sive portion of the county. The value of all these products is vastly increased by the facilities of transportation from the mining district to the seaboard. Beside the navigable rivers, there are many railways traversing the county and connecting the great coal region with the coast, with Scotland, and with some of the most important towns of England. The principal manufactures are iron work, pottery, glass, coal tar, salt, linen, and woollen. Durham is deficient in timber, and with the exception of the groves attached to country seats of the nobility, and some portions of the vale of Derwent, there is little woodland of any value. Durham, Chester, and Lancaster were formerly counties palatine, so called because the bishop of Durham, the earl of Chester, and the duke of Lancaster had royal rights in their respective territories as fully as the king in his palace. The jurisdiction of the bishop of Durham was transferred to the crown in the reign of William IV. The county consists politically of 2 divisions, each of which sends 2 members to the house of commons.-DURHAM (anc. Dunelmia, Dunelmum, Dunholmum, Dunholme), the capital of the county, is an ancient episcopal city and parliamentary borough, built on 7 small hills, and nearly encompassed by the river Wear, which is here crossed by several bridges; pop. in 1851, 13,188. Its external appearance is at once attractive and imposing. The river banks are skirted by plantations, hanging gardens, and beautiful public walks, beyond which the houses rise one above another, until they are crowned by the grand cathedral and an ancient Norman castle, which occupy the summit of a rocky eminence. The city consists of several divisions, of which the one situated between the cathedral and the river has many elegant residences. The old town, which lies N. of the castle, contains most of the shops, and a market place with a fountain. There are suburbs on each side of the river, some of which are occupied chiefly by the poorer classes. Among the public buildings and institutions are a town hall, built in the Tudor baronial style, a great number of schools, an infirmary, hospitals, reading rooms, libraries, assembly rooms, a theatre, 6 parish churches, various chapels, and a university. A college was founded here as early as 1290 by the prior and convent of Durham, which was afterward enlarged, and under Henry VIII. was transferred with all its endowments to the dean and chapter. Under Cromwell the funds were employed by a new corporation, but on the restoration they reverted to the former trustees. The present university owes its foundation mainly to Dr. Charles Thorp, archdeacon of Durham. It was opened to students in 1833, and incorporated in 1837. Bishop Hatfield's hall was instituted in 1846 for divinity students. The most interesting edifice in Durham is the cathedral, founded in 1093 by King Malcolm and Bishop Carilepho. Its length, including the western porch, is 507 feet, its greatest breadth 200 feet, and it has a central tower 214 feet high, beside 2 low towers,

once surmounted by spires. The predominant style of architecture is the early Norman, but in the various additions made to the church from time to time, we have specimens of the different styles which had prevailed in England up to the close of the 14th century. The Galilee chapel at its W. end, built by Bishop Pudsey between 1153 and 1195, contains the remains of the venerable Bede; those of St. Cuthbert, the patron of the church, rest in the chapel of the nine altars. The old church of St. Nicholas was partly repaired and partly rebuilt in 1858, and is now considered one of the finest specimens of modern church architecture in the N. of England. There is a school house attached to it. Immediately opposite the cathedral stands the castle, founded by William the Conqueror for the twofold purpose of maintaining the royal authority in the adjoining districts and protecting the country from the inroads of the Scots. Many additions have been made to it, and it is doubtful whether any part of the original keep, except the foundation, now remains. For many years it was the residence of the bishop of the palatinate, but of late it has been given up to the uses of the university. The see of Durham was long the richest in England, and for the 3 years ending with 1831, the average annual net revenue of the bishop was £19,066; but in 1836 his income was fixed at £8,000, the surplus revenue being applied to the augmentation of the incomes of poorer bishops. Prior to the opening of the collieries, and the construction of the numerous railways which now intersect the county, Durham made little progress, but the activity awakened by these great works has given a powerful impetus to its trade and population. It has manufactories of carpeting and mustard. In the vicinity are Neville's Cross, erected by Lord Neville in commemoration of the defeat of David II. of Scotland, in 1346, and the site of an old Roman fortress, called the Maiden castle. The town sends 2 members to the house of commons,

DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, earl of, an English statesman, born in Durham, April 12, 1792, died in the isle of Wight, July 28, 1840. He was educated at Eton, served a short time in a regiment of hussars, married at the age of 20, and had hardly attained his majority when he was returned to parliament for his native county. His first speech, delivered in 1814, was an unsuccessful appeal in behalf of the people of Norway struggling under Prince Christian of Denmark for their national independence, in opposition to the stipulations of the allies at Kiel The next year he introduced a motion in behalf of Genoa, to which the reestablishment of its ancient constitution had been promised by Lord Bentinck in the name of England, but which was by the stipulations of the congress of Vienna annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia. When the Castlereagh ministry in 1816 proposed to add more rigorous conditions to the alien act, he opposed the measure with great energy. During the chartist excitement of 1819, he vindicated the rights

of the people, not only in parliament, but in numerous public meetings. He was one of the defenders of Queen Caroline in 1821, and seconded Lord Tavistock's motion of censure on the ministry for their proceedings against her. The same year he promulgated a scheme of parliamentary reform, and though his bill was rejected by a manoeuvre before discussion, yet 10 years later he saw his ideas revived in the celebrated reform act, in the passage of which he then assisted as a member of the cabinet. In 1826 the feebleness of his health obliged him to relax his labors, and he passed a year in Naples, and on his return to England was raised by Lord Goderich to the peerage, under the title of Baron Durham. Upon the formation of the ministry of his father-in-law, Lord Grey, in 1830, he was called into the cabinet as lord privy seal. This administration was formed upon the basis of making parliamentary reform a cabinet question, and the preparation of the plan of reform was intrusted to Lord Durham, Lord John Russell, Sir James Graham, and Lord Duncannon. To Lord Durham fell the task of defending the bill in the house of lords, a difficult labor, since he had to contend not only against the open opposition of the tories, but against the secret repugnance of many of his colleagues and political associates. His health suffered a heavy shock at this time by the death of his eldest son, and though he afterward spoke a few times upon the 2d and 3d bills, he retired from the administration in 1833, and was raised to an earldom. He was sent the same year upon a special mission to Russia; but he was unsuccessful in his main object, which was to induce the Russian government to mitigate its severity toward the Poles, who had lately made an unsuccessful attempt to recover their independence. Returning to England, his liberal views brought him into collision with the existing government. His separation from his former colleagues was clearly manifested in remarks which he made at a public dinner given to Lord Grey at Edinburgh, which caused him to be generally regarded as the leader of the movement party. The insurrection in Canada in 1837 and the following years opened a new field to his activity, and in 1838 he was sent thither as governor with extraordinary powers, the ministry hoping that his liberality of sentiment and large political experience would secure the confidence of the people. Yet his administration there was brief. Trying at once to conciliate and to punish, he gained only the ill will of the Canadians; and surpassing his powers by transporting the leaders of the rebellion for an indefinite time to Bermuda, a disapproval of his conduct was voted by parliament. Lord Durham complained that he was not vigorously supported by the ministry, resigned his office, and suddenly returned to England. He prepared an elaborate report on Canadian affairs, setting forth liberal principles of colonial government, and proposing the union of the two provinces, which has had much influence on British colonial administra

tion. His policy and plans were adopted by his successor, and vindicated by himself in the house of lords. His political views giving him an almost solitary position, and being unable by reason of feeble health, under which he had long suffered, to sustain alone a struggle in parliament, he afterward took but little part in public affairs.

DURINGSFELD, IDA VON, a German authoress, born in Lower Silesia, Nov. 12, 1815, married in 1845 Baron Reinsberg, visited Italy and Switzerland, and wrote interesting sketches of her travels (Reiseskizzen, vol. i., Switzerland, 1850; vol. ii., Italy, 1857; vol. iii., Carinthia, 1857; vols. iv. and v., Dalmatia, 1857), and á series of sketches of high life, or Skizzen aus der vornehmen Welt (6 vols., 1842-'45). The most recent of her numerous works are Esther (Breslau, 1851), and Clotilde (Berlin, 1855). She has also written poetry and songs, and translated Bohemian national songs into German (Böhmische Rosen, Breslau, 1851). Several of her original songs were set to music, and her Lieder aus Toscana appeared in Dresden in 1855.

