230 U.S.

Argument for Appellees.

Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Co., 154 U. S. 413; St. Louis v. Gill, 156 U. S. 649; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466; Dinsmore v. Southern Exp. Co., 183 U. S. 115; McLean v. Denver & R. G. Ry. Co., 203 U. S. 38, 49; Ware v. Mobile Co., 209 U. S. 405; Gulf, Col. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Texas, 204 U. S. 403; Atlantic Coast Line v. Nor. Car. Corp. Com., 206 U. S. 1, 19; General Oil Co. v. Crain, 209 U. S. 211; State v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 76 Kansas, 467 (aff'd 216 U. S. 262); Southern Ry. Co. v. Hunt, 42 Ind. App. 90; Commissioner v. Wabash Ry. Co., 123 Michigan, 669 (aff'd 126 Michigan, 113); Reagan v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 154 U. S. 362, 393; Stone v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 116 U. S. 307; Houston & T. C. R. Co. v. Mayes, 201 U. S. 321; McNeill v. Southern R. Co., 202 U. S. 543; Mo., K. & T. R. Co. v. Haber, 169 U. S. 613, 635; Chicago &c. R. Co. v. Solan, 169 U. S. 133; Penna. R. Co. v. Hughes, 191 U. S. 477; Northern Securities Case, 193 U. S. 394; Oklahoma v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 220 U. S. 277; Oklahoma v. Chicago & Rock Island Ry., 220 U. S. 302.

A state law regulating a subject of Federal jurisdiction would be void and a Federal law regulating a subject of state jurisdiction is also void. Trade Mark Cases, 100 U. S. 82; Ill. Cent. R. Co. v. McKendree, 203 U. S. 514; Howard v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 207 U. S. 463.

The Federal Government has no authority over transportation which begins and ends in a particular State. Baer Bros. v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 13 I. C. C. 329; Hussey v. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 13 I. C. C. 366; Haines v. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 13 I. C. C. 214; Chandler Cotton Co. v. Fort Smith Ry. Co., 13 I. C. C. 473; Morgan v. M., K. & T. Ry. Co., 12 I. C. C. 525; Montgomery Freight Bureau v. Western Ry., 14 I. C. C. 150; Marshall Oil Co. v. C. & N. W. R. Co., 14 I. C. C. 210; Lincoln Commercial Club v. C., R. I. & P. Co., 13 I. C. C. 319; Saunders & Co. v. Southern Exp. Co., 18 I. C. C. 415, 422; Gulf, Colo. & S. F. R. Co. v. Texas, 204 U. S. 403; Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 525; Michigan

Buggy Co. v. G. R. & I. Ry. Co., 15 I. C. C. 297; Howard v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 207 U. S. 463, 502; Wells-Higman Co. v. Grand Rapids & R. Co., 19 I. C. C. 487.

The interference with interstate commerce that is forbidden is direct, not that which is remote or indirect. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113; Stone v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 116 U. S. 307; Wabash, St. L. & P. R. Co. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 557; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 517; N. Y., L. E. & W. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 158 U. S. 439; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S. 677; West. Un. Tel. Co. v. James, 162 U. S. 650; Hennington v. Georgia, 163 U. S. 299; Chicago Ry. Co. v. Solan, 169 U. S. 133; Lake Shore Ry. Co. v. Ohio, 173 U. S. 285; Wisconsin Ry. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287; Louis. & Nash. R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S. 503; McNeill v. Southern Ry. Co., 202 U. S. 543; Gulf, Colo. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Texas, 204 U. S. 403; Ware v. Mobile Co., 209 U. S. 405; New York v. Hesterberg, 211 U. S. 31; Mo. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Larabee Flour Mills Co., 211 U. S. 612; Louis. & Nash. R. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S. 503, 518; Alabama & V. Railway Co. v. Mississippi R. R. Comm., 203 U. S. 496; Covington Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204, 209; Houston & Tex. Cent. Ry. Co. v. Mayes, 201 U. S. 321, 328; Penna. R. Co. v. Hughes, 191 U. S. 477, 488.

