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- $2,800; man forty-seven years of age; head bruised; right ear mangled; bruises on leg, hip, and groin, Anderson v. United Stages (1923) 192 Cal. 250, 219 Pac. 748;

- $2,500; boy ten years of age; injury to head making him stupid, listless, and forgetful, and causing headaches and dizziness, Guderitz v. Broadway Bros. (1918) 39 Cal. App. 48, 177 Pac. 859;

-$2,250; boy eight years old; bad bruise on head and several minor bruises; headaches and dizziness continued to time of trial; became epileptic, Schimanski v. Chicago R. Co. (1917) 205 Ill. App. 364;

- $2,000; blacksmith; nose broken and slightly disfigured; eyesight impaired; pain in head and neck; unable to work continuously at trade, Wisconsin & A. Lumber Co. v. Standridge (1918) 132 Ark. 535, 201 S. W. 295;

$2,000; boy seven years of age; head, knee, and elbow bruised; neck rendered permanently crooked, Smorawski v. Chicago City R. Co. (1918) 211 Ill. App. 557;

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-$1,500; man earning $3 a day run down by automobile; shoulder blade, collar bone, several ribs, and chest bone fractured; laceration on left side of head; bruises on knee, head, and body; pneumonia and bronchitis resulted; injuries claimed to be permanent; earning capacity impaired, Mercado v. Nelson (1925) 118 Kan. 302, 235 Pac. 123;

-$1,794; railroad engineer; wages $8.40 per day; confined to his bed for twenty-one days and lost thirty-five days in service; lacerated wound upon the forehead; wounds on left thigh; suffered from shock; eyesight impaired; no permanent injury; "verdict liberal," Williams v. Schmidt (1926) 213 Ky. 122, 280 S. W. 494;

-$1,500; woman; sprained ankle; dislocated jaw; bruised on head at base of brain; extreme nervousness, Fischbach v. Dunham (1918) Mo. App. 203 S. W. 217;

- $1,500; girl seven years of age struck by motor truck; impacted fracture of ankle; ligaments of ankle sprained and torn, with resulting permanent weakness of ankle; back sprained, head injured and badly cut; concussion of brain; suffered much pain, with dizziness, nervousness, and sleeplessness, Tocco v. C. D. Kenny Co. (1925) — Mo. App. —, 269 S. W. 928; -$1,500; elderly negro woman in bad health; injury to hand, elbow, back, hips, and head by jar of collision, causing severe pain, Texas & P. R. Co. v. Tucker (1916) Tex. Civ. · App. - 183 S. W. 1188;

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-$1,400; woman, fifty-six years old; permanent injury to shoulder, injury to neck and head; confined to bed six weeks, Farthmann v. McMahon (1924) Mo. App. - 258 S. W. 61;

-$1,250; young man seventeen years of age, knocked down by truck; head cut to bone, leaving pains in head, probably permanent, J. Abraham & Sons v. Fallis (1925) 210 Ky. 129, 275 S. W. 380;

-$1,200; child ten years of age; fracture of collar bone and of bone in the forearm; cut on the head; and minor injuries, Chicago, T. H. & S. E. R. Co. v. Barnes (1918) 68 Ind. App. 354, 119 N. E. 26;

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$1,000; laborer; injury to head, Robbins v. Olson-Schmidt Constr. Co. (1919) Mo. App., 215 S. W. 779;

$1,000; female; fracture of collar bone; numerous lacerations on the head, back, and legs; severe general shock; nervousness, sleeplessness, and some impairment of the function of an arm at the time of the trial, Samaha v. Mauro (1926) 104 Conn. 300, 132 Atl. 455;

-$750; railroad employee knocked off cab of engine by coal bucket; in hospital and unconscious for several days; wrist sprained; neck and head hurt and bruised; earning capacity reduced, verdict "modest for the injury sustained," St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. v. Bateman (1925) 112 Okla. 86, 240 Pac. 110;

-$500; male passenger; blow on head causing two weeks' disability and leaving permanent scar, Sander v. Interborough Rapid Transit Co. (1921) 190 N. Y. Supp. 695;

$400; woman thrown from seat in automobile collision; injuries to back and head; unable to do housework for two months; piles aggravated, Yoakum Mill & Elevator Co. v. Byars (1924) Tex. Civ. App. —, 262 S. W. 226;

- $350; infant in arms; blow on head and arm; severely bruised; reduction to $75 by trial court reversed, Thompson v. Southern R. Co. (1920) 17 Ala. App. 406, 85 So. 591;

-$300; young child thrown from its mother's arms by starting of train; head bruised and hand lacerated so as to leave a scar, Chesapeake & O. R. Co.. v. Thompson (1925) 208 Ky. 32, 270 S. W. 464. Excessive.

