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purpose of investigating the effect of the substitution of the hot for the cold blast in furnaces employed for melting iron. He also investigated the methods of various metallurgical operations in Great Britain, and published in conjunction with Elie de Beaumont, Coste, and Perdonnet, an elaborate and valuable report entitled Voyage métallurgique en Angleterre (2d ed. 1837–’39, 2 vols. 8vo.). He was one of the most active members of the academy of miners, director of the école des mines, and professor of mineralogy and geology. He introduced a new classification of minerals based upon crystallography, and promoted in various other ways the study of mineralogy and meteorology. The 4th and last volume of the 2d and enlarged edition of his Traité de minéralogie appeared in Paris in 1859, with an additional volume of illustrations.

DU FRESNE, CHARLES. See DU CANGE. DU FRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSE, & French painter and poet, born in Paris in 1611, died at Villiers-le-Bel, near Paris, in 1665. His pictures are correct, but not otherwise remarkable, and he is now chiefly remembered as the author of a Latin poem entitled De Arte Graphica, the "Art of Painting," which has been 3 times translated into English, viz.: into prose by Dryden (4to. London, 1695), by Wills (4to. 1754); and into verse by William Mason, with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds (4to., York, 1783).

DUFRESNY, CHARLES RIVIERE, a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1648, died there, Oct. 6, 1724. He was descended from Henry IV. by one of the mistresses of that monarch, known as la belle jardinière. In consequence of his descent and his talents, he enjoyed the favor of Louis XIV., but his improvident habits were constantly involving him in embarrassments. He wrote some excellent comedies, had great skill as a landscape gardener, and was known as a pleasant companion and a wit. It is related of him that he married his washerwoman in order to avoid paying her bill. Among his comedies which obtained the most success, may be mentioned L'esprit de contradiction, La coquette de village, and Le faux sincère. His Poésies diverses are also praised. A selection of his works was published at Paris in 2 vols. in 1805.

DUGANNE, Augustine JosepH HICKEY, an American poet and novelist, born in Boston in 1823. He has been a frequent contributor to the periodical press, having written between 20 and 30 novelettes and romances, and a great number of miscellaneous papers under various signatures. His poetical works consist of the "Iron Harp," ," "Parnassus in Pillory," a satire, the "Mission of Intellect," a poem delivered in New York in 1852, the "Gospel of Labor," delivered before the N. Y. mercantile library association in 1853, and a number of short pieces originally appearing in newspapers and magazines, which were published in a large illustrated edition, in Philadelphia, in 1856. He is also the author of the "Lydian Queen," a tragedy performed at the Walnut street theatre, Philadel

phia, in 1848. Among his writings are a "Comprehensive Summary of General Philosophy," published at Philadelphia in 1845, and a "Class Book of Governments and Civil Society," printed in 1859 in New York. One of his latest productions is the "Tenant House," a work prepared from information acquired while he was a member of the legislature of New York. DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, an English antiquary, born in Shustoke, Warwickshire, Sept. 12, 1605, died Feb. 10, 1686. He was educated partly in the free school of Coventry, partly by his father, was made pursuivant at arms extraordinary under the name of Blanche Lyon in 1638, rose by degrees in the herald's college until he became garter principal king at arms in 1677, and was knighted. In 1641 exact drafts of all the monuments in Westminster abbey and in many of the churches of England, with copies of their inscriptions, were made under his superintendence and deposited in Sir Christopher Hatton's library. With Roger Dodsworth he projected the publication of the charters and descriptions of all the monasteries of the kingdom; and after having attended King Charles at Edgehill and followed him to Oxford, he improved a long stay in that town by collecting from the Bodleian and other libraries there materials for this great work. From the tower records, the Cottonian library, and the papers of André Du Chesne which he examined in Paris, he gathered still more information; and in 1655 the first volume of the work appeared in Latin at London, under the title of Monasticon Anglicanum; the 2d and 3d vols. were issued in 1661 and 1673; a new and enlarged edition, in 6 vols. crown folio, was published in 1817-230, with plates, the cost of drawing and engraving which amounted to $30,000. This edition was reprinted at London in 8 vols. fol. in 1846. Several abridgments of the original work have been made in English. Among Dugdale's other contributions to history are the "Antiquities of Warwickshire" (fol., 1656), one of the best works of the kind ever published, and the author's chef d'œuvre; History of St. Paul's Cathedral " (fol., 1658); "History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fenns and Marshes" (fol., 1662), undertaken at the instance of several gentlemen who were interested in the draining of Bedford Level; "Origines Juridiciales, or Historical Memoirs of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Trial, Punishment in Cases Criminal, Law Writers," &c. (1666); the "Baronage of England, or an Historical Account of the Lives and most memorable Actions of our English Nobility" (3 vols. fol., 1675-'6); "A Short View of the late Troubles in England" (Oxford, 1681); "Ancient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honor as are commonly called Arms" (Oxford, 1682); "A Perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the Great Councils and Parliaments of this Realme, from the XLIX. of Henry the IIId. until these present Times" (London, 1685). Dugdale also completed the 2d volume of Sir Henry Spelman's Concilia. His works are ad

