in any of the parishes to which the benefits of the establishment are limited, while boys from other parishes may be received with a fee of from £8 to £10. To the lower school all boys from the parishes already alluded to are admissible as day scholars on payment of 58. a quarter each when under 14, and 10s. a quarter each if over 14. No boy can remain in the upper school after attaining the age of 18, nor in the lower school after 16. The number of foundation scholars is not to exceed 24, and all boys, whether of the upper or lower school, may become annual candidates for this privilege, which entitles its possessors to be clothed, supported, and educated at the expense of the institution. There is a valuable picture gallery, chiefly of Italian and Flemish paintings, attached to the college.

DUMANOIR, PHILIPPE FRANÇOIS PINEL, & French vaudevilliste, born in Guadeloupe, July 25, 1808. He received his education in Paris, and his first play, produced at the Variétés the atre, La semaine des amours, was received with favor. His most popular pieces are Don César de Bazan and Les premières armes de Richelieu. D'Ennery was his collaborator in the former, and Bayard in the latter. From 1838 to 1841 he was manager of the Variétés. His École des agneaux obtained for him a gold medal from the minister of state in 1855.

DUMAS, ALEXANDRE DAVY (DE LA PAILLETERIE), a French general, born in Jérémie, Hayti, March 25, 1762, died in Villers-Cotterets, France, Feb. 26, 1806. He was the son of a wealthy planter, the marquis de la Pailleterie, by an African negro girl, was sent to France to be educated, and at the age of 14 enlisted, under his mother's name of Dumas, as a private in a cavalry regiment. He made himself known by his vivacious temper, handsome figure, and prodigious strength, being able, it is said, to strangle a horse between his knees; but this did not much improve his condition, as at the end of 16 years he was merely a non-commissioned officer. But while serving under Dumouriez, he performed several daring_acts which pointed him out for promotion. He rapidly passed through every rank until, in Sept. 1793, he was appointed general of division. In 1796 and 1797 he served in Italy under Bonaparte, and was especially employed in the Tyrol, where, at the battle of Brixen, he alone defended a bridge against the enemy, giving the French time to come to the rescue, in consequence of which Bonaparte presented him to the directory as "the Horatius Cocles of the Tyrol." He served with no less distinction in Egypt; but upon some disagreement with Berthier, he departed for France. The ship on board of which he had embarked being obliged to put into Taranto, he was arrested by the Neapolitan government and detained for 2 years. After his release the first consul declined to give him an appointment on account of his republican opinions. He retired to the small town where he had married, and there after 3 years' sufferings died of consump

tion, in a state bordering on destitution.-AL EXANDRE DAVY, a French dramatist and novelist, son of the preceding, born in Villers-Cotterets, July 24, 1803. After his father's death, he was left to the care of his mother, who left him entirely to his own guidance; she sent him indeed to school, but the boy was very irregular in his attendance, learned very little French and less Latin, but became a good horseman, billiard player, fencer, and shot. At the age of 15 he was placed as copying clerk with a notary; at 18 he began to write for the stage, though none of the plays produced at this period were accepted; and at 20 the pressure of family difficulties sent him to Paris, where he applied to his father's friends to obtain employment for him. After several disappointments he was befriended by Gen. Foy, who procured for him a small office in the household of Louis Philippe, then duke of Orleans. His salary of 1,200 francs a year was a fortune to the young man; he summoned his mother to Paris; but his active mind already aimed at higher pursuits. He devoted his leisure hours to completing his imperfect education, wrote some light poems, and as early as 1825 produced at the Ambigu a play called La chasse et l'amour, the composi tion of which he shared with MM. Rousseau and De Leuven. His first pieces were mostly vaudevilles, brought out anonymously; tragedy also engaged his attention for a while, but he soon abandoned it. His genius was awakened by the performances of an English company, which in 1827 presented some of Shakespeare's plays in Paris; in common with several of his contemporaries, he felt that the French stage needed reform, and he resolved to be one of the apostles of the new dramatic creed. He brought out in 1828 a historical play, Henri III. et sa cour, constructed with utter disregard of the ordinary rules. It created a lively sensation, and though vigorously assailed by the critics was enthusiastically applauded by the public; the young author realized from it no less than 30,000 francs in a few months. Christine, or Stockholm, Fontainebleau, et Rome, another historical drama in verse, was also well received; and new pieces from his fertile pen appeared in rapid succession, which, while eliciting severe criticism, drew crowded houses. Antony was received with signal favor in 1831; if not the best, it is the most characteristic production of its author. Richard d'Arlington and Térésa came next. Le mari de la veuve appeared in April, 1832; and the Tour de Nesle, first represented in the following month, had the unparalleled run of over 200 successive nights; the germ of this piece had been furnished by Frédéric Gaillardet, but its details, historical character, powerful interest, and irresistible pathos belonged to Dumas. Angèle came out in 1833, Catherine Howard in 1834, and Kean in 1836; the latter was written expressly for Frédéric Lemaitre. Don Juan de Maraña, a fantastic drama, followed; then a Roman tragedy, Caligula, the prologue of which is in itself a poem; and finally Mile. de

