which, including the Russian, the Traités de législation were translated. When Geneva recovered her liberties in 1814, Dumont hastened to return thither. He carried with him a small fortune, married, and spent there most of the remainder of his life. Upon his first arrival he drew down upon himself a bitter storm by some criticisms which he made upon the form of government adopted by the republic, and which seemed to him too aristocratically narrow. He was chosen, however, a member of the sovereign representative council, and did what he could to liberalize and improve the institutions of his native city. Being placed on a committee to prepare rules of proceeding, he drew up a set based on Bentham's legislative tactics, the adoption of which was agreed to. In 1817 he laid before the magistrates a draft of a penal code, borrowed principally from Bentham's manuscripts, and accompanied according to Bentham's system with a running commentary of reasons. This plan was referred to a commission, of which Dumont was a member, before whom, and a sub-committee of the same, it underwent during 4 years innumerable discussions. Dumont then published it as originally offered. The lawyers made a violent opposition to it. The commentary of reasons proved a great stumbling block. It was again referred to new committees, before which it was still lingering at the time of Dumont's death. He was more successful in obtaining the establishment of a penitentiary on Bentham's panopticon plan. In his latter years he occasionally visited England, whence he still continued to draw his pension, and where he had many friends. Bentham, for some reason which does not appear, perhaps from the mere caprice of old age, finally became estranged from him, spoke of him with some asperity, and the last time he called at Queen's square place, refused to see him. This coolness much affected Dumont, who retained his reverence for Bentham to the last.

DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES SÉBASTIEN CESAR, a French admiral and navigator, born in Condé-sur-Noireau, May 23, 1790, died May 8, 1842. In 1816 he visited the Grecian archipelago and the shores of the Black sea, collected a number of new plants, of which he afterward published descriptions, and investigated the ruins of several ancient cities. It is said to have been at his suggestion that the French ambassador at Constantinople purchased the statue of Venus of Milo, which a peasant had lately found in his field. In 1822 he accompanied Duperrey in his voyage round the world, and returned in 1825, bringing a rich collection of insects, and a herbarium containing 3,000 specimens, about 400 of which were new. Soon after, being appointed to the command of a frigate, he was sent upon a new expedition to explore the Australian archipelago and the islands of New Zealand and New Guinea. He discovered several islands which Cook had not perceived, established the locality of the Loyalty isles, and brought home over 4,000 sketches of scenery and natural history, 10,000 specimens

of various kinds of animals, and more than 6,000 species of plants. He was living in retirement, engaged in writing the account of his voyages, when the revolution of July broke out, and he was chosen to conduct the unfortunate Charles X. to England. In 1837 he undertook, with the sloops of war Astrolabe and Zélée, his third and last voyage, with the design of exploring the antarctic regions, and before his return circumnavigated the globe through the southern seas. He brought back vast collections illustrative of botany, zoology, and mineralogy. He landed at Toulon after an absence of 38 months, was raised to the dignity of rear admiral, and went to Paris to superintend the publication of the account of this voyage at the expense of the government. Only the 2d volume was published, when the author was killed, with his wife and son, in the great railway disaster on the line of Paris and Versailles. The whole work was completed under the supervision of M. Vincendon-Dumoulin, in 24 vols. 8vo., with 6 folio vols. of illustrations (Paris, 1841-'54). The departments of zoology, botany, anthropology, geology, &c., were treated by special writers attached to the expedition.

DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANÇOIs, a French general, born in Cambray, Jan. 25, 1739, died in Buckinghamshire, England, March 14, 1823. He served with great distinction and was frequently wounded during the 7 years' war, but his only reward was a pension of 600 livres a year and the cross of St. Louis. Impatient of an inactive life, he engaged in the war and intrigues which brought on the annexation of Corsica to France, and would possibly have prevented the partition of Poland, if his protector Choiseul had not been dismissed from power. On the accession of Louis XVI. he was put in command at Cherbourg, where important improvements were accomplished under his direction. In 1788 he was appointed brigadier-general. During the first years of the revolution, he managed to maintain friendly intercourse with the court while gaining popularity with the revolutionists. A member of the club of Jacobins, and on very good terms with the Girondists, he assumed in March, 1792, the ministry of foreign affairs in the cabinet formed by the latter. His counsels displeased the king; he also disagreed with his colleagues, who were dismissed, and he himself resigned. Assuming, Aug. 20, 1792, command of the French army on the N. E. frontier, then invaded by the Prussians under the duke of Brunswick, he succeeded by a series of brilliant operations in stopping the advance of the enemy, who were defeated, Sept. 21, at Valmy, and forced to retreat. He now crossed the frontier, routed the Austrians at Jemmapes, Nov. 6, took possession of Brussels, and within one month completed the conquest of Belgium. In the beginning of Jan. 1793, he repaired to Paris, entered into secret negotiations for the rescue of the king, which soon transpired, and he was denounced but not deprived of his commission. He now planned the conquest of Holland; but having been defeated