DUROC, GÉRARD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL, duke of Friuli, a French general, born in Pont-à-Mousson, near Nancy, Oct. 25, 1772, killed near Markersdorf, in the vicinity of Görlitz, Prussia, May 23, 1813. After having served in the first wars of the revolution as adjutant of Gen. L'Espinasse, he joined the army of Italy in 1796, became brigadier-general in 1797, took part in the Egyptian campaign, and after Napoleon's return to France and the 18th Brumaire, in which he was a chief actor, he was made lieutenant-general and governor of the Tuileries. Subsequently he was employed on diplomatic missions in Stockholm, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Dresden; took part in 1805 in the battle of Austerlitz as successor of Gen. Oudinot, who had been wounded; and accompanied Napoleon in his campaigns in 1806 and 1807. In 1809 he was with the emperor in Austria, and negotiated the truce of Znaym. In 1812 he was in the Russian campaign, always enthusiastically devoted to the cause of Napoleon, of whom he was a great favorite. After the battle of Bautzen, while escorting the emperor to an adjoining elevation for the purpose of inspecting the battle ground, he was killed by a cannon shot. The farm house in which he died the same evening was purchased by Napoleon, who caused a monument to be erected there to Duroc's memory. His remains were interred in 1845 in the church of the Invalides in Paris.

DÜRRENSTEIN, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 41 m. W. by N. from Vienna, belonging to the princely house of Starhemberg; pop. 500. It is famous for its ruins of the old castle in which Richard Cœur de Lion, while returning from his crusade in Palestine in 1193, was kept a prisoner during 15 months by Duke Leopold of Austria. The castle is seen on a naked and lofty rock back of the village, on the border of the dark heights of the Wunderberg. Here on Nov. 11, 1805, the French un

der Mortier defeated the Austrians and Russians under Kutusoff.

DÜSSELTHAL, formerly a convent of Trappists between Düsseldorf and Elberfeld; at present an educational institution, established in 1821 by a Prussian nobleman for the benefit of helpless children, and of converted Jews who wish to become mechanics or farmers.

DÜSSELDORF, a district of Rhenish Prussia, bounded N. and W. by Holland, and traversed by the Rhine; area, 2,096 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 1,017,500. The 14 circles of the district include the circle of Düsseldorf (pop. in 1855, 85,560), and the most celebrated manufacturing towns of the country, as Elberfeld, Crefeld, Solingen, Lennep, &c. The industrial interests absorb the best energies of the inhabitants, and agricultural pursuits are comparatively neglected. On the left shore of the Rhine, however, the richness of the soil is great, and the trade in cereals and cattle is not inconsiderable, although a more steady attention to the resources of husbandry might enhance its importance. The district abounds in mineral wealth, especially in coal and iron.-DÜSSELDORF, the capital of the district and circle of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the Düssel with the Rhine, 22 m. by railway N. from Cologne; pop. in 1855, 45,000. As a great focus of railway and steamboat communication, a fair proportion of the transit trade of the Rhine is carried on by the merchants of Düsseldorf. The manufacturing interest is not as fully represented as in Elberfeld and other neighboring towns, but there are many carriage, tapestry, cotton, tobacco, and mustard manufactories, tanneries, and dyeing establishments. In 1288 Düsseldorf became a municipality. In modern times it has been successively under the dominion of Brandenburg and Neuburg, under French and Bavarian rule, and was for some time the capital of the duchy of Berg, until in 1815 it passed with the whole duchy under the sway of Prussia. It is divided into 4 sections, the Altstadt, the Karlstadt, the Friedrichsstadt, and the Neustadt. The last was laid out by Johann Wilhelm, the elector palatine, whose statue adorns the market square and the palace yard. The Karlstadt is the most modern part of the town, and derives its name from Karl Theodor, its founder, the same public-spirited prince who established in 1767 the academy of painting. The town possesses many delightful parks or gardens, and the Hofgarten is one of the finest in Prussia. New and beautiful streets have been laid out within the last 15 years in the southern and eastern portions of the town. The prominent public buildings are the governor's palace, the town hall, the cabinet of antiquities and that of scientific instruments, the tribunals, the observatory, which occupies the former collegiate buildings of the Jesuits, the St. Andreas church, which also belonged to the Jesuits in former times, and the church of St. Lambert. Both churches contain monuments of the ancient sovereign princes of Düsseldorf. There are numerous charitable and literary associations, a