The following verdicts for miscellaneous injuries to the head, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been declared excessive:

$50,000; married woman twentynine years of age; struck by ice and snow falling from roof of building; neck broken; left side and head wounded; injuries not permanent; new trial ordered, Klepper v. Seymour House Corp. (1925) 212 App. Div. 277, 209 N. Y. Supp. 67;

-$20,000; man twenty years old; scalp wounds; neck wrenched; verta

bræ depressed; shoulder fractured and permanently impaired; arm atrophied, constant dizziness, probably due to traumatic epilepsy; reduced to $15,000, Brock v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. (1924) 305 Mo. 502, 36 A.L.R. 891, 266 S. W. 691;

-$19,000; boy thirteen years old came in contact with live electric wire; severely burned; arm amputated between elbow and wrist; scalp wound on which hair would not grow again; large burns on shoulder and leg; 216 square inches of skin grafting required; affirmance conditioned on remittitur of $4,000, Stone v. Pleasanton (1924) 115 Kan. 378, 223 Pac. 312;

- $7,500; woman; nervousness suffered from condition of back and nerves all the time; insomnia; vomiting at night; knots on head; leg "drew up my side with pain;" cramps in back and swelling in that region; did not obtain medical treatment until three weeks after accident, and was able to make trips unassisted; only medical treatment received was placing of adhesive strips on her back; judgment to be reversed unless plaintiff would agree to remit $2,500 from $7,500 awarded by jury, Shuff v. Kansas City (1926) — Mo. App. —, 282 S. W. 128;

– $7,000; man fifty-three years of age; scalp wound; fracture of two ribs; injury to both knees; earning power impaired; reduced to $5,000, Hayes v. Albany Ice Cream Co. (1917) 165 N. Y. Supp. 801;

-$3,000; married woman; injury to head and back from shock of sudden stop; joint recovery by husband and wife; reduced to $1,000, Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Prewitt (1921) 81 Fla. 423, 88 So. 160;

-$250; woman; injury by fall to head, knees, chest, and side, no detail of extent of injury given; reduced to $150, Miller v. Britten (1916) 159 N. Y. Supp. 193;

45. Headaches; dizziness. Not excessive.

The following verdicts for injuries inducing headaches or dizziness, or both, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been sustained as not excessive:

-$25,000; metal worker, twentysix years old; fracture at base of skull, incapacitating from work, causing headaches and dizziness, may cause insanity or epilepsy, Marland Ref. Co. v. McClung (1924) 102 Okla. 56, 226 Pac. 312;

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— $18,000; married woman, thirtyfive years of age; cut on face leaving a permanent disfiguring scar, fracture of one rib which healed in bad position, and probably fracture of three, left kidney lacerated and crushed, passage of blood in urine, uterus retroverted and impacted making it impossible for her to bear children, which condition could only be corrected by an operation, chronic constipation, slight first degree tear of the perineum was extended into a second degree tear, remediable only by an operation, stomach, liver, and kidneys displaced and dropped down, digestive disturbance, nervous condition, unable to sleep at night, nervous headaches; transformed from a pretty, healthy, childbearing woman to chronic invalid, suffering constant pain, with all of the attendant disorders above set out, Brickell v. Fleming (1926) Mo., 281 S. W. 951; -$17,500; locomotive fireman, forty-five years of age and in sound health prior to the injury; average earnings $142 per month; had earned as much as $70 per month since injury; coccyx broken, one third of ligament connecting lower bone of one of his legs with his kneecap severed, use of his leg greatly impaired, and injury to the knee permanent, severe bruises about his head and body, headaches once a day, suffered intense pain, nervous, memory impaired, Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Stallings (1926) — Ga. App. 133 S. E. 288;

$15,300; strong, healthy man, forty-nine years of age, earning $85 per month; fracture at base of skull causing dizziness, pain and loss of sleep, 50 per cent loss of use of one leg, earning capacity reduced $600 per year, Heigold v. United R. Co. (1925) 308 Mo. 142, 271 S. W. 773;

-$10,000; workman, forty-two years of age; back injured so as to require supports, persistent nervous

