Notes on North America, Agricultural, Economical, and Social - James Finlay Weir Johnston - Knihy Google

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CONTENTS.

-Beauty of Sussex Vale.-Mr Evanson's home-farm. - Mr

Aiton's farm.-Hampton, and its conglomerate soils.-Fine-

looking yeomen of New Brunswick.-Price of farms.-A dis-

contented Irishman.-Dyked marshes of St John and the

Atlantic border.-Rate of wages for agricultural labour in the

several counties of the province,

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Page

FROM ST JOHN IN NEW BRUNSWICK TO SYRACUSE IN WESTERN

Steamboat from St John to Portland, in Maine. - Railway to

Newhaven, in Connecticut.-Alleged rudeness of American

manners.-Farming in Connecticut and Massachusetts.-Yale

College.-Number of Students.-Expense of residence.-Infe-

rior position of professional men.-Estimation of lawyers and

medical men.-Favouring of quacks.-Medical schools in the

United States.-Elm-trees of Newhaven.-Tree-toad.-Fair-

haven; its oyster-trade.-Two species of American oysters of

large size.-Railway to Albany up the Housatonic Valley.-

Post-tertiary clays and sands of the upper valley of the

Hudson River and of Lake Champlain. - Natural forests

which grow upon them.-Schenectady.-Valley of the Mo-

hawk.-Rich bottoms of this valley.-Broom corn, (Sorghum

saccharatum,) its extensive cultivation.-German flats.-Utica.

-German population.-Change in the meaning of familiar

words.-Choice of judges by popular election.-Titular judges

and generals.-Popped corn.-Flour of Indian corn; varieties

in its colour.-City of Rome.-Mr Clay.-Verona.-Arrival

THE CITY OF SYRACUSE AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Syracuse. Its rapid growth.-Popularity of Mr Clay.-Show of the

New York State Agricultural Society. — Agricultural imple-

ments.-What they teach.-Law against long leases.-Breeds

of stock in New England, and in the Western States.-Merino

sheep. Trotting horses.-Condition of agriculture.- Fruit

region of Western New York.-Profits of apple-growing.—

Quantity of fruit exported.-Varieties of apples in the

United States and in Normandy.-Apple-trees producing a

-

crop every year-Gout de terrain. Mr Geddes's farm.-Rich

soils of the Onondaga salt group.- Rotation followed.-

Exhausting effects of this rotation.-Average produce of the

State and of its richest western counties.-Profits of farm-

ing.-Property confers no political privilege. Experiments

with gypsum. Wages of farm-servants.- Section of the

wheat region of western New York.-Beautiful relation of

the soils to the rocks.-Quantity of salt manufactured at

Syracuse. Consumption of salt in the United States and in

Great Britain.-Revenue from the salt springs.- Method of

extracting the salt,

157

FROM SYRACUSE TO BUFFALO AT THE FOOT OF LAKE ERIE.

Railway to Buffalo.-The Americans a clever people.-Joe Smith,

founder of the Mormons.-His removal to Missouri, to Ohio,

and Illinois. Progress of his sect.-New State of Utah, on

the Salt Lake.-Character of the book of Mormon.-Canan-

dagua.-City of Rochester.-Genesee flour.-Value of farms

on the Genesee River.-Profits of farming in this valley.-Mr

Wadsworth's farms and farming. - Inducements to invest

money in land in New York State.-Relative values of rural

produce and of human labour. Average produce of the

Genesee country.-New York does not produce wheat enough

for its own consumption.-North-east America not a danger-

ous competitor in the English wheat market.-Duty upon

Canadian wheat.-Importance of the direct trade to Europe

by the St Lawrence.-Erie Canal; its traffic and revenue.-

Number of emigrants from different countries.-Influence of

New England on the development of the new States.-Demo-

cratic party.-Principles of the Old Hunkers and the Barn-

City of Buffalo; causes of its rapid rise.-Influence of the growth

of the Western States on the agriculture of western New

York and Upper Canada.-Home ideas as to these new

States. Cheap wheat does not imply rich land.—Michigan.—

Average produce of this State, and of its several counties.-Can

the export of wheat from these new States continue ?—Quantity

of seed-corn per acre sown in the several States.-Copper

mines of Lake Superior.-Immense masses of native copper.

-How they occur.-Ancient Indian workings.-State of

Wisconsin.-Popular feeling in regard to the several new

States.-Land sold in each in 1847.-Minnesota, the New

England of the West.-Influence of these new States on the

future traffic of the St Lawrence. Wonders of the hog

crop of Ohio.-Indian corn the staple of Ohio.-Hogs killed

in the western States. How they are fed. -" Packing

business" at Cincinnati.-Various marketable products of this

business at Cincinnati,

FROM BUFFALO TO THE FALLS, AND DOWN LAKE ONTARIO TO KINGSTON

IN LOWER CANADA.