mirable for their accuracy, and his industry was almost incredible. His "Life, Diary, and Correspondence," with an index to his MS. collections, many of which are preserved in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was published at London in 1827 by William Hamper, F.S.A. -His son, Sir John Dugdale, was Norroy kingat-arms, and published a catalogue of the English nobility.

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DUGONG, a herbivorous cetacean, of the genus dugungus (Lacépède), or halicore (Illiger), the only genus of its family, and the only undisputed species of the genus; the Malay name is duyong, and the scientific halicore Indicus (Desm.) or H. dugung (F. Cuvier). The general shape is fish-like; the head is proportionately small, and separated from the body by a slight cervical depression; there is no dorsal fin, and the horizontal tail is crescent-shaped; there are no posterior limbs, but the anterior are like cetacean paddles without any trace of nails or division into fingers. The upper lip is very large, thick, obliquely truncated, forming a blunt snout such as would be made by cutting off an elephant's trunk near the mouth; the anterior portion is covered with soft papilla with a few stiff bristles; the lips have à corneous edging which assists it in tearing sea-weeds from the bottom. In the old animal the incisors are 2 above and none below, large, but nearly covered by the tumid and movable lip; in the young, the 2 upper permanent incisors are preceded by 2 deciduous ones, and there are 6 or 8 lower incisors which fall and are not succeeded by any permanent ones. The molars in the adult are , simple and elliptical, in the young, far back on the horizontal portion of the jaw; the grinding surface presents an outer rim of enamel, with the central ivory portion slightly depressed; they have no proper roots, and grow as long as they can be of use to the animal. The skin is thick and smooth, with a few scattered bristles; the color is bluish above and white beneath; the mammæ are 2, and pectoral; the fins are used not only for swimming, but for crawling along the bottom. The cranial bones are dense and large, with loose connections where any sutures exist. The intermaxillaries are very large, extending back as far as the middle of the temporal fossæ, and bent down at a right angle over the symphysis of the lower jaw, terminating nearly on a level with its lower margin; this is necessary for the accommodation of the incisors, one of which is in each intermaxillary; for this reason also the nostrils are displaced upward, different from the allied manati, so that their opening is turned up as in the typical cetacea; indeed this animal comes nearer than its congener to the whales in its forked tail, absence of nails, and superior opening of the nostrils. The whole skull (and especially the frontal bones) is comparatively short; the parietal crests are widely separated; there is no bony tentorium, no sella turcica, very few and small openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the optic foramina are con