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- $8,000; stationary engineer, forty-four years of age, injured by contact with electric wire; severe electric shock and burns, ability to pursue calling destroyed, nervousness, dizziness, insomnia, memory seriously affected, injuries permanent; "award rather large," Dansberg v. Northern States Power Co. (1926) 188 Wis. 586, 206 N. W. 882;

- $7,600; railroad fireman, fortytwo years of age, earning $125 to $150 per month; head bruised and cut, neck injured inducing throat trouble, bone in hand broken, continued dizziness, preventing work as fireman; reduction by trial court set aside, Miller v. Central Taxi Co. (1923) 110 Neb. 306, 193 N. W. 919;

- $7,500; woman, fifty-four years of age; fractured skull, two broken ribs, injury to a vertebra of the neck, concussion of the brain, bleeding from the nose, pain in head and neck, constant headaches and dizzy spells, bad memory, unable to rest at night, symptoms indicated injuries to be of a permanent character, Schuette v. Weber (1926) Mo. App., 282 S. W. 109; -$7,500; nine-year-old girl; blood tumor in the occipital region, abrasions along the muscles of the spine, severe pains across the pelvis and lower abdomen, lacerations on the foot and ankle, back discolored, suffered from irritability, nervousness, and dizziness, disturbance of the natural functions of menstruation, Linton v. St. Louis Lightning Rod Co. (1926) Mo. App., 285 S. W. 183; -$6,500; railroad employee; ununited fracture of arm, rendering arm

useless, concussion of brain, causing headaches and roaring in head, hearing of one ear destroyed, face cut and scarred, St. Louis, B. & M. R. Co. v. Webber (1918) Tex. Civ. App. 202 S. W. 519;

- $6,430, which, added to the $1,000 previously paid plaintiff by the railroad, made an entire allowance of $7,430 for his injuries; right arm broken above the wrist, serious injury to right shoulder joint, large gash cut in hip, serious injury to the forehead above right eye resulting in a large and permanent scar and depression in the forehead, skull fractured, confined in hospital nine weeks, subjected to two serious operations, loss of sleep and dizziness, Whitlow v. St. Louis-San Francisco R. Co. (1926) Mo. App., 282 S. W. 525;

-$6,000; truck driver earning $25 per week; precluded from regular work by recurrent dizziness, probably due to slight epilepsy from injury, Johnson v. Director Gen. (1924) 278 Pa. 491, 123 Atl. 484;

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- $5,000; man; skull fractured, unconscious for weeks, headaches and mental impairment, possibility of future epilepsy, Robbins v. Weed (1918) 187 Iowa, 64, 169 N. W. 773;

- $5,000; woman; skull fractured, face badly scarred and disfigured, eyesight impaired, headaches, painful menstruation, Roy v. Kansas City (1920) 204 Mo. App. 332, 224 S. W. 132;

- $5,000; man; scar on forehead, injury to back of head, two ribs fractured, causing depression of chest and permanent interference with lungs, headaches and dizziness continuing to time of trial, Munsill v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. (1921) - Mo. App. 234 S. W. 376;

$5,000; street car conductor, earning $140 per month; skull fractured in two places, brain lesion, headaches and dizziness, Nabe V.

Schnellman (1923) 254 S. W. 731;

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$4,000; man; concussion of brain, nervous, with occasional frenzy, constant headaches; reduced by trial court from $15,000, Lilly v. Kansas City R. Co. (1919) -Mo. Mo. App. -, 209 S. W. 969;

- $3,204; woman, earning $35 a week as trained nurse, injured in collision between train and automobile; face cut, legs, arms, head, and neck bruised, spine injured, suffered from nervousness and headaches; actual money loss $1,800; reduced by trial court to $2,000; verdict reinstated by appellate court, Fitzgerald v. New York C. R. Co. (1926) 215 App. Div. 1, 212 N. Y. Supp. 749;

$3,000; married woman, injured in automobile collision; suffered from headaches and dizziness, pains in back, numbness in leg, severe nervous shock, not permanent but likely to last for year or two, Iverson v. Regola (1925) 161 Minn. 487, 202 N. W. 27;

-$3,000; man; injury to back, headaches, nervousness and insomnia, ability to work permanently impaired, Gordon v. Bleeck Auto. Co. (1921) – Mo. App., 233 S. W. 265;