gymnasium, a primary school, a polytechnic institute, an academy of commerce, and a good theatre. The celebrated picture gallery, which was established here in 1690, and which contained superb specimens of the best Flemish and Dutch masters, was transferred to Munich in 1805. The collection of 14,000 original drawings and 24,000 engravings and casts, however, which formed part of the same gallery, still remains in Düsseldorf, and received in 1841 an addition of 300 water-color drawings after Italian masters. Art has flourished here more than in any other German town, especially since 1822, when Frederic William III. renovated the building of the academy, and when at the same time Cornelius, Schadow, and other artists of genius arose to give a powerful impulse to art generally, by laying the foundation of the Düsseldorf school of painters. The art union for Rhenish Prussia and Westphalia was founded here in 1828. The engravers' establishment of the royal academy of Schulgen-Bettendorf was removed from Bonn to Düsseldorf in 1837. Beside the academy of painting, there is a school for painters and one for architects. The average annual attendance of art students at the various institutions is about 400. There are 2 political and several literary and humorous papers and magazines published in Düsseldorf. Among the many eminent persons born in the town were Heine the poet, and Cornelius the painter.

DUTCH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, See NETHERLANDS.

DUTCHESS, & S. E. co. of N. Y., bounded W. by the Hudson river, and E. by Connecticut; area, 816 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 60,635. The surface is uneven and in many parts hilly. Fishkill river and Wappinger's creek supply it with good water power, which is employed in a number of mills. Much of the soil is best adapted to grazing, but the cultivated portions are carefully improved and very fertile, yielding large crops of grain and potatoes. The productions in 1855 were 558,308 bushels of Indian corn, 626,347 of oats, 54,720 of wheat, 205,498 of potatoes, 83,878 tons of hay, and 1,681,595 lbs. of butter. There were 39 grist mills, 12 saw mills, 6 cotton and 6 woollen factories, 9 furnaces, 132 churches, 10 newspaper offices, and 206 school houses. Limestone, slate, marble, iron, and lead are the most important minerals. The county has great facilities for communication with New York, Albany, and other parts of the Union, by means of the Hudson river, navigable along its western border, and the Hudson river and Harlem railroads, which intersect it. Capital, Poughkeepsie.

DUTENS, JOSEPH MICHEL, & French political economist, born in Tours, Oct. 15, 1765, died Aug. 6, 1848. He was educated as a civil engineer, and in 1800 published a topographical description of the arrondissement of Louviers (Eure). He first became known as an economist by his Analyse raisonnée des principes fondamentaux de l'économie politique (8vo., Paris, 1804). In 1818, being appointed by the French government to examine the system of interior

navigation in England, he enlarged the object of his mission to a careful examination of all the great public works of that country, and published his learned researches during the next year. His most important work was published in 1835 with the title of Philosophie de l'économie politique, ou nouvelle exposition des principes de cette science (2 vols. 8vo.), which opened a lively discussion between him and the disciples of Adam Smith. He published another work in defence of his later principles of economy, in which, in accordance with the school of Quesnay and Turgot, he maintains that commercial and manufacturing industry does not give a net product, and that this advantage can be predicated only of agricultural labor.

DUTROCHET, RENÉ JOACHIM HENRI, a French physiologist, born in Néon, Nov. 14, 1776, died Feb. 4, 1847. His family was rich and noble; but their property having been confiscated during the revolution, he studied medicine in Paris, and served in the army as physician in the Spanish campaigns of 1808 and 1809. He published researches upon the formation of the egg in birds and fowls, upon the gradual unfolding of the allantois in the incubated egg, upon the increase of the young as the albumen diminishes, upon the structure and growth of feathers, upon the envelopes of the foetus of mammalia and of the human foetus, and upon the growth of vegetables and insects. His most important works were collected in 1837 under the title of Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire anatomique et physiologique des végétaux et des animaux; and in 1842 he published Recherches physiques sur la force épiploique.

DUUMVIRS, among the ancient Romans, two officers appointed temporarily and for a particular purpose. They were therefore of various sorts, and were specially named from the nature of their functions. The duumviri juri dicundo were the highest magistrates of colonies and towns, where they had the rank of consuls at Rome. The duumviri navales had charge of the construction and equipping, and sometimes of the command of fleets. The duumviri quinquennales were the censors of municipal towns. The duumviri sacrorum had originally the charge of the Sibylline books. The duumviri ludorum in the Byzantine empire were functionaries elected to the burdensome office of exhibiting games at their own expense to the people for one year.