Belle-Isle, which is in some respects perhaps the best of his dramatic productions. Dumas was now unquestionably the first among the French dramatists. He had meanwhile entered the field as a novelist, beginning with Isabelle de Bavière, a romantic picture of France in the 15th century. His intention was to give, under the title of Chroniques de France, a series of novels, in which he intended, somewhat in imitation of Walter Scott, to treat the most interesting incidents of French history; and this project he has pursued with some perseverance. These, and his Impressions de voyage, narrating his travels through Switzerland and Italy, were eagerly read, and the public found that the stirring dramatist was a still more enticing storyteller. Les trois mousquetaires and Le comte de Monte Christo, both of which appeared in 1844, even excelled his theatrical works, and gave a new character to his reputation. The success of these and similar books was only equalled by the wonderful rapidity with which they were produced. Such was the confidence of Dumas in the fertility of his imagination, that in 1846 he made a contract to furnish 2 newspapers with an amount of manuscript equal to 60 volumes a year; and this exclusive of his plays and other occasional productions. Such abnormal fecundity raised the question whether he was really the author of the books bearing his name. A lawsuit in which he was involved in 1847 with the directors of the Presse and Constitutionnel brought to light the fact that he had engaged to furnish those journals with more volumes than a rapid writer could even copy; but though it is certain that he makes liberal use of the talents of assistants, he claims sufficient share in the plan and execution of every work to make it truly his own. A judicial decision finally supported this claim. He is remarkable for indefatigable industry and singular facility of composition, his daily work averaging 32 pages of an ordinary French octavo volume. Among his novels we may mention Les mémoires d'un médecin, or rather Joseph Balsamo, Le collier de la reine, Ange Pitou, and La comtesse de Charny, a sort of romantic review of the latter part of the 18th century. Novel writing has not withdrawn Dumas from the drama; beside adapting for the stage some of his most successful romances, he has occasionally written original pieces, such as Un mariage sous Louis XV., Les demoiselles de St. Cyr, Le comte Hermann, La jeunesse de Louis XIV., La conscience. He has found time also to publish historical books: Louis XIV. et son siècle, Le drame de 93, Le régent et Louis XV., Florence et les Médicis. In 1852 he began the publication of his Mémoires, a curious autobiography, which also presents interesting sketches of literary life during the restoration; and though in itself a monument of egotism, it is full of such unfeigned admiration for his eminent contemporaries, such candor, generosity, and genuine humor, that no impartial reader can help sympathizing with its author. In March, 1856, it had extended to 27 volumes. Though a repub