verted into a long and narrow canal. The lower jaw corresponds to the angle of the intermaxillaries, and is bent downward at the symphysis; on its anterior surface are 3 or 4 rough and shallow alveoli, sometimes containing rudimentary incisors, according to Sir Everard Home. The cervical vertebræ are 7, separate; the dorsals 18, with spinous processes bent back and elongated from the first to the last, and of the same length as the transverse; the lumbar 3, with long spinous and transverse processes; one sacral, to which rudimentary pelvic bones are suspended; caudals about 24, with chevron bones for the anterior, and becoming flattened posteriorly. The ribs are 18, less thick and dense than those of the manati, the 1st 3 attached by cartilages to the sternum; the shoulder blade is large, with the anterior angle rounded, the posterior extended backward with a concave margin; the spine is prominent, and the acromion and coracoid processes are pointed; the humerus is short, thick, with a prominent deltoid ridge; the radius and ulna are very short, rounded, anchylosed together at each end; the carpal bones are 4, in 2 rows; the thumb is rudimentary, its metacarpal bone small and pointed; the other metacarpals are flattened, with 3-jointed phalanges. The tongue is thick, the anterior upper surface with cuticular spines, and on each side at the base a horny, retroverted, pointed process. The stomach is divided into 2 portions, the cardiac large and globular, the pyloric narrower; at the constriction between the 2 are 2 tubular cæcal prolongations as in some pachyderms, and at the cardiac end is a rounded glandular mass as in some rodents; the intestines are 14 times as long as the body, and the cæcum is simple and heartshaped. The liver is transversely oblong, with 1 large and 3 small lobes; the gall bladder is present, elongated, receiving bile directly from the hepatic ducts; the spleen is very small and rounded. The heart has its ventricles deeply cleft, not however affecting the circulation; the capacity of the pulmonary artery is very great, to accommodate the delay of the blood in the lungs during submersion. The lungs are very long, flattened, as long as the body; the superficial air cells are large, the dorsal extent is great, the trachea divides high up, and the bronchi are long, as in marine turtles; the cartilages of the bronchial tubes are continued spirally into each other. The sense of smell must be dull; the eye is very small and convex, with a nictitating membrane beside the lids; the external orifice of the ear is hardly perceptible; the nasal openings are 2 parabolic slits, whose semi-lunar edge performs the office of a valve which can be opened and shut at pleasure; the interior of the cheeks, according to F. Cuvier, is entirely covered with strong hairs. The usual length of the dugong is from 8 to 10 feet, though it has been seen as long as 20 feet; it is found in the seas of the East Indies, especially in the Malayan archipelago, never on land, rarely if ever in fresh water, but generally in troops in shallows of the sea where the depth is not more than 3 fathoms.

Its food consists of fuci and algae, and it browses on the marine vegetation as a cow does on land. It yields little or no oil, but is hunted by the Malays for its flesh, which resembles young beef, is tender and palatable, and is considered a royal dish. It is generally speared, and at night, especially during the northern monsoon, at the mouths of rivers, when the sea is calm. The affection of the mother for her young is very remarkable. There are doubtless several species in the Indian seas, as it is hardly probable that only one species would be found from the Philippine islands to the coast of New Holland; in the Red sea is a species called H. tabernacularum by Rüppell, from his belief that the Hebrews covered with its skin their tabernacle and sacred ark; this is generally considered a mere variety. In the article MANATI will be given reasons for considering the herbivorous cetaceans as belonging rather to the pachyderms than to cetaceans, the manati coming nearer to the former, and the dugong probably nearer to the latter. (See also DINOTHERIUM.) An allied fossil genus, halitherium (Kaup), is found in the tertiary calcareous deposits of Europe.

DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENÉ, a French admiral, born in St. Malo, June 10, 1673, died in Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. He was at first intended for the church, but his family yielded to his inclinations, and allowed him to follow the sea as his profession. He distinguished himself as commander of a privateer in the war against England and Holland, and attracted the attention of Louis XIV., who presented him with a sword, and afterward, in 1697, admitted him to the royal navy, giving him the command of a vessel. He continued his career, and, in the letters of nobility granted him for his conduct in the Spanish war, it was stated that he had captured more than 300 merchant ships and 20 ships of war. The exploit, however, which won him the most renown, was the capture of Rio Janeiro in 1711, which brought an immense sum of money to the French government.

DUGUET, JACQUES JOSEPH, a French theologian, born at Montbrison, Dec. 9, 1649, died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1733. He officiated for many years as professor of divinity at the oratoire. His zeal for the cause of the Port Royalists, although tempered by moderation, which formed one of the chief traits of his character, involved him in the religious controversies of his times. His writings, which comprise nearly 20 works chiefly on theological and ethical subjects, are, without being very vigorous, conceived in the gentle and Christian tone which distinguished him in his life.