at Neuwinden, March 18, 1793, by the duke of Coburg, he plotted, in concert with the enemy, the overthrow of the republic. The convention then summoned him to appear at their bar, and on his refusal the minister of war, Beurnonville, and 4 commissaries were sent to arrest him in the midst of his own army. Dumouriez had them seized by some of his hussars and delivered to the Austrians; but he had mistaken the sentiments of his own troops, and no alternative was left him but to desert his army and country. This he did in company with the young duke of Chartres, the future king Louis Philippe, the indignant soldiers firing at them while they escaped. He was coldly received by the Austrians, who looked for a powerful army and not a lonely fugitive. After wandering through Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, and Russia, he finally repaired to England, where, in consideration of some secret services, he received a pension of £1,200. He then published his Mémoires and a series of pamphlets on the affairs of France. He is reported to have had a large share in devising the plans of military operations against the French armies; and Wellington studied with advantage his annotations to the translation of Hagner's "Campaigns of Schomberg in Portugal,” in which he pointed out the best means of opposing the French in the peninsula. He is positively charged by Montgaillard with having in 1814 given directions to the allied armies for the invasion of France. However this may be, he did not succeed in conciliating the favor of the Bourbons, and vainly solicited from Louis XVIII. a marshal's baton. He never returned to France,-See La vie et les mémoires du général Dumouriez, by himself (3 vols. 8vo., Hamburg, 1795).

DUNA, or SOUTHERN DWINA, an important river of Russia. It rises near the source of the Volga in the government of Tver, flows about 500 m. with a very circuitous course, but with a general W. direction, separating the government of Vitebsk and Livonia on the right from Wilna and Courland on the left, and discharges into the gulf of Riga near the town of the same name. Its waters abound in fish, and the river is deep enough to be navigable for the greater part of its length, but is obstructed by rocks and shoals. It is connected by canals with the Volga, the Beresina, the Niemen, and Lake Ilmen. DUNBAR, a small seaport town in the eastern part of Scotland, in the county of Hadding. ton, at the mouth of the firth of Forth, 28 m. E. from Edinburgh; pop. in 1851, 3,038. It has manufactories of soap, iron, steam engines, sail cloth, and cordage, and some trade. Vessels of 300 tons can enter the harbor, but the navigation is somewhat dangerous. Dunbar is a place of great antiquity, and its castle, now in ruins, was formerly a famous stronghold. It has been the scene of many interesting events in history. In 1296 the Scots were defeated here with great slaughter by the English army of Edward I. In 1337, Black Agnes, countess of Dunbar, defended the castle for nearly 5 months

