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- $5,000; woman, thrown to floor in coach of moving train; slight cuts and bruises, menstruation disturbed, shock to nervous system, injuries not permanent, Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. R. Co. v. Perkins (1924) 204 Ky. 334, 264 S. W. 758;

-$1,100; girl, fifteen years old; slight fracture of two ribs, painful menstruation, some bruises, no permanent injury; reduced to $750, Smith v. Scudiero (1918) Mo. App. S. W. 565.

(5) Miscarriage.

Not excessive.

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Hodge v. Charleston Interurban R. Co. (1916) 79 W. Va. 174, 90 S. E. 601; -$3,000; married woman, fell on slippery sidewalk; suffered miscarriage, McClain v. Duluth (1925) 163 Minn. 198, 203 N. W. 776;

$2,500; injuries producing premature birth of child, unusually protracted labor pains, and extreme weakness after birth of child, Stutsman v. Des Moines City R. Co. (1917) 180 Iowa, 524, 163 N. W. 580;

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- $2,000; married woman, intending passenger, frightened by collision of street cars and jumped backward; suffered strain and miscarriage, Hanford v. Omaha & C. B. Street R. Co. (1925) 113 Neb. 423, 40 A.L.R. 970. 203 N. W. 643, 24 N. C. C. A. 553;

-$1,499.50; miscarriage with resultant impairment of health; reduced by trial court from $2,999, Ft. Smith & W. R. Co. v. Hutchinson (1918) 71 Okla. 139, 175 Pac. 922;

- $1,000; woman passenger, fell down embankment when alighting from train; miscarriage; verdict sustained "in the light of the evidence showing appellee's pain and suffering," Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Scarbrough (1925) 208 Ky. 79, 270 S. W. 494;

-$1,000; miscarriage; reduced by trial court from $4,500, Levy v. Israelite House of David (1921) 216 Mich. 373, 185 N. W. 750. Excessive.

The following verdicts for injuries inducing a miscarriage, in one case in conjunction with other injuries, have been declared excessive:

-$4,000; miscarriage; reduced to

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The following verdicts for impairment or loss of ability to bear children, in conjunction with other injuries, have been sustained as not excessive:

- $20,000; woman; hips and pelvis crushed, internal organs injured, ability to bear children destroyed, Mayne v. Kansas City R. Co. (1921) 287 Mo. 235, 229 S. W. 386;

- $18,000; married woman, thirtyfive years of age; cut on face leaving a permanent disfiguring scar, fracture of one rib which healed in bad position, and probably fracture of three, left kidney lacerated and crushed, passage of blood in urine, uterus retroverted and impacted making it impossible for her to bear children, which condition could only be corrected by an operation, chronic constipation, slight first-degree tear of the perineum was extended into a second-degree tear, remediable only by an operation, stomach, liver, and kidneys displaced and dropped down, digestive disturbance, nervous condition, unable to sleep at night, nervous headaches; transformed from a pretty, healthy, childbearing woman to a chronic invalid suffering constant pain, with all of the attendant disorders above set out, Brickell v. Fleming (1926) Mo. 281 S. W. 951;

$6,000; young woman; abscessed bone near right ear, temporary partial loss of use of one hand, loss of one ovary, diminishing chance of bearing children, anemia, Brown v. Quaker City Cab Co. (1922) 274 Pa. 289, 117 Atl. 681;

$5,250; married woman, twentyeight years of age; scalp wound, fractured pelvis, retroverted uterus, nervous collapse, ability to bear children

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The following verdicts for miscellaneous injuries to the female organs, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been sustained as not excessive:

- $18,000; married woman, thirtyfive years of age; cut on face leaving a permanent disfiguring scar, fracture of one rib which healed in bad position, and probably fracture of three, left kidney lacerated and crushed, passage of blood in urine, uterus retroverted and impacted making it impossible for her to bear children, which condition could only be corrected by an operation, chronic constipation, slight first-degree tear of the perineum was extended into a second-degree tear, remediable only by an operation, stomach, liver, and kidneys displaced and dropped down, digestive disturbance, nervous condition, unable to sleep at night, nervous headaches, transformed from a pretty, healthy, childbearing woman to a chronic invalid suffering constant pain, with all of the attendant disorders above set out, Brickell v. Fleming (1926) - Mo. - 281 S. W. 951;

-$15,000; unmarried woman, thirty-six years old, employed as a station agent; earned from $150 to $165 per month prior to the injury; under the care of physicians for eighteen months and suffered pain practically all that time; uterine hemorrhages, spells of weakness, fainting spells, nervousness, insomnia, backward displace

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- $12,000; healthy woman, managing rooming house, injured at railroad crossing; collar bone broken, several teeth broken, arm broken, injury to womb causing impaired health and painful menstruation, Hiatt v. St. Louis-San Francisco R. Co. (1925) 308 Mo. 77, 271 S. W. 806;

-$10,575; married woman; both jawbones broken, nose broken, face disfigured, injuries to internal organs, Dallas v. Maxwell (1921) - Tex. Civ. App., 231 S. W. 429, 20 N. C. C. A. 749, reversed on other grounds in (1923) Tex. 27 A.L.R. 927, 248 S. W. 667;