DU HALDE, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French geographer, born in Paris, Feb. 1, 1674, died Aug. 18, 1743. In 1708 he became a member of the society of Jesus, and was afterward appointed to the task of editing the letters of missionaries sent out by that society to various parts of the world, and especially to China. The result of these labors is the well-known Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangères, ed

ited by Du Halde from the 9th to the 26th volume inclusive; and his Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (4 vols. fol., Paris, 1735); two works of considerable interest and importance, and which contributed not a little to advance the science of geography. An English translation of the latter appeared in London in 1736 (4 vols. 8vo.), in 1742 (2 vols. fol.), and again in 1744 (4 vols. 8vo.). The Lettres édifiantes et curieuses have not been translated into English, but a selection from the earlier volumes appeared in London in 1743, in 2 vols. 8vo., under the title of "Jesuits' Letters."

DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI LOUIS, a French botanist and writer on agriculture, born in Paris in 1700, died there, Aug. 23, 1782. He was educated at the college of Harcourt, where he first displayed a taste for the natural sciences. Having been appointed naval inspector, he directed his attention to the culture and preservation of wood suitable for nautical purposes, whence he was led to investigate the properties of the different species of plants and trees adapted to the climate of France, of which he drew up a catalogue arranged in the alphabetical order of their Latin generic names. His most important works are: De la physique des arbres (2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1758); Des semis et plantations des arbres et de la culture (4to., 1760); Éléments de l'agriculture (2 vols. 12mo., 1762).

DUIDA, a lofty mountain near the southern extremity of Venezuela. On the S. and W. it presents a perpendicular front, bare and stony to the summit. The other sides are less steep, and covered with magnificent forests. The summit, 8,500 feet above the sea, has never been reached by man. At the beginning and end of the rainy season small shifting flames are seen to play about the highest peaks, and have sometimes induced the supposition that the mountain is a volcano. At its foot is the solitary mission of Esmeraldo.

DUILIUS, CAIUS NEPOS, consul of Rome, 260 B. C., noted for his naval victory over the Carthaginians, the first success ever obtained by the Romans on the sea. The battle was fought off Myla in Sicily, and the triumph of Duilius is attributed to his invention of grappling irons, by means of which he attached his ships firmly to those of the enemy, and enabled his men to fight hand to hand. On his return to Rome he was honored with a magnificent triumph, and a column was raised to commemorate the event.

DUISBURG, a Prussian town, capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of the Rhine, 18 m. W. N. W. from Düsseldorf, at the confluence of the Agger with the Ruhr, on the railway from Cologne to Minden; pop. of the circle, 110,000; of the town, 12,000. It is surrounded by dilapidated walls, has a library, s botanic garden, and important manufactories of woollen and cotton, velvet, leather, tobacco, and porcelain. It has also in its vicinity extensive sugar refineries and iron forges.

DUJARDIN, FÉLIX, a French naturalist, born in Tours, April 5, 1801. The son of a watchmaker, he was obliged to learn with little assistance the sciences which he has since been employed in teaching. From 1827 to 1834 he delivered public lectures in Tours upon geometry and chemistry as applied to the arts. During the same period he published several geological works, in one of which he first made known the curious fact that Artesian wells bring to the surface seeds and remains of insects, which have been taken from long distances and transported through subterranean passages. In 1833 and 1834 he published descriptions of the flora of the region of the Loire, and of the geology and fossils of Touraine. He then devoted himself to zoological researches, and published observations upon the rhizopoda, for which he proposed a new classification. In 1839 he added extended annotations to the 3d volume of De Lamarck's "History of Invertebrate Animals," and among his later publications have been his researches upon the brain of insects, and upon the instinct of bees.

DUJARDIN, KAREL, a Dutch painter, born in Amsterdam in 1640, died in Venice, Nov. 20, 1678. He was the best pupil of Berghem; studied in Italy, where his pictures were very popular; went to Lyons, got into debt, and married his landlady, whom he soon deserted, and returned to Amsterdam. He again went to Italy to escape from his wife. On his death, the Venetian senate paid him unusual honors. In spite of his dissipation he left a great number of paintings, principally of pastoral scenes and animals. His pictures are now scarce and dear.