DUVAL, a N. E. co. of Fla., bordering on the Atlantic, and bounded by St. John's river on the E. and Nassau river on the N.; area, 430 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 4,539, of whom 2,106 were slaves. The surface is generally level, and the soil adapted to sugar, cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. In 1850 it produced 391 hhds. of sugar, 216 bales of cotton, 51,788 bushels of Indian corn, and 27,674 of sweet potatoes. There were 5 saw mills in the county, 8 churches, and 64 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Jacksonville.

DUVAL, VALENTIN JAMERAY, a French schol

ar, born at Arthonnay, in Champagne, in 1695, died in Vienna, Sept. 13, 1775. After the death of his father, who was a poor peasant of the name of Jameray, young Valentin was charitably taken up by a priest, who stored his mind with piety and learning. Subsequently he was employed as cowherd by 4 ignorant hermits near Lunéville, but took every opportunity to increase his knowledge. He purchased books from the proceeds of the game which he found in the adjoining woods, and his library received an unexpected addition from a present of $30 given to him by an Englishman for having found and restored to him a golden seal which he had lost. He had accumulated about 200 books, when one of the hermits, exasperated at his neglecting the cows for his reading, threatened to burn his library. The young man, enraged, drove the hermit from his cell, barred the door, and would not capitulate until his employers agreed to allow him two hours a day for study; in consideration of which he bound himself to serve them 10 years longer, with no other wages than his board and clothing. One day while keeping his cows, and surrounded as usual with books and maps, he was found by Leopold of Lorraine, who placed him under the instruction of the Jesuits of Pont-à-Mousson. Here he made rapid progress, and Duke Leopold took him to Paris in 1718. Subsequently he appointed him librarian and professor of history at the noblemen's academy of Lunéville. Among his pupils was William Pitt, afterward earl of Chatham. The income he now received soon enabled him to build a homestead upon the spot of his early solitary haunts. When Lorraine was ceded to France he accompanied Duke Francis, in his old capacity of librarian, to Florence. Here he resided for nearly 10 years, until Francis became emperor of Germany, and called him to preside over the collection of coins and medals at Vienna; this post he held until his death. His complete works, chiefly on numismatics, were published in 1786, at St. Petersburg and Basel, by Koch.

DUVAUCEL, ALFRED, a French naturalist, born in Paris in 1792, died in Madras, India, in Aug. 1824. He entered the military service at an early age, and gained some distinction at the siege of Antwerp in 1814. After the restoration of the Bourbons, under the influence of Cuvier, who had married his mother, he turned his attention to the study of natural history. In 1818 he was sent on a scientific expedition to India, where, with his colleague Diard, he formed at Chandernagore a museum of natural history. They prosecuted their researches for several years with success, and at different times sent to Paris 4 large collections of animals.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, JEAN, & French theologian, born in Bayonne in 1581, died Oct. 11, 1643. He was educated in theology at Louvain, where Jansenius was at the same time a student, and these two young ecclesiastics formed an intimate friendship. While Jansenius was working upon his Augustinus,

Duvergier was appointed to the abbey of St. Cyran. Preserving an ascetic exterior, a regular life, and an inflexible character, he introduced into his monastery the rules of St. Benedict in all their severity. His rigor and zeal becoming known, he was invited to Paris, where he made numerous disciples in all classes of society, and obtained great reputation and influence as the confessor of noble women who were inclined to the severity of asceticism. He refused several bishoprics. His Jansenist principles brought upon him the enmity of the Jesuits, and in 1638, complaints having been borne to Richelieu, he was by order of that minister imprisoned at Vincennes. He lived but a short time after his release upon the death of Richelieu. His most celebrated writings are those which he directed against the Jesuit Garasse. Pascal, Arnauld, and Nicole were his disciples.-PROSPER, & French politician and author, born in Rouen, Aug. 3, 1798. In 1831 he was chosen to the chamber of deputies from Sancerre, and at first gave his support to the government of Louis Philippe. Subsequently, however, he became one of the prominent champions of reform. After the revolution of 1848 he represented the department of Cher in the constituent assembly, and in Nov. 1850, became a member of the legislative assembly. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he was imprisoned in the fortress of Vincennes, and afterward banished from the country until Aug. 1852, when he received permission to return. Many of his writings, which originally appeared in the Revue des deux mondes, have been published; and the 3d volume of his Histoire du gouvernement parlementaire en France appeared at Paris in 1859.