against the earl of Salisbury. Another important battle was fought near this town in 1650 between Cromwell with 11,000 men and Gen. Lesley at the head of a Scottish army twice as large, in which the latter was decisively defeated. DUNBAR, WILLIAM, an early Scotch poet, pronounced by Sir Walter Scott "unrivalled by any that Scotland has ever produced," born in Salton about 1460, died about 1520. He received the degree of master of arts from the university of St. Andrew's in 1479, and then becoming a friar of the Franciscan order he travelled over England and France, occasionally preaching and receiving alms, and deriving a precarious sustenance, as he himself admitted, by deceit and flattery. Weary of this errant life, he returned to Scotland, was received at the court of James IV., and delighted his royal master with his poetical compositions, and probably also with the charms of his conversation, in which he revealed both his native wit and his knowledge of mankind. His poems show a mastery of almost every kind of verse. Some of them were printed in 1508; many remained for 2 centuries in manuscript, but their fame has steadily increased since their publication at Edinburgh and Perth in 1770 and 1778. The "Thistle and Rose" was a nuptial song to celebrate the marriage of King James IV. with the princess Margaret of England. The "Dance" is a strangely imaginative poem, in which Mahoun (a name of Satan, derived from Mohammed) asks his principal ministers to entertain him with a mummery, or sort of ballet spectacle; whereupon the 7 deadly sins present themselves and deliver verses, some of which are hardly surpassed in strength and sublimity, and which are severe criticisms upon the vices of the time. The short poem of the "Merle and Nightingale" is a striking picture of the contest between earthly and spriritual affections, the merle recommending a lusty life in love's service, and the nightingale declaring that all love is lost but upon God alone. All the poems of Dunbar abound in allegory. A complete edition of them was published in Edinburgh in 1824 by Mr. David Laing, with an excellent life of the poet.

DUNCAN, ADAM, lord viscount of Camperdown, an English admiral, born in Dundee, July 1, 1731, died near Edinburgh, Aug. 4, 1804. He entered the British naval service at an early age, and was promoted to a post-captaincy in 1761. He distinguished himself under Keppel in the successful attack upon Havana, and after the war with France recommenced he was in 1780 placed in command of a ship under Rod ney, whose orders were to force a passage to Gibraltar through whatever impediments and relieve that fortress, then attacked by the Spaniards both by land and sea. Off Cape St. Vincent Rodney met a Spanish squadron under command of Langara, which had been sent to intercept him, and in the engagement which ensued Duncan signalized his valor by being the first to bring his ship into action, and the flag of one of the heaviest of the enemy's ships was struck to

him. In 1787 he obtained the rank of rear admiral, and in 1795 became admiral of the blue, and was appointed to the command of the British forces in the North sea. The service which his position required of him was to guard the coast of Holland and capture any merchant vessels which might venture to sea, and in this employment within 2 years he had annihilated the Dutch, or, as it was then termed, the Batavian commerce. In 1797 he succeeded in blockading a large fleet under Vice-Admiral De Winter in the Texel, when a serious mutiny broke out in his own squadron. Insubordination had become general throughout the British navy, and the ships which abandoned the fleet of Duncan joined at the Nore other mutinous ships from Plymouth and Sheerness. The English government trembled for its navy; the rebels refused all terms of accommodation, and Duncan had but 2 ships faithful to him. Yet when he advanced against the mutineers with even this force, the dissensions which had taken place among them caused several of their ships to drop the red flag and return to their duty, and the sedition was quickly ended. Duncan then resumed the blockade of the Texel, but was at length obliged to put into Yarmouth roads for repairs and provisions. There intelligence was brought to him that De Winter, the Batavian commander, had availed himself of his absence to put to sea. The English admiral immediately weighed anchor and set sail, and with a favorable wind and by a masterly manœuvre succeeded in placing himself between the Dutch and their place of retreat in the Texel, and thus in forcing them to an engagement. The two fleets met between Camperdown and Egmont, within 5 m. of the coast. De Winter was drawing fast toward the land, with the design, if attacked, to bring both fleets ashore, and thus to make it a victory to himself, it being upon his own coast. Duncan, however, began the action precipitately, without waiting to form a line, and the purpose of the Batavian vice-admiral was frustrated. De Winter maintained the contest for some time with his own flag ship after the rest of his fleet had either been captured or had quitted the action, and struck his colors only when his ship was entirely dismasted, riddled, and disabled. The loss of the English in this hard-fought battle was 1,030 killed and wounded, while that of the Dutch was considerably greater. The English took 9 sail of the line and 2 frigates. The victory created the utmost enthusiasm in England, where it was hailed as a presage of the downfall of the maritime power of Holland, long the most formidable rival of England on the seas. Duncan was created lord viscount of Camperdown, with a pension of £2,000; parliament addressed to him its thanks, and London voted him a sword of honor. He remained in active service against the Batavian republic till 1800, after which time he retired to Scotland.