lican in politics, Dumas was on terms of friendship with the royal family of Orleans, used his influence to elicit from them acts of benevolence, not unprofitable to their popularity, and when they were exiled from France, he was bold enough to praise the young princes in several public meetings. He now tried to acquire political importance throngh the publication of a daily newspaper, La Liberté, and afterward a monthly review, Le Mois; but failing in this attempt, he published for 2 or 3 years the brilliant Mousquetaire, which he revived in 1857 under the title of Monte Christo, and in which he continues to publish his romances, translations, Mémoires, &c. Previous to 1848 his pen procured him an income of nearly 60,000f. a year, and he had undertaken, near St. Germain, the building of a small but fantastic and costly country seat, which became celebrated under the name of château de Monte Christo. The revolution cutting short his means, the chatean, upon which he had already expended 450,000f., was offered at auction in 1854, and sold for less than a tenth of its original cost. Dumas was married in 1842 to Mlle. Ida Ferrier, an actress of the Porte St. Martin. In 1853 he went for a time to Belgium; in 1858 he travelled in Russia, the Caucasus, Greece, and Turkey, and returned to Paris in the spring of 1859. Among his works published in 1858 are Le capitaine Richard (3 vols. 8vo.), L'Horoscope (3a vols.), Les louves de Machecoul (10 vols.), and L'honneur est satisfait, a prose comedy in one act, played at the théâtre du Gymnase; and a sketch of his recent travels, De Paris à Astrakan, appeared in 1859. Notwithstanding his bold plagiarisms, and the faults incident to his writing so much and so fast, his books enjoy a popularity, even in other languages, such as few others can boast, and it is probable that literary labor never before brought a man so large a fortune. In skilfulness of arrangement, vi. vacity and sustained interest of narrative, and inventive faculty, no living French author rivals him; but most of his writings pander to a morbid love of the extravagant, eccentric, melodramatic, and frivolous, and tend rather to amuse and dazzle the fancy than to produce any abiding influence upon the mind of the reader. Dumas, though the son of a white woman, presents all the characteristics of the mulatto, except color, even more strongly than his father. The English translations of his principal novels have attained an immense circulation in the United States. The most popular are the "Count of Monte Christo," the "Three Guardsmen," "Twenty Years After," the "Vicomte de Bragelone," "Margaret of Anjou," and the "Memoirs of a Physician" and its continuations.-ALEXANDRE, a French novelist and dramatist, son of the preceding, born in Paris, July 28, 1824. At 16 he published a volume of light poems under the title of Péchés de jeunesse, which have been forgotten and forgiven; then he took to novel writing, and produced Quatre femmes et un perroquet, Le roman d'une femme,

Le docteur servant, Quatre hommes forts, La vie à vingt ans, which presented indications of neither extraordinary talent nor originality. But suddenly in 1851 he published the Dame aux camélias, which showed him under a new aspect, and made a prodigious sensation. This was nothing else than the history, slightly amended and embellished, of a woman of the town, Marie Duplessis, with whom he had been on intimate terms, and who had lately died of consumption; but it was narrated with such simplicity and pathos that it had, as the French say, a success of tears." Two other novels, Diane de Lys and La dame aux perles, having however followed without attracting particular attention, he tried his hand at the stage. An unparalleled popularity attached to the Dame aux camélias under its new garb; it drew crowded and enthusiastic houses at Paris and all over France, was translated, performed, and admired everywhere, and was set to music by Verdi in his Traviata. In the United States several versions, "Vice and Virtue," "Camille," "The Fate of a Coquette," were presented at once on the stage. Diane de Lys underwent the same process of transformation, but not with the same success; and then, instead of continuing this adaptation of novels to the stage, Dumas wrote original pieces. Le demi-monde, performed in 1855, gave new evidence of acuteness of observation, dramatic power, and cutting wit. The same merits are perceptible in Le fils naturel and La question d'argent, which appeared in 1856 and 1857, the former a mere drama of the imagination, the latter a satire on the worship of money. Dumas fils, as he is generally called, presents a striking contrast to his father; instead of imprudently lavishing his wit and money, he uses both with a sparing hand.

DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French chemist and politician, born in Alais in July, 1800. Under the patronage of De Candolle, at Geneva, he early acquired considerable proficiency as a botanist and a chemist. In 1821 he repaired to Paris, married there the daughter of Alexandre Brongniart, and henceforth gave his undivided attention to chemistry. He was a professor in the polytechnic school, in the faculty of science, and in the school of medicine, a member of the academy of science and that of medicine, and president of the society for the encouragement of national industry; he was frequently consulted by the government of Louis Philippe, and presented several reports on important questions. After the revolution of 1848 he was elected to the legislative assembly, and was called by President Bonaparte, Oct. 31, 1849, to the ministry of agriculture and commerce, which he held until Jan. 9, 1851. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he was appointed a senator and vicepresident of the municipal commission of Paris. His scientific memoirs, and his Traité de chimie appliquée aux arts (8 vols. 8vo.), including his organic chemistry, are highly valued.