DUVERNOY, GEORGES LOUIS, a French naturalist, born in Montbéliard, Aug. 6, 1777, died in Paris, March 1, 1855. He pursued his studies at Stuttgart, Strasbourg, and Paris, and in 1802 was invited by Cuvier, to whom he was related, to assist in editing his treatise on comparative anatomy. With the aid of the notes and counsels of his master, he prepared the last 3 volumes of this work, embracing the organs of digestion, respiration, circulation, generation, and the secretions. He returned to Montbéliard, where for 20 years he practised medicine, publishing only a few writings on fossils. In 1827 he was elected professor of the faculty of sciences at Strasbourg, where, during 10 years, he published a variety of papers on anatomical subjects; and after the death of Cuvier he was engaged in arranging his papers for publication. In 1837 he was elected professor of natural history in the college of France. He has published numerous works, which have furnished important materials to anatomists and zoologists.

DUYCKINCK, EVERT AUGUSTUS, an American author, a son of Evert Duyckinck, for many years a leading bookseller and publisher of New York, born in that city in 1816. He was gradnated at Columbia College in 1835. In Dec. 1840, he commenced with Mr. Cornelius Mathews a monthly periodical entitled "Arcturus. a

Magazine of Books and Opinion," which was continued until May, 1842. He was also a contributor to the early numbers of the "New York Review." In 1847 he commenced the "Literary World," a weekly critical journal; he withdrew from the editorship with the publication of the 12th number, but resumed the post on the appearance of the 88th, in connection with his brother George L. Duyckinck. The periodical remained under their joint management until its discontinuance at the close of the year 1853. In 1856 the two brothers completed the "Cyclopædia of American Literature" (2 large vols. 8vo.), a work of great research and value. In the same year Mr. Duyckinck published the "Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith," a selection from the works of that author, with an original memoir. He has also contributed largely to several periodicals.-GEORGE LONG, brother of the preceding, born in New York in 1823, was graduated at the university of that city in 1843. In addition to his share in the "Literary World” and “Cyclopædia of American Literature," he is the author of "George Herbert of Bemerton," published in 1858, and a life of Bishop Thomas Kenn (1859).

DWARACA, or JIGAT, a town of Guzerat, Hindostan, at the western extremity of the peninsula of Catty war. It is fabled to have been the residence of Krishna, and is the seat of a celebrated temple of that divinity, with a spire 140 feet in height, consisting of a series of pyramids. It is annually resorted to by 15,000 pilgrims. It contains about 2,500 houses, and has an important trade in chalk.

DWARF (Sax. dwerg, dweorg), an animal or a plant that does not attain the ordinary size of its species. A degree of dwarfishness may be the general result of natural causes, as of excessive cold, since both plants and animals diminish in stature toward the poles; or may be produced by artificial means, as lack of nourishment, compression, or mutilation. The growth of young animals may be arrested by exciting aliments and alcoholic drinks and lotions. Plants may be forced by heat to a precocious inflorescence and fructification, which prevents them from ever attaining their perfect stature. The Chinese have the art of dwarfing trees by diverting the growth from the foliage to the flowers and fruit. The ancients are said even to have produced artificial dwarfs of the human race, who were highly esteemed by the Roman matrons for servants. A race of dwarfs, perhaps the pigmies of the ancients, has been said to exist in the interior of Africa. (See Dokos.) Dwarfs are the exceptions and freaks of nature, and when symmetrical are rare and remarkable phenomena. One of the most noted of those whose history is certain was the Polish gentleman, Count Borowlaski or Boruslawski (1739-1837), whose reputation was European. At 1 year of age, he was 14 inches in height; at 6, 17 in.; at 10, 21 in.; at 15, 25 in.; at 20, 28 in.; at 25, 35 in., which was nearly his greatest height. He early displayed wit and