DUNCAN, JOSEPH, an American general and politician, born in Kentucky about 1790, died in Jacksonville, Ill., Jan. 15, 1844. In the war

of 1812 he took part in the brilliant defence of Fort Stephenson, under Col. Croghan, and after the close of the war he removed to Illinois. In 1824 he was elected to the senate of that state, after which he was successively representative in congress and governor of Illinois. While in the state legislature he originated the law establishing common schools.

DUNCAN, THOMAS, a Scottish artist, born in Perthshire, May 24, 1807, died in Edinburgh, May 25, 1845. His paintings gained for him the appointment of professor of coloring and drawing in the academy of Edinburgh, and an election as associate of the royal academy. His picture of Charles Edward asleep after the battle of Culloden, protected by Flora Macdonald, has been frequently engraved. Among the finest of his other pieces are "Charles Edward and the Highlanders entering Edinburgh, after the Battle of Prestonpans," and the "Martyrdom of John Brown of Priesthill."

DUNDALK, a seaport town of Ireland, in the co. of Louth, near the mouth of the Castletown river, 45 m. N. of Dublin; pop. in 1851, 9,995. It has a good harbor on Dundalk bay, contains a number of schools and literary and benevolent institutions, and communicates by railway with Drogheda and Dublin. The manufactures comprise flax spinning, machinery, and agricultural implements, ropes, soap, leather, pins, and starch; and there are also flour mills, breweries, and distilleries. Its trade is important and increasing, especially in agricultural products, which are largely exported.

DUNDAS, an E. co. of Canada West, bordering on the St. Lawrence; area, 377 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 13,811. Capital, Cornwall.

DUNDAS, HENRY, Viscount Melville, a British statesman, born in Edinburgh in 1741, died there, May 27, 1811. He was of the ancient and distinguished family of the Dundases of Arniston, received his education at the high school and university of Edinburgh, was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates in 1763, displayed at once a love of gayety and dissipation and a persevering application to professional duties, and especially availed himself of every opportunity for cultivating his oratorical powers, speaking frequently as a lay member in the annual sittings of the kirk of Scotland, where he first gave signs of that manly eloquence and address which afterward made him the able coadjutor of Pitt in managing the house of commons. His celebrity as an advocate gained him the appointment of solicitor-general in 1773; he was returned to the house of commons for the county of Edinburgh in 1774, and was made lord advocate of Scotland in 1775. He was subsequently chosen member of parliament for the city of Edinburgh, which he continued to represent till his advance ment to the peerage. The unpopularity and disasters of the American war, and the invectives of an opposition probably the most talented ever encountered by a British ministry, soon made the fall of Lord North's administration

certain; and though Dundas had been a supporter of that nobleman, his familiarity with affairs made him a valuable accession to the administrations of Rockingham and Shelburne, which quickly succeeded, in the 2d of which he held the office of treasurer of the navy. This ministry was obliged to give way before the combined opposition of Fox and Lord North, who, after having for 7 years mutually ridiculed and denounced each other as republican and absolutist, came together in 1783 to form the celebrated coalition ministry, the opposition to which was headed by Pitt and Dundas. The latter had been appointed chairman of a secret committee of the house of commons to inquire into the condition of British India and the causes of the war in the Carnatic, and he now made an elaborate report, extending to several folio volumes, in which he exhibited a complete mastery of the subject, and which he followed up by a bill for the better regulation of Indian affairs. The ministry, however, promising to bring in a bill upon the same subject, Dundas did not press his own proposals, and soon the ministerial pledge was redeemed by the introduction of Mr. Fox's famous East India bill. In spite of the uncompromising opposition of Pitt and Dundas, the passage of this bill was prevented only by the firmness of the king, which necessitated the resignation of the ministry. Pitt was now called to the helm of affairs with a majority in parliament against him. He was powerfully aided by Dundas, who again held the office of treasurer of the navy, and in Pitt's absence led the ministerial party in the house of commons, and whose dexterity as a debater and minute acquaintance with Indian matters were of especial value in carrying Pitt's India bill successfully through parliament against a very serious opposition. Dundas became president of the board of control under this bill, and in 1791 entered the cabinet as secretary of state for the home department. He exchanged this post for that of secretary of war in 1794, when he introduced a bill for restoring the estates in Scotland forfeited on account of the rebellion of 1745; and though the assigned reason for this measure was the valor of the Scotch in the recent wars, it was also most expedient as a means of reconciling the population beyond the Tweed to the reigning family. The investigations of Dundas into eastern affairs originated those discussions which terminated in the impeachment of Warren Hastings; but though his information on the subject was perhaps unsurpassed by that of any of his contemporaries, he neither favored the accusers nor vigorously attempted to vindicate Mr. Hastings from their invectives. He was the principal supporter of Pitt during the wars with France which followed the revolution, until he resigned his offices upon the retirement of that statesman in 1801, and on that occasion he laid before parliament a favorable statement of the condition of the East India company's affairs. In 1802 he was raised to the peerage by the titles of Viscount Melville VOL. VI.-43