- $10,000; injuries to womb requiring operation to stop hemorrhages; result uncertain at time of trial, McClung v. King County (1922) 119 Wash. 14, 204 Pac. 1064;

-$7,500; woman; fracture of hip producing lameness, injury to womb and pelvis, Beall v. Kansas City R. Co. (1920) Mo. App., 228 S. W. 834;

- $7,500; woman; permanent injury to womb; excessive menstruation, impairment of health, Bergfeld v. Dunham (1920) Mo. App. —, 228 S. W. 891;

-$5,100; married woman; one arm crippled, body bruised, nervous shock, aggravation of pains incident to pregnancy, Sand Springs R. Co. v. Westhafer (1923) 92 Okla. 89, 218 Pac. 525;

-$3,500; woman injured in collision; face cut and scarred, wrist sprained, injury to back, spine, female organs, sacroiliac joint, and nervous system, Hoff v. Wells (1924) App., 266 S. W. 1027;

Mo.

-$1,000; injury to pelvic organs and womb, one finger lost, Bourland v. Louisville & N. R. Co. (1916) 199 Ill. App. 126.

Excessive.

The following verdicts for miscellaneous injuries to the female organs, have been declared excessive:

- $7,500; woman; sexual organ penetrated by sliver; reduced to $1,000, Neville v. Chicago (1916) 201 III. App. 562;

-$6,500; aggravation of conditions caused by childbirth; reduction to $5,000 sustained, Elrod v. Franklin (1917) 140 Tenn. 228, 204 S. W. 298;

-$6,000; injury to uterus preclud ing pregnancy unless operation is performed, Horst v. St. Louis Electric Terminal R. Co. (1916) 199 Ill. App. 169.

90. Shoulder.

(The term "shoulder" as herein used includes both the collar bone and the shoulder blade.)

a. Fracture of shoulder.

Not excessive.

The following verdicts for the frac ture of one or more of the bones of the shoulder, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been sustained as not excessive:

-$20,000; skilled laborer fortyseven years of age; ankle sprained; shoulder and collar bone broken; wrist broken; muscles and ligaments of arm destroyed; one eye destroyed and other greatly impaired; upper lip paralyzed; terribly disfigured, Wichita Falls & N. W. R. Co. v. Davern (1918) 74 Okla. 151, 177 Pac. 909;

$12,000; woman seventy-eight years of age; scalp lacerated; bruised over body; wrist drop; left clavicle broken; fourth cervical vertebra and four ribs fractured; injury to kidneys; medical expenses over $2,000; practical recovery in four months, Anderson v. San Francisco-Oakland Terminal R. Co. (1923) 61 Cal. App. 21, 214 Pac. 289;

-$12,000; healthy woman managing rooming house injured at railroad crossing; collar bone broken; several teeth broken; arm broken; injury to womb causing impaired health and painful menstruation, Hiatt v. St. Louis-San Francisco R. Co. (1925) 308 Mo. 77, 271 S. W. 806;

-$10,875; harbor policeman; left hand cut off; both shoulders and one leg fractured; six ribs fractured; many cuts and bruises, Kraemer v. Louisville & N. R. Co. (1918) 144 La. 57, 80 So. 198;

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ribs broken; unable to work at trade three years after injury, Dunsmore v. Hartmann (1923) — Mo. 256 S. W. 1031;

$10,000; workman in flour mill thirty years of age; arm broken both above and below elbow; shoulder fractured; arm permanently deformed and impaired, Alva Roller Mills v. Simmons (1918) 74 Okla. 314, 185 Pac. 76;

— $10,000; soldier twenty-six years old injured in train wreck; fracture of left clavicle, right hip, and fifth lumbar vertebra; injuries permanent, Bennison v. Davis (1925) Mo. 280 S. W. 42;

-$9,200; man sixty-four years of age; fisherman and deputy shell-fish commissioner; income of $3,000 per year or more; knocked down by automobile; ankle and shoulder fractured; knee injured, resulting in lameness and loss of free use of arm and shoulder; unable to follow occupation; injuries permanent, Bell v. Weiner (1925) 46 R. I. 478, 129 Atl. 339;

- $8,500; man sixty-two years old earning $100 per month; head and face cut and bruised; nose broken, three ribs broken; collar bone broken, Wenzel v. Busch (1923) Mo. 259 S. W. 767;

- $7,472.84; teamster; fracture of clavicular joint; fracture of socket of shoulder; fracture of humerus, producing permanent loss of use of shoulder and upper arm, Fisher v. WebbKunze Constr. Co. (1924) Mo. App.