Interference by the State with interstate commerce being unlawful will not be presumed. Chicago I. & L. Ry. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 95 N. E. Rep. (Ind.) 364, 368; N. Y. Cent. R. R. Co. v. Int. Comm. Comm., 168 Fed. Rep. 131; Pittsburg R. R. Co. v. Railroad Comm., 171 Indiana, 189; Chicago R. R. Co. v. Railroad Comm., 173 Indiana, 469; Stone v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 116 U. S. 307; Burlington C. R. & N. R. Co. v. Dey, 82 Iowa, 312, 339; Howard v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 207 U. S. 463, 509.

When the charge and the actual transportation are confined to the limits of the territory of the State it is not interstate commerce and is subject to state control. Mor

gan v. M., K. & T. Ry. Co., 12 I. C. C. 525, 528; Montgomery Freight Bureau v. Western Ry. of Ala., 14 I. C. C. 150; Marshall Oil Co. v. C. & N. W. Ry. Co., 14 I. C. C. 210; Kurtz v. Penna. Co., 16 I. C. C. 410; Savannah Bureau v. Charleston & Savannah R. R. Co., 7 I. C. C. 601; Gulf, Colo. & S. F. R. Co. v. Texas, 204 U. S. 403; Dobbs v. L. & N. R. Co., 18 I. C. C. 210; Southern Ry. Co. v. Hunt, 83 N. E. Rep. (Ind.) 721; Wabash, St. L. & Pac. R. Co. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 557; Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 517; Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 622; State v. Engle, 34 N. J. L. 425; State v. Carrigan, 39 N. J. L. 35; The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557; General Oil Co. v. Crain, 209 U. S. 211, 228.

The law requires all rates to be reasonable, state as well as interstate, and if a carrier uses a local rate in any way as a factor in arriving at an interstate rate it does so knowingly and subject to state control. Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Co., 154 U. S. 413; Reagan v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 154 U. S. 362; Ames v. Un. Pac. R. R. Co., 64 Fed. Rep. 165, 171; Armour Packing Co. v. United States, 209 U. S. 56, 82; Beale & Wyman, R. R. Rate Regulation, $661.

The reasonableness of a local rate ought not to be measured by an interstate rate over the same line where part of the haul was within and part was without the State. Louis. & Nash. R. Co. v. Eubank, 184 U. S. 27.

A rate is a definite charge for a whole service. Gulf, Colo. & S. F. R. Co. v. Texas, 204 U. S. 403; Southern Ry. Co. v. Hunt, 42 Ind. App. 90; State v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 76 Kansas, 467; Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 517; Texas &c. R. Co. v. Sabine Tram. Co., 121 S. W. Rep. 256; State v. Southern Pacific Co., 23 Oregon, 424; Augusta Brokerage Co. v. Cent. of Ga. R. R. Co., 5 Ga. App. 187.

Traffic is either state or interstate. Trammel v. Clyde Steamship Co., 4 I. C. C. 120, 139; Wells-Higman Co. v. Grand Rapids &c. I. Ry. Co., 19 I. C. C. 487; Dobbs v. L. & N. R. Co., 18 I. C. C. 210.

VOL CCXXX-34

Argument for Appellees.

230 U.S.

A rate fixed by a State which indirectly affects an interstate rate is not an unconstitutional interference with interstate commerce. Mo. Pac. R. Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 262, 283; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Siler, 186 Fed. Rep. 176, 200; Arkansas Rate Cases, 187 Fed. Rep. 290, 302; Gibbons v. Ogden, 6 Wheat. 448; Employers' Liability Cases, 207 U. S. 463, 493; Addyston Pipe Co. v. United States, 175 U. S. 211, 231; State v. Nor. Pac. Ry. Co., 120 N. W. Rep. (N. D.) 869; Nor. Pac. Ry. Co. v. North Dakota, 216 U. S. 579; L. & N. R. Co. v. Kentucky, 183 U. S. 503; Perkins v. Nor. Pac. Ry. Co., 155 Fed. Rep. 453; Woodside v. Tonopah & G. R. Co., 184 Fed. Rep. 358; So. Pac. Co. v. Campbell, 189 Fed. Rep. 182: Shepard v. Nor. Pac. Ry. Co., 184 Fed. Rep. 765.