$3,000; seamstress, fifty-five years of age, thrown from street car while alighting; back, arm, knee. ankle, and wrist wrenched, headaches. dizziness, nausea, and impairment of hearing, Lay v. Wells (1925) - Mo. App., 274 S. W. 933;

$3,000; boy, sixteen years of age; severe injuries to head, severe headaches five years after accident, Sand Springs R. Co. v. Smith (1922) 84 Okla. 211, 203 Pac. 207;

-$3,000; woman; leg bruised, concussion of brain producing hemor rhage and closing sutures of skull, hearing impaired, severe headaches, impairment of nervous system, Budde v. Wahlquist (1923) 125 Wash. 500, 216 Pac. 849;

$2,500; boy, ten years of age; injury to head making him stupid, listless, and forgetful and causing headaches and dizziness, Guderitz v. Broadway Bros. (1918) 39 Cal. App. 48, 177 Pac. 859;

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tion, continued headaches and partial deafness resulting, Burns v. Chicago R. Co. (1917) 208 Ill. App. 295;

- $2,500; married woman, apparently struck by automobile; concussion of brain, enlargement of cervical glands, severe headaches, continued to be extremely nervous; reduced by trial court from $5,000, Fostrom v. Grossman (1925) 161 Minn. 440, 201 N. W. 929;

$2,500; laborer, received blow on head from falling object; neck bruised, teeth loosened, eyesight impaired, headaches, McNairy v. Pulitzer Pub. Co. (1925) Mo. App. 274 S. W. 849;

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-$2,500;

woman, twenty-three years of age, thrown from street car while alighting; dislocation of spine producing insomnia, nervousness, and headaches, Schroeder v. Wells (1926)

Mo. App., 277 S. W. 578;

- $2,500; young woman, injured in automobile collision; disfiguring scar in forehead and persistent headaches, Boyd v. Husted (1925) - N. J. L. 127 Atl. 667;

- $2,500; woman; fibers of the pectoralis major muscle cut, resulting in permanent weakening of the arm, evidence that these muscles would never unite, bruise of the ulna nerve which controlled certain of the fingers, impairment of hearing in right ear, headaches, Carlson v. Kansas City, C. C. & St. J. Auto Transit Co. (1926) Mo. App. —, 282 S. W. 1037;

$2,250; boy, eight years old; had bruise on head and several minor bruises, headaches, and dizziness continued to time of trial, became epileptic, Schimanski v. Chicago R. Co. (1917) 205 Ill. App. 364;

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Bunting Hardware Co. (1922) Mo.

App. —, 238 S. W. 155;

-$1,500; woman, seventy years of age; injury to back and hips, partial paralysis of leg, violent headaches, St. Louis-San Francisco R. Co. v. Winslow (1919) 138 Ark. 91, 210 S. W. 782;

$1,500; girl, seven years of age, struck by motor truck; impacted fracture of ankle, ligaments of ankle sprained and torn, with resulting permanent weakness of ankle, back sprained, head injured and badly cut, concussion of brain, suffered much pain with dizziness, nervousness, and sleeplessness, Tocco v. C. D. Kenny Co. (1925) Mo. App., 269 S. W. 928;

- $1,200; woman; fracture of skull, dizziness continuing to time of trial, Pihl v. Springfield Consol. R. Co. (1920) 219 Ill. App. 588;

- $1,000; workman; fractured skull, causing severe headaches for about three months; admiralty case; allowance by court for pain and suffering, The Joshua W. Rhodes (1919; D. C.) 259 Fed. 604;

- $1,000; woman, thirty-five years of age; sprained back, causing nervousness and insomnia, continual headaches, Yates v. United R. Co. (1920) Mo. App. 222 S. W. 1034;

-$750; farmer; injury causing headaches, St. Louis Southwestern R. Co. v. Everett (1916) 125 Ark. 428, 189 S. W. 42.

Excessive.

The following verdicts for injuries inducing headaches or dizziness, or both, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been declared excessive:

- $53,333; brakeman, twenty-eight years of age; skull fractured, pain and dizziness in head, sight affected, sexual power destroyed, insomnia, all capacity for labor or recreation destroyed; reduced to $35,000, Kansas City Southern R. Co. v. Leinen (1920) 144 Ark. 454, 223 S. W. 1;

$20,000; man, twenty years old; scalp wounds, neck wrenched, vertebræ depressed, shoulder fractured and permanently impaired, arm atrophied, constant dizziness, probably due to

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