French government to continue the series of paintings on enamel in the Louvre commenced by Petitot. He also executed a series in enamel for Queen Victoria after the miniatures of Sir William Ross. Some of the latter, painted in his 82d year, are of the highest excellence.

DUCIS, JEAN FRANÇOIS, a French poet, born in Versailles, Aug. 22, 1738, died there, March

81, 1816. He made his first appearance in the literary world as the author of the unsuccessful tragedy of Amélise. He afterward adapted several of the plays of Shakespeare to the French stage, and in this had considerable success. Of his original dramatic works the best is his Abufar, ou la famille Arabe. In the latter part of his life he wrote some shorter poems which are graceful and sweet. He was an adherent of the Bourbons, and refused the place of senator, with 50,000 francs a year, offered him by Napoleon, though he was at the time in great poverty. His works were published at Paris in 1819 in 3 vols.

DUCK, a name applied to birds of the family anatida, of the order anseres or natatores. The familiar external characters are a large flattened bill, covered with a soft epidermis rather than horn, and with its sides armed with lamella or small teeth-like processes; the tongue is fleshy, with dentated margins; the wings are moderate; the feet at or near the centre of equilibrium; the anterior toes joined by a web; the neck is long. The number of vertebra is large, especially in the neck; the sternum and pelvis are large and wide, the former with a well developed keel, and posteriorly with 2 openings or deep indentations; the fibula is not entirely anchylosed to the tibia. The gizzard is fleshy and large; the intestines are about 5 times as long as the bird, and the cæcal appendages often as long as the body; the trachea and inferior larynx generally bulbous. The ducks are divided into 3 subfamilies, anatina or river ducks, fuligulina or sea ducks, and erismaturinæ or spiny-tailed ducks. I. The anatina have the bill equal in width and height, depressed at the tip, which has a hard nail, and the inner portion of the lateral margins lamellated; the tarsi are compressed, and generally as long as the inner toe; the hind toe is bordered with a slight membrane from base to tip. These ducks prefer fresh water, feeding along the edges of streams rather than diving, eating small mollusks and soft aquatic plants; some feed on the land, and roost and build their nests in trees; they are powerful fliers, and have a wide geographical range. In the genus dafila (Leach) is the pin-tail duck (D. acuta, Linn.), having the bill lead-colored with a black spot at the tip, a long slender neck, the wing speculum of a purple or coppery red with deep green reflections and black border, the feathers with broad white tips, and a long and pointed light gray tail, dark brown in the middle; in the adult male the head, cheeks, throat, upper part of front neck, and sides are dark brown; a small part of hind neck dark green, almost black; the upper parts in general undulated with narrow bars of brownish black and yellowish white; wings grayish; upper tail coverts cream-colored; an oblique white band on the side of the neck; lower parts white, undulated like the back or the sides, and lower tail coverts black, white-edged at the side. The female and young are variegated with brown and brownish white; the speculum is dusky green, and the long tail feathers are