A through rate may properly be lower than the sum of the locals. Minn. & St. L. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 186 U. S. 257; Brabham v. Atlantic C. L. R. Co., 11 I. C. C. 464; Morgan v. M., K. & T. Ry. Co., 12 I. C. C. 525; Montgomery Freight Bureau v. Western Ry., 14 I. C. C. 150; Marshall Oil Co. v. C. & N. W. R. Co., 14 I. C. C. 210.

Courts in cases of doubt will not declare a law unconstitutional. Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87, 128; United States v. Coombs, 12 Pet. 72, 76; Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U. S. 700, 718; Nicol v. Ames, 173 U. S. 509, 514; Buttfield v. Stranahan, 192 U. S. 470, 492; Interstate Ry. Co. v. Massachusetts, 207 U. S. 79, 88.

Other state acts have been held constitutional. Railroad Commissioners v. Pensacola & A. R. Co., 24 Florida, 417, 472; Storrs v. Pensacola & A. R. Co., 29 Florida, 617; Georgia R. Co. v. Smith, 70 Georgia, 694; S. C., 71 Georgia, 863; Sou. Ind. Ry. Co. v. Hunt, 42 Ind. App. 90; Sou. Ind. Ry. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 172 Indiana, 113; Chicago I. & L. R. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 95 N. E. Rep. (Ind.) 364; State v. Mo. Pac. R. Co., 76 Kansas, 467, 481; Michigan C. R. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 160 Michigan, 355, 366; State v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 38

230 U. S.

Argument for Appellees.

Minnesota, 281; State v. Great Nor. Ry. Co., 100 Minnesota, 445, 476; Stone v. Yazoo & M. V. R. Co., 62 Mississippi, 607, 645; In re Railroad Commission, 16 Nebraska, 679; Trustees v. Saratoga Gas Co., 191 N. Y. 123, 131; Atlantic Exp. Co. v. Wilmington R. R. Co., 111 Nor. Car. 463, 472; Minn. &c. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 136 Wisconsin, 146; State v. Railroad Commission, 52 Washington, 17, 32.

Legislative power is not unconstitutionally delegated by similar acts. Miller v. New York, 109 U. S. 385; Field v. Clark, 143 U. S. 649, 680, 691, 692; Buttfield v. Stranahan, 192 U. S. 470; Union Bridge Co. v. United States, 204 U. S. 364, 371; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U. S. 281, 287; Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U. S. 320, 339; Monongahela Bridge Co. v. United States, 216 U. S. 177, 192; United States v. Grimaud, 220 U. S. 506; Hannibal Bridge Co. v. United States, 221 U. S. 194'; Int. Comm. Comm. v. Brimson, 154 U. S. 447, 474; Int. Comm. Comm. v. Cincinnati &c. R. Co., 167 U. S. 479, 494, 506; Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Abilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U. S. 426, 438, 448; Int. Comm. Comm. v. Ill. Cent. R. Co., 215 U. S. 452; Balt. & Ohio R. R. Co. v. United States, 215 U. S. 481; Int. Com. Comm. v. C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 218 U. S. 88; Int. Com. Comm. v. C., B. & Q. Ry. Co., 218 U. S. 113; Sou. Pac. Co. v. Int. Com. Comm., 219 U. S. 433; Del., L. & W. R. Co. v. Int. Com. Comm., 220 U. S. 235.

The action of the commission has the effect of law. Knoxville v. Water Co., 212 U. S. 1; Prentis v. Southern R. Co., 211 U. S. 210; Honolulu Rapid Transit Co. v. Hawaii, 211 U. S. 282; Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Abilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U. S. 426; Atlantic Coast Line v. Nor. Car. Corp. Comm., 206 U. S. 1; Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Mugg, 202 U. S. 242; Tex. & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Cisco Oil Co., 204 U. S. 449.

The power of the legislature is absolute within the limits of the Federal and state constitutions. Cooley, Const. Lim., 7th ed. 236, 241, 257; St. L., I. M. & S. R. Co.