and Baron Duneira, and on Mr. Pitt's return to power in 1804, became first lord of the admiralty. He quickly retired from this office, having incurred a charge of violating while treasurer of the navy one of the statutes which he himself had proposed, by which the treasurer was forbidden, contrary to previous custom, to receive any perquisites or make any private or individual use of the public money. The articles of impeachment were prepared by the most celebrated leaders of the opposition, and the trial, opened in the house of lords, April 29, 1806, was conducted with imposing pomp. It resulted in the acquittal of Lord Melville by triumphant majorities, yet not, however, until after the death of Pitt. From this time Lord Melville took part only occasionally in the debates of the house of lords, and spent the most of his time in Scotland. As a statesman he was distinguished for his great capacity for business and his mastery of the subjects on which he spoke. Though his manner was ungraceful and his accent betrayed his northern birth, yet his clear and forcible statements always commanded the attention of the house. He loved society and convivial entertainments, and remembered no party distinctions on festive occasions. The city of Edinburgh contains 2 public monuments to his memory, a fine marble statue by Chantrey, in the parliament house, and a monument surmounted by a statue in St. Andrew's square.-ROBERT SAUNDERS, Viscount Melville, a British statesman, only son of the preceding, born March 14, 1771, died June 10, 1851. Having previously held several high offices, he was in 1812 appointed first lord of the admiralty, which station he filled until 1827. It was during his administration that the arctic voyages were undertaken, and the navigators bestowed his name upon some of their discoveries. He was afterward again in the ministry from 1828 to 1880, when, his party having been driven from power, he retired from political life. Beside his other honors, he was lord privy seal for Scotland from 1811, and chancellor of the university of St. Andrew's from 1814, until his death.

DUNDAS, SIR JAMES WHITLEY DEANS, Viceadmiral in the British navy, born Dec. 4, 1785. He is the son of Dr. James Deans of Calcutta, and assumed the names of Whitley and Dundas in 1808. He entered the navy in 1799, and participated with considerable activity in the naval operations of the next few years, receiving his captain's commission in 1807. He has been a member of parliament and a lord of the admiralty. At the commencement of the war with Russia he was in command of the British fleet in the Black sea, and coöperated with the land forces in the first operations against Sebastopol. His neglect to bombard the city of Odessa, and in general the slowness and cautiousness of his movements, were the subject of severe criticism in the English journals; and upon the expiration of his term of service, in Dec. 1854, he was succeeded in command of the fleet by Rear-admiral Lyons.

DUNDAS, RICHARD SAUNDERS, rear admiral in the British navy, born April 11, 1802. He is the 2d son of Henry Dundas, 3d viscount Melville; entered the naval service in 1817 as a midshipman, and in 7 years obtained his commission as post-captain. He took part in the expedition against China in 1840, and in command of the Melville, 72, rendered important services at Boca Tigris and other places. From 1852 to 1855 he was a lord of the admiralty, and upon the return of Sir Charles Napier from the Baltic during the war with Russia, was appointed, in Feb. 1855, to succeed him in the command of the British fleet stationed there. In conjunction with Admiral Perraud of the French blockading fleet he bombarded Sweaborg, Aug. 9, 1855. He was again made a lord of the admiralty on the accession of Lord Derby's government in Feb. 1858.