DUMAS, MATTHIEU, count, a French soldier and historian, born in Montpellier, Nov. 23,

1758, died in Paris, Oct. 16, 1837. In 1780 he sailed from Brest as aide-de-camp to Rochambeau, the commander of the French troops sent to assist the Americans in their struggle for independence, and participated in nearly all the subsequent important actions of the war, including the victory of Yorktown. On the conclusion of peace in 1783, he visited Hayti; then returning to Europe, he was for two years employed in the exploration of the sea-coasts and islands of Turkey. At the beginning of the revolution he sided with Lafayette and the constitutional party; when Louis XVI. was arrested at Varennes he commanded the troops who accompa nied him to Paris. As a member of the legislative assembly, he evinced wisdom, firmness of opinion, and considerable oratorical power. During the reign of terror he was arraigned and sentenced to death, but succeeded in escaping to Switzerland. After the 9th Thermidor he returned to France, and was afterward elected to the council of 500. Being proscribed as a monarchist on the 18th Fructidor, he fled to Germany, where he commenced writing his annals of military events. Returning to his country under the consulate, he was intrusted with several important missions. In 1806 he followed Joseph Bonaparte to Naples, was appointed by him minister of war, and organized the Neapolitan army. On the removal of Joseph to Spain he reëntered the French army, and actively participated in the campaigns of 1808 in Spain and 1809 in Germany. He was superintendent of the administrative service of the Russian expedition in 1812, escaped the dangers of the disastrous retreat, was made prisoner in Germany in 1813, was liberated on the peace of 1814, and served the Bourbons during the first restoration. On the return of Napoleon from Elba he refused at first to join him; but yielding to the entreaties of Joseph Bonaparte, he consented to superintend the organization of the national guards of the empire. For this he was placed on the retired list when Louis XVIII. resumed the crown. He now completed his Précis des événements militaires, an excellent work, giving a copious and lucid account of military operations from 1798 to 1807 (19 vols., Paris, 1816-26). The almost total loss of his sight disabled him from continuing his work, but did not prevent him from translating a portion of Napier's "History of the Peninsular War," as a sort of supplement to it. He was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1828, actively participated in all the parliamentary proceedings, evinced decision and energy during the revolution of 1830, and was instrumental in the elevation of Louis Philippe to the throne. Beside the works above mentioned, he left some interesting personal memoirs, since published by his son under the title of Souvenirs.

DUMBARTONSHIRE, an E. co. of Scotland, anciently called Lennox, consisting of 2 detached portions, the larger lying between Lochs Lomond and Long and the frith of Clyde, the smaller

between the counties of Lanark and Stirling; area, 297 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 45,103. The surface is mostly mountainous, and the soil, except in the lowlands, is poor. The best land, however, is highly cultivated, producing potatoes, grain, beans, and turnips. Large tracts are devoted to pasturage, and there are several nurseries for raising timber. The principal minerals are coal, iron, limestone, and freestone. DUMBARTON, or DUNBARTON, on the Leven, commanded by an ancient fortress, a stronghold for at least 1,000 years, and one of the 4 stipulated to be kept in repair by the articles of the union between England and Scotland, is the capital; pop. in 1851, 4,590.

DUMDUM, a town and military station in the district of the Twenty-four Purgannahs, presidency of Bengal, British India, 10 m. S. E. of Barrackpoor and 8 m. N. E. of Calcutta. It was formerly the head-quarters of the Bengal artillery, and the seat of a training school for young officers and recruits from England. It contains handsome establishments for the officers, a large church, a free school, a depot of musketry, and an excellent cannon foundery containing a boring room in which 12 guns can be bored at once, and said to be better arranged than that at Woolwich. Though not actually the scene of revolt in 1857, Dumdum was one of the first places at which the sepoys exhibited symptoms of dissatisfaction. About the end of Jan. 1857, it became known that the native soldiers connected with the musketry school of practice here objected to the new cartridges furnished them for use with the Enfield rifle, on the ground that they were greased with cow's and hog's fat, to touch which with the lips would be pollution for a Hindoo and sacrilege for a Mohammedan. The objectionable missiles were at once withdrawn and the troops were appeased, but the grievance was taken up at other stations and became one of the causes or pretexts of the sepoy mutiny.