Case of American cleverness.-Butcher in Buffalo.-Influence of

Europe on the progress of American cities.-Cause of dif-

ference in the progress of Canadian and New York cities.-

Lake Erie. Supposed periodical rise and fall in the level of

the great lakes.-Water discharged by the Niagara River.—

Hotel at the Falls.-Coloured waiters.-Geological Section at

the Falls.-Wearing action of the water.-Influence of the

winds on Lake Erie.-Influence of the noise of the Falls

on their impression upon the mind. Railway to Lewis-

- View from the mountain ridge. Voyage on

Lake Ontario. - Profits of New York farming by a New

York farmer.-City of Oswego.-Sackett's Harbour.-Railway

to Canada.-Kingston in Upper Canada.-Character of the

Upper Canadians.-Difference between a Canadian and a New

York wife to a working man,

KINGSTON AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Kingston. — Show of the Upper Canada Agricultural Society.—

Implements in the show-yard. Canadian coffee. - British

sympathy with colonial grievances.-Alleged pusillanimity of

the Governor-general. Wheat the surest crop in Canada

West.-Total produce of Canada West, and average yield per

acre.-Diminished productiveness of the wheat-crop.-Social

position of the farming class in Upper Canada. United

Empire Loyalists.-Indian-corn whisky.-Extensive manufac-

ture of it at Cincinnati in Ohio.- Whisky from pease.—

Prospects of Kingston.-The Thousand Isles of the River

St Lawrence.-Descending the rapids.- The Sault St Louis.

-Approach to Montreal.—Metamorphic limestone rich in

phosphate of lime.—Agricultural value of this rock.-Deposits

of mineral phosphate in the State of New York. Origin of

this mineral phosphate, and of garnet, graphite, &c. found in

crystalline limestones.-Singular contortions exhibited by this

264

MONTREAL AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Montreal.-New churches.-Ruins of the Parliament House.-

Scotch farmers in the Island of Montreal.-Cultivation of

hops.-Price of land.-French Canadian farms and farming.

-Clerical obstacles to the settlement of Protestant farmers.—

Importance of a better husbandry in Lower Canada.-Instruc-

tion in agricultural principles.-Excursion to St Hilaire.—St

Lawrence and Atlantic railroad.-Maple sugar manufacture

in Canada and the adjoining States. Soil of the valley of St

Lawrence. Pigeon or stone weed, its prevalence. — What its

history teaches.-Bellœil Mountain.-Beautiful view of the St

Lawrence flats.—Exhaustion of this formerly fertile region.—

Seignorial tenure of land.-Reserved rights of the seigneur.-

Sherbrooke.-Lands of the "Canadian Land Company," in the

eastern counties.-Their progress.-Voyage to Quebec.-The

Ottawa River and District. Its rising importance. British

and French in Montreal. - Parties in the city.

British members from Upper Canada voted for the Rebellion

Losses Bill.-Explanation of one of their number,

FROM QUEBEC DOWN THE ST LAWRENCE TO THE MITIS RIVER.

Land opposite Quebec. Its quality and value.-Few immigrants
into this region.-Roman Catholic seminary.-Self-sacrifice of
the teachers-Falls of Montmorenci.-Sun-setting on Quebec.
-Proportions of the different sects.-Comparative prosperity
of Montreal and Quebec. - Fires in the latter city.-Journey
down the St Lawrence.-Flat lands of St Thomas.-St Roque

des Annais.-Long farming streets.-Upper Bay of Kamouraska.

-Price of farms.-College of St Anne.-Rapid increase of the

French population.-Early marriages. — Healthiness of the

climate. Comparative births and deaths in Lower Canada

and in England.-Kamouraska.-Village of Du Loup.-Cacona.

-Extent of wild land in these lower counties.-Large families

of the peasantry.-Subdivisions of farms.-Resemblance of the

poorer habitants to the poorer Irish.-Wages in the Rimouski

district.-Longitudinal valleys parallel with the St Lawrence.

-Bog-earth of North America.-Rimouski.-Irish landlord.-.

Scotch settlers at Mitis,

THE AGRICULTURE AND WHEAT-PRODUCING CAPABILITY OF THE UNITED

STATES AND CANADA-AND THE NAVIGATION OF THE ST LAWRENCE.

Ideas generally entertained of American fertility and agricultural

resources. Agriculture as an art in North America.- Effect

of general exhaustion on the production of staple crops.—

Retreat of the wheat-exporting lands towards the west.-Re-

markable change in Lower Canada.-Its effect on the corn-

markets of the world.-Similar changes probable in other

parts of North America.-Import duty on Canadian Corn.-

Would its removal benefit Canada as a whole?-Why can

Rochester millers compete with Canadian?-Large profits

expected in Canada.-Growth of flax and export of linseed.—

The St Lawrence the natural outlet of the Lake-bordering

countries.-Exertions of Canada in the construction of canals.

-Its energy compared with that of New York.-Ohio wheat

will prefer the St Lawrence to the Mississippi route.-Impor-

tance of this route to the political independence of the free

North-western States.-Difficulties and future prospects of

the navigation of the St Lawrence,

FROM MITIS ON THE ST LAWRENCE BY THE KEMPT ROAD ACROSS THE

PENINSULA OF GASPÉ TO CAMPBELTON AND DALHOUSIE ON THE

Road through the forest.

Clearings and accommodations by the
way. Great Metapediac Lake.-Little lake.-Burned forests
and bridges.—Noble's.-First green fields.-Home associations.

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