263 S. W. 1022;

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-$6,607; girl twenty-three years old injured in overturning of cutter; collar bone fractured; injury in region of attachment of fourth and fifth ribs to breast bone on right side; unable to work for two years, O'Brien v. Union Teleph. Co. (1924) 228 Mich. 156, 199 N. W. 671;

- $5,000; man; fractured collar bone; permanent injury to shoulder and arm; permanent injury to lung causing spitting of blood, Argeropoulos v. Kansas City R. Co. (1919) 201 Mo. App. 287, 212 S. W. 369;

$5,000; miner twenty-two years of age; head bruised and cut; collar bone broken; wrist fractured and permanently impaired; leg injured and

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-$4,000; boy twelve years old struck by truck; fracture of collar bone; hearing in left ear impaired 75 per cent; reduced by trial court from $7,500, Peterson v. Mauer (1925) 162 Minn. 114, 202 N. W. 344;

-$3,500; driver of automobile injured in collision with truck; collar bone broken; left shoulder "stove up;" left arm injured so as to impair its usefulness; loss of earnings for eleven months; reduced by trial court from $5,000, Connerly v. Correia (1924) 66 Cal. App. 570, 226 Pac. 841;

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-$3,500; woman; collar bone broken; two ribs broken; shoulder dislocated; injury to head; traumatic neurasthenia, Laskowski v. People's Ice Co. (1916) 190 Mich. 331, 157 N. W. 6; -$3,500; man sixty-three years of age earning $2.30 per day; head cut; collar bone broken, causing 60 per cent impairment of shoulder joint; permanent paralysis of a facial nerve; reduced by trial court from $4,500, Geiger v. Sanitary Farm Dairies (1920) 146 Minn. 235, 178 N. W. 501; $3,300; man earning $218 per month; right shoulder blade fractured; muscles of right leg injured; still painful year after accident, Lenz v. Seibert (1924) Mo. App. -, 259 S. W. 829;

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broken; neither fracture had reunited in four years; face permanently. disfigured, Larsen v. Ward Corby Co. (1916) 198 Ill. App. 109;

- $1,500; man earning $3 a day run down by automobile; shoulder blade; collar bone, several ribs, and chest bone fractured; laceration on left side of head; bruises on knee, head, and body; pneumonia and bronchitis resulted; injuries claimed to be permanent; earning capacity impaired, Mercado v. Nelson (1925) 118 Kan. 302, 235 Pac. 123;

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-$1,500; boy eighteen years of age; collar bone, shoulder, and arm broken; arm permanently stiffened; allowance by court in addition to medical expenses, Dodge v. Salinger (1923) 126 Wash. 237, 217 Pac. 1014;

-$1,200; child ten years of age; fracture of collar bone and of bone in the forearm; cut on the head, and minor injuries, Chicago, T. H. & S. E. R. Co. v. Barnes (1918) 68 Ind. App. 354, 119 N. E. 26;

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- $1,000; broken collar bone; confined to bed for six weeks and carried arm in sling for two months more, Quintell v. Ferran (1920) 147 La. 153, 84 So. 570;

$1,000; female; fracture of collar bone; numerous lacerations on the head, back, and legs; severe general shock; nervousness, sleeplessness, and some impairment of the function of an arm at the time of the trial, Samaha v. Mauro (1926) 104 Conn. 300, 132 Atl. 455.

Excessive.

The following verdicts for the fracture of one or more of the bones of the shoulder, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been declared excessive:

-$22,500; girl nineteen years of age injured by fall of car from defective bridge; five front teeth knocked out; hip crushed; leg broken; collar bone crushed; throat lacerated; curvature of spine; permanent limp; affirmance conditioned on remittitur of $7,500, Bettis v. Wyandotte County (1924) 116 Kan. 568, 227 Pac. 533;

-$20,000; man twenty years old; scalp wounds; neck wrenched; vertebræ depressed; shoulder fractured

and permanently impaired; arm atrophied; constant dizziness, probably due to traumatic epilepsy; reduced to $15,000, Brock v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. (1924) 305 Mo. 02, 36 A.L.R. 891, 266 S. W. 691;

-$18,000; building contractor forty-two years of age earning $10,000 per year; face wounded; nine teeth out; arm and both clavicles fractured; arm permanently impaired, Grubaugh v. Simon J. Murphy Co. (1920) 209 Mich. 551, 177 N. W. 217;

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- $12,000; switchman sixty-three years of age earning $95 per month; two ribs fractured; collar bone fractured; partial paralysis of arm; reduced to $7,500, Hulse v. St. Joseph R. Co. (1919) — Mo. —, 214′S. W. 150;

-$8,000; painting contractor sixtytwo years of age; fracture of collar bone and permanent 10 per cent impairment of shoulder; $187 property damage; reduced to $6,000, Heintz v. Schenck (1922) 176 Wis. 562, 186 N. W. 610;

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The following verdicts for the dislo cation of shoulder, usually in conjunction with other injuries, have been sustained as not excessive:

-$50,000; city fireman thirty years of age; hip joint crushed; one shoulder incurably dislocated; continuous wearing of heavy brace necessary; very great suffering, Christman v. Union R. Co. (1923) 121 Misc. 247, 200 N. Y. Supp. 800;

-$10,000; car repairer twenty-nine years old knocked down and dragged by car; permanent displacement of collar bone; fracture of ankle; injury to right ear impairing hearing; bruises on head and body; reduced by trial court from $12,000, Lemm v. Great Northern R. Co. (1924) 159 Minn. 436, 199 N. W. 20;

-$7,500; man; shoulder dislocated permanently disabling arm; one testicle torn out and other injured, Smith

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