DUMERIL, ANDRÉ MARIE CONSTANT, a French physician and naturalist, born in Amiens, Jan. 1, 1774. From 1801 to 1818 he was professor of anatomy and of physiology of the medical faculty of Paris. In 1825, on the death of Lacépède, whose adjunct professor he had been for 22 years, he assumed his functions as the professor of herpetology and ichthyology at the museum of natural history. During a period of 4 years he also lectured on natural history in the école centrale of the Pantheon in the place of Cuvier. His works on natural history and analytical zoology are distinguished both for accuracy of details and for philosophical treatment. In his most celebrated production, L'erpétologie générale (Paris, 1834-54, 9 vols. with illustrations), which contains the first attempt at a systematic description of all known reptiles, he had Bibron as collaborator. One of his best essays on the classification of fishes appeared in 1855 at Paris.

DUMFRIESSHIRE, a frontier co. of Scotland, on the Solway frith; area, 1,129 sq. m.; pop.

in 1851, 78,123. A large portion of its surface is mountainous, especially in the N. and N. E. parts, where there are summits over 3,000 feet above the sea. There are many lochs, the principal of which are Castle loch of Lochmaben, and Loch Skene, 1,300 feet above the level of the sea, whose waters in making their way to the valley below form the beautiful cascade called the Gray Mare's Tail. Three rivers, the Nith, the Annan, and the Esk, give their names to the 3 popular divisions of the county, Nithsdale, Annandale, and Eskdale, and beside these there are a few smaller streams. Limestone is found in considerable quantities, and there are also mines of coal and lead, and some manufactures; but agriculture, and especially the rearing of cattle, sheep, and pigs, are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. The county was included by the Romans in the province of Valentia.DUMFRIES, the capital of the county, is situated on the Nith, 9 m. from its mouth. It has a large trade in cattle and pork, and manufactures of hats, stockings, clogs, and common shoes. It was here that Bruce in 1306 assembled the Scottish nobles to deliberate on his project of gaining the throne of Scotland; here, in the chapel of the gray friars' convent, John Comyn was killed by Bruce, Feb. 10 of that year; and here was the residence of the poet Burns during the last years of his life.

DUMMER, JEREMIAH, an American scholar, born in Boston about 1680, died in Plastow, England, May 19, 1739. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1699, where he was noted for the vigor and brilliancy of his genius. With the purpose of preparing for the clerical profession, he went abroad, and studied in the university of Utrecht. On his return to America he abandoned his chosen vocation, and soon after went to England, where, as agent of Massachusetts, he rendered important services to his countrymen. He was an admirer of Lord Bolingbroke, in whose daring and reckless genius he found much that was congenial to his own character, and in intimacy with whom he adopted something of his moral and religious license. He published theological and philosophical disquisitions in Latin while at Utrecht, and his defence of the New England charters, written in England, is admirable both in style and matter. The traditions and records concerning Mr. Dummer alike testify to his remarkable powers, and his easy command of them in speaking, writing, and in intercourse with men.

DUMMODAH, or DAMMOODAH, a river of Bengal, rising in the British district of Ramgurh, flowing S. E., and then S., and joining the Hoogly on its right bank, after a course of 350 m. Its valley is to be traversed by a railway from Calcutta, and is known to abound in coal and iron.

DUMONT, PIERRE ÉTIENNE LOUIS, a Swiss scholar, the editor in French of the writings of Jeremy Bentham, born in Geneva, July 18, 1759, died in Milan, Sept. 29, 1829. His father, who had experienced great reverses of fortune, left