DUKE (Lat. dux; Byz. Gr. dovкas, a leader), a title belonging originally to the commanders of armies. In the later periods of the Roman empire it designated the military governor of a district, and until the time of Theodosius the rank of dukes was esteemed inferior to that of counts. Subsequently their dignity greatly increased, several provinces often became subject to a single duke, and the title was not disdained by conquerors such as Alaric and Attila. The northern barbarians who invaded the vast territories of declining Rome adopted, if they had not before borrowed, the titles of duke and count; but among these martial tribes, the dukes, as military chieftains, acquired a decided preeminence over the counts, who both in the Byzantine and western empires had been employed chiefly in civil offices. Under the successors of Charlemagne, the governors of provinces generally assumed the title of duke, and achieved an almost absolute independence. The kings of France, however, succeeded in reuniting to the crown the dukedoms which had been severed from it; and the ducal sovereignty being extinguished, the name has remained in France only as a title of dignity hereditary in certain families. Prior to the revolution dukes were created by letters patent of the king, and were of 3 kinds, of which those designated as

dukes and peers held the first rank, and had a seat in parliament, and certain honors and prerogatives at court. The dignity of the second class or hereditary dukes was transmissible to their male children, but that of the dukes by brevet ceased with themselves. The ducal and all other titles of nobility, abolished at the commencement of the revolution, were established again in 1806. The rank of duke in the royal family of France was superior to that of prince, inferior sometimes to that of count, and always to that of dauphin. In other great families also the title was higher than that of prince. In Germany, where the idea of sovereignty is inseparable from the ducal dignity, this title comes immediately after that of royalty. Under the emperor Henry IV. dukes began to usurp those sovereign rights which they have since exercised, and 6 dukedoms were then established. Several of the primitive dukes have exchanged their title for that of grand duke. The princes of the house of Austria bear the title of archduke. In England, it was not till the reign of Edward III. in the 14th century that dukedoms were established giving their proprietors the first rank in the British peerage, a rank which has since belonged to the title. The first person created an English duke was Edward the Black Prince, who was made duke of Cornwall in 1337, and that title is still borne by the prince of Wales. The duke of Norfolk, whose title is the most ancient of all those now in existence, except the above, is descended from Margaret, the daughter of a younger son of Edward I., who was created duchess of Norfolk in 1358. The dignity became extinct in the reign of Elizabeth, in 1572, but was revived in 1623 in the person of Ludovic Stuart, created duke of Richmond. Since the accession of George II. the title has been frugally bestowed. From that period to 1766 no person, except of the royal family, was raised to a dukedom, but in the latter year the representative of the ancient house of Percy was made duke of Northumberland; 47 years later the duke of Wellington received this title from the king, as the highest honor which could be rendered for his great services. There are now in the English peerage 21 dukes exclusive of those of the royal family. Ireland has but one duke, the duke of Leinster; of the 7 Scottish dukes, 2 are also English dukes. The title of duke, or properly prince, was originally borne by the czars of Russia, and that of grand duke or grand prince still distinguishes the princes of that house. The kings of Poland were grand dukes or grand princes of Lithuania, and the kings of Prussia were the dukes of Silesia. Italy has several sovereign dukes, as the grand duke of Tuscany, and the dukes of Modena and Parma. The title exists also in the papal states, the kingdom of Naples, the Netherlands, and in Portugal and Spain. In some of the countries of Europe it retains the attributes of sovereign power which it received in the middle ages; in others, as in England, it continues to designate the highest rank of nobility; in others, as

in France, it is but a tradition of an ancient political order.

DUKES, a co. of Mass., consisting of a number of islands in the Atlantic ocean, with an aggregate area of 118 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 4,401. Martha's Vineyard, the largest of these islands, lies about 5 m. S. of Barnstable co., from which it is separated by Vineyard sound. A great part of the surface is occupied by forests, but there are large cultivated tracts yielding good crops of potatoes, hay, and grain. In 1855 the productions were 16,023 bushels of Indian corn, 11,586 of potatoes, 3,024 of oats, 1,810 tons of hay, and 28,382 lbs. of butter. In 1858 the county contained 12 churches and 1 newspaper office. It was organized in 1695. Capital, Edgartown.