DUNDEE, a royal and parliamentary borough and seaport town of Forfarshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the estuary of the Tay, 42 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh; pop. in 1851, 78,931; in 1855, estimated at 90,000. It occupies the declivity of a hill, whose summit is 500 feet above the level of the sea, and is rather irregularly built. The modern streets are spacious and handsome. The principal public edifices are the churches, which are very numerous, the old Gothic tower, 156 feet high, the town hall, custom house, exchange, infirmary, lunatic asylum, industrial school, orphan institution, academy, and savings bank. In the centre of the town is a large square called the market place, from which the principal streets diverge. A triumphal arch in the Norman style of architecture has been erected to commemorate Queen Victoria's landing here in Sept. 1844. Some of the docks are very large and magnificent. King William's dock has an area of 6 acres, Earl Grey's of 5 acres, and the Victoria dock of 14 acres. There are also several fine quays, capable of accommodating 70 vessels with ample berthage, and a crane near the Grey dock which can raise a weight of 30 tons. The chief manufactures are linen, which gives employment to over 20,000 hands, carpets, gloves, and leather. Ship-building, as well of iron as of wood, is also extensively carried on. The commerce of Dundee is very considerable. In 1856 there entered its port 2,323 vessels of 247,725 tons burden, and cleared thence 895 vessels of 124,701 tons burden. The registered shipping of the port was 291 vessels of 54,705 tons. It is governed by a provost, 4 baillies, and 16 councillors, and returns one member to parliament. During the reign of the Scottish kings Dundee was one of their places of residence. At the period of the reformation it was called "the second Geneva" for its zeal in behalf of Protestantism. In 1645 it was besieged, taken, and plundered by Montrose. In 1651 it was stormed by Gen. Monk, and a 6th part of its inhabitants massacred.

DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHRANE, earl of, more commonly known as Lord Cochrane, an English rear admira' born Dec. 14, 1775. He

is the eldest son of Archibald, 9th earl of Dundonald, who died July 1, 1831, and who was distinguished as a chemist. At 17 years of age he entered the naval service, and during the war with France signalized himself in many actions. Some of his exploits in capturing vessels against great odds are among the most brilliant achievements in the history of the British navy. In 1801 he was made a post-captain, for the capture of a Spanish frigate of far superior force to his own. In 1809 he successfully led a fleet of fire ships among the French fleet at anchor in the Basque roads, for which he was made a knight of the bath. In 1807 he was returned to parliament by the electors of Westminster, and soon incurred the animosity of the government by his radical opinions on questions of reform. In Feb. 1814, a rumor prevailed that Napoleon had abdicated, and Lord Cochrane took advantage of the rise in the funds which ensued to sell out. He was charged with originating a false rumor, and upon trial was convicted of fraud and sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000, to stand in the pillory, and be imprisoned for a year. The pillory punishment was subsequently remitted. He was at the same time expelled from parliament, and degraded from the order of the bath. His constituents, believing in his innocence, which has since been fully established, immediately returned him to parliament again, and his fine was paid by public subscription. Finding it impossible to obtain employment at home, he attached himself successively to the Chilian and Brazilian navies and to the Greeks, in each of which services he earned fresh laurels. In 1830, on the accession of William IV. and a whig government, he returned to England, and was reinstated in all his former honors. In 1851, he became admiral of the white, and in 1854 rear admiral of the United Kingdom. Lord Dundonald is a man of considerable scientific attainments, and the author of "Observations on Rural Affairs" (1847), and of "Notes on the Condition of the British West India Islands" (1851). His "Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil" appeared in London (2 vols., 1858).

DUNDRUM BAY, a bay of the Irish ses, on the coast of the co. of Down. Its entrance, which lies between St. John's point on the N. E. and the Mourne mountains on the S. W., is about 10 m. wide. The whole bay is subject to heavy swells during S. and S. E. winds. Near its N. side are 2 rocks called the Cow and Calf, connected with the mainland by a reef. The steamer Great Britain was run ashore here in 1846.

DUNES, an ancient Saxon word, still used in England to designate hills of sand along the coast which are blown together by the winds. Such accumulations are met with upon the sandy portions of the coast of the United States, and also in the interior along the shores of the great lakes. The fine sand thrown up by the waves is blown when dry by the wind into the interior, covering the surface so as to prevent all vegetation. In the department of