him in early infancy an orphan along with 3 sisters, to the care of a mother who had no resources but her talent and virtues. He was destined for the pulpit, and was ordained a minister of the Protestant church of Geneva in 1781. He distinguished himself as a preacher, at the same time taking a warm interest on the liberal side in the political controversies of his native city. In consequence of the triumph of the aristocratic faction in the spring of 1782, by means of the armed mediation of France, Savoy, and the aristocratic Swiss cantons, he went in 1783 into a sort of voluntary exile, betaking himself to St Petersburg, where his father had formerly been court jeweller. He was appointed pastor of the French Reformed church in that city; his mother followed him thither, and his sisters were honorably married there. Here also his eloquence attracted much attention; but, after a residence of 18 months, he was induced in 1784 to go to London to act in the capacity of reader to Col. Barré, who had become blind, and needed a companion. Barré was an intimate friend of Lord Shelburne, created marquis of Lansdowne, into whose family Dumont soon passed to assist in the education of the 2d son of the marquis. Here he became acquainted with Romilly and with Bent ham, with the writings and ideas of the latter of whom he was so much impressed as to conceive the scheme of bringing them out in a French version. In 1788 he took a journey to Paris in company with Romilly, and through him was introduced to Mirabeau, who had made Romilly's acquaintance during a visit to London in 1784. At the request of the Genevan exiles in London, Dumont in 1789 made a second journey to Paris in company with M. Duroverai, ex-attorney of the republic of Geneva. Their object was to attain through the return of Necker to office, and the events then passing in France, support for the revolution already commenced at Geneva, and an unrestricted restoration of Genevese liberty, by cancelling a treaty between France and Switzerland, which prevented Geneva from enacting new laws without the consent of the parties to that treaty. His acquaintance with Mirabeau was renewed, and he as well as Daroverai immediately entered into very close relations with that remarkable person, assisting him in the preparation of his speeches, writing for him his published letters addressed to his constituents, advising with him as to his course, and becoming joint editor with him of a journal called the Courrier de Provence. The pecuniary ill success of this publication, the abatement of Dumont's sanguine hopes of political regeneration, the character of Mirabeau himself, and the attacks levelled at Duroverai and Dumont in journals and pamphlets, as being his tools, determined Dumont to leave Paris. His friends in London strongly urged his return on the ground of the antipathy then springing up in England against the French revolutionary party -a consideration of the more importance to Dumont, since he held by the appointment of Barré

a sinecure under-clerkship worth about £400 a year. He quitted Paris in March, 1791, shortly before Mirabeau's death, for Geneva, but returned again in May, proceeding afterward to London in company with Thomas Paine, whom he had met in Paris, but whose acquaintance he did not keep up. In March, 1792, he again returned to Paris in company with Duroverai and Talleyrand, the latter of whom had lately visited England. Talleyrand wished to use the influence of Duroverai and Dumont in softening the feelings of the Girondists toward England, and induced them to return with him to Paris. When Talleyrand was soon after appointed one of a formal embassy to England, Dumont went with him. The embassy was very coolly received, and Talleyrand returned soon after to Paris. Dumont refused to accompany him; but in November of the same year, the French government having then passed into the hands of the Girondists, he visited Paris, on behalf and at the request of the magistrates of Geneva, that city being threatened with an attack from the French. Having completed this business, Dumont paid a short visit to Geneva, and thence returned to London. His "Recollections of Mirabeau," written some 10 years after, but which only appeared as a posthumous work, contains a very interesting account of his observations and experiences in Paris. Still enjoying, after his return to England, the hospitalities of Bowood, the seat of the Lansdowne family, and of Holland house, he now devoted himself to the labor of drawing from the manuscripts and printed works of Bentham a lucid and popular view of that philosopher's system of jurisprudence; a work, however, in which Bentham, then much engrossed with his panopticon project, declined to take any part. In 1802, during the peace of Amiens, Dumont visited Paris, and published there the first instalment of his labors, Traités de législation civile et pénale (3 vols. 8vo.). This work attracted great attention throughout Europe; and in 1806, while Lord Henry Petty, Dumont's former pupil, was chancellor of the exchequer, his sinecure clerkship was superseded by a pension of £500, one ground of which was the service he had rendered by this publication. In 1811 he published at London another instalment of his labors in 2 vols., Théorie des peines et des récompenses, of which 2 editions subsequently appeared at Paris. In 1816 he published at Geneva Tactique des assemblées législatives; in 1823 at Paris, in 2 vols., Preuves judiciales; and in 1828, Organisation judiciale, et codification. All these treatises reappeared in a single collection edited by Dumont, and published at Brussels in 1828, shortly before his death. However small Dumont's share in the substance of these works, they owed almost entirely to the dress in which he clothed them the attention which they attracted, and the impression which they made; and it was to his labors that Bentham was indebted for his wide-spread reputation in Europe, into the principal languages of