DULAURE, JACQUES ANTOINE, a French author and statesman, born in Clermont-Ferrand in 1755, died in Paris, Aug. 9, 1835. He studied architecture and engineering, but the work on which he was employed in the latter capacity being suspended in consequence of the war with England in behalf of American independence, he turned his attention to literature, and on the breaking out of the revolution joined the republican party. In 1792 he was elected member of the convention, in which he voted for the execution of the king, but afterward became connected with the Girondists. Compelled to fly from France during the reign of terror, he supported himself in Switzerland by his labor as an engraver. He afterward returned, and was elected to the council of 500, but retired from public life after the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, 1799. As a historian he has not the reputation of impartiality.

DULCE, GULF OF (sometimes called lake of Isabal), a large body of fresh water, extending into the state of Guatemala from the bay of Amatique, 30 m. long by about 12 broad. It seems to be a widening out, over a considerable valley, of the waters of the Rio Polochic. Between the gulf and the sea is a small lake, 15 m. long by 3 broad, called La Golfete. The waters from both reach the ocean through a narrow and picturesque stream or strait, called La Angostura or Rio Dulce. This is shut in by a rampart of rock, rising perpendicularly to a height of from 300 to 400 feet above the water. This river has a bar at its mouth, with but 6 feet of water, which deprives the gulf of most of the advantages that would otherwise attach to it, as the most convenient avenue for the commerce of Guatemala. Notwithstanding this deficiency, a considerable part of the trade of the state is carried on through the little, unhealthy town of Isabal, situated on the gulf, by means of vessels sailing from Balize. The trade of Isabal amounts to about $800,000 annually. DULCIMER, an ancient musical instrument, resembling, if not identical with, the psaltery or nebel of the Jews. The modern dulcimer consists of a small box, in shape a triangle or a trapezium, containing a number of wire strings stretched over a bridge at each end, and which

are set in vibration by little iron rods or wooden sticks in the hands of the performer. It is now principally used by street musicians.

DULONG, PIERRE LOUIS, a French natural philosopher, born in Rouen, Feb. 12, 1785, died in Paris, July 19, 1838. At the age of 16 he was received into the polytechnic school, on his departure from which he studied medicine, which he practised for some time, and then de-. voted himself, at the suggestion of Berthollet, to physical science. After numerous analyses and researches upon chlorine and ammonia, he was led in 1812 to the discovery of the chloride of nitrogen. He was twice injured by the explosions of this new compound, and lost an eye and finger. In 1816 he discovered hypo-phosphorous acid, and introduced into the nomenclature the prefix hypo, to denote a less degree of oxidation. In 1820 he labored with Berzelius in the laboratory of Berthollet, and began to investigate the origin of animal heat. In opposition to Lavoisier and Laplace, who thought that animal heat was produced by the transformation of oxygen into carbonic acid, he found that in the carnivora the heat due to this cause was not more than of the whole, and was even a smaller proportion in the herbivora, thus proving that the body must have another source of calefaction. In 1825 he was associated with Prony, Arago, Ampère, and Girard, as a commission to provide precautions against the explosion of steam boilers; and for 4 years he labored almost alone with Arago in determining the elastic force of steam at different temperatures. Dulong was a member of the academy of sciences, in which in 1832 he succeeded Cuvier as perpetual secretary for the department of physical sciences. His numerous works treat particularly of the gases, and of the nature and laws of heat.

DULWICH, a village of England, in Surrey, 5 m. S. of London; pop. in 1851, 1,904. It is chiefly remarkable for its college, founded and endowed in 1619, by Edward Alleyn, a distinguished actor. The college originally consisted of a master, warden, 4 fellows, 6 poor brethren, 6 poor sisters, 12 scholars, and 30 out members. Its income from endowment in 1626 was £800, but through the rise in the value of the estates for building sites, this gradually increased to £12,000 or £14,000, all paid to the master and trustees. By act of parliament, passed Aug. 28, 1857, a thorough reform was effected. The old officers were superseded, and a board of 19 unpaid members created to conduct the government of the college from Dec. 31, 1857. This board is in part elected by the parishes for whose benefit the institution was founded, and in part appointed by the court of chancery. One fourth of the revenue is applied to the support of aged men and women, not to exceed at first 24 in number. The educational department consists of an upper and a lower school, to the former of which all boys between the ages of 8 and 15 are admitted on payment of a fee varying from £6 to £8, whose parents or next friends reside

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