beaten the German Constitutional party out of the field, these new leaders propose to concede to the Czechs and the other races the right to perpetuate their languages and nationalities, retaining, to the extent that the public interests require, German as the official language of the Government. The paragraph in the Constitution securing this right to each race they would give full effect to by legislative enactments. If the Germans will accept the situation now, as they must in the end, and give up the ethnic contest, the liberal elements of all the nationalities can unite in the pursuit of constitutional liberties. The programme of this growing party, which has purged its mind of the idea that forcible Germanization is a prerequisite of constitutional freedom, is of an advanced democratic character: universal suffrage, with the entire abolition of the representation of special interests in the Reichsrath; complete liberty of the press and the right of assembly; positive reforms for the benefit of the working-classes.

The dominance of German, even as the official language in Bohemia, is endangered. The civil servants already use their native tongue inside the offices. Aroused by the intentions of the Centralists to use state education as a means for exterminating their national tongue, the Czechs did not rest after expelling German from the common schools, but insisted on the instruction in all the intermediate and technical schools being given in Bohemian, and now have their national university. The Slovens have imitated the Czechs, and are struggling for the preservation of all the characteristics of their insignificant nationality. Prince Czartoryski is endeavoring to unite all the Slavs in a revolt against Germanizing tendencies.

While Austria is experiencing a transfer of political powers, which is in nature though not in form a political revolution, Hungary is occupied with no question more important than finance. The harvest was abundant, and the Government was never in a more favorable position. Koloman Tisza, the able Prime Minister, is the absolute master of the country, and has no rival and no organized opposition to disturb him. The chief problem of the Government at present is the reform of the system of taxation. The people have suffered much, and sometimes they have been provoked into resistance and riot by the exactions of the taxcollectors. The system of taxation is all in confusion, so that the evils may be remedied without reducing the revenues.

INSURRECTION IN CRIVOSCIA AND HERZEGOVINA. By stubbornly ignoring the wants of the people, the Imperial Government has, in three years of harsh maladministration, civil and military, greatly increased the difficulty of amalgamating Bosnia and Herzegovina with the empire. Austria entered upon the mission of extending her rule into the Balkan lands with the approval of Europe. The more intel

ligent spirits among the populations of the peninsula looked hopefully to the prosperous and enlightened empire for deliverance from Turkish misrule, and for guidance and government. The dual monarchy inaugurated its rule in the provinces confided to it by the mandate of Europe with a ruthless war against the sturdy, freedom-loving mountaineers, which cost $90,000,000, one quarter of which sum, if expended in productive works, might have won the hearts of the impoverished people. The nominal sovereignty which the Porte insisted upon preserving at the Congress of Berlin has become more shadowy and problematic since the Sultan has turned his attention to consolidating the Ottoman power in Islamic lands. The Panslavonic agitation has dwindled away, and the dreaded influence of Russian machinations, and of the ruble on its travels, has practically ceased since the Russians have given their thoughts to home problems. Yet, after three years' trial of the civilizing efforts of the Austro-Hungarian Government, a universal cry was heard in the occupied provinces, from Christians and Mohammedans alike, that the yoke of the Austrian was more cruel and intolerable than that of the Turk; and the Herzegovinians in their desperation arose again in open rebellion. The Imperial Government entered upon its task financially hampered as usual, for in the united monarchy money can never be had for imperial purposes when it is needed. Only a small party approved of the occupation in the first place, and after the blundering war of occupation the Government announced that no further appropriations would be required from the Parliaments, as the revenues of the provinces would suffice for their administration.

The Bosniaks and Herzegovinians were taxed for their own repression more heavily than they had been taxed by the begs and pashas. All the Turkish taxes were continued, and a host of octrois, tolls, license and excise taxes were superimposed, with, finally, the salt and tobacco monopolies. The Turkish taxes were severe, but the administration was lax; and the tax-gatherers, when seasons were bad, acknowledged the will of Allah, and took only what the raya could bring. The Austrian officials, entering this land exhausted by wars and insurrections, its stock destroyed and its industry unhinged, exacted the last penny of the augmented taxes. The cattle of the peasantry were driven off, their household goods and seedcorn taken, and their houses sold to the highest bidder. The Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic population suffered most from this unaccustomed stringency of the administration. Many of the ruined emigrated into Turkish dominions, and many became mountain robbers and cattle-thieves.

While draining away the capital and paralyzing the productive forces of the people to pay for military roads, which were of no prac tical use, because wagons and draught-animals

were unknown, and for the elaborate systems of civil officialism and military occupation, which were felt to be a twofold tyranny, the Austro-Hungarian Government did nothing to remove the peculiar grievance which had excited the Herzegovinian outbreak of 1875 that led to the Servian and Turkish wars, and furnished the ground of Count Andrassy's famous note of December 30, 1875, with which the diplomatic campaign against the Porte was inaugurated. The agrarian question was referred to a Bosnian commission, which simply revived an old Turkish law enabling the landlords to collect their rents by the aid of the military. The Mohammedan proprietors-the aristocracy of the country-were propitiated, lest their complaints to the Porte might interpose an obstacle to annexation. But the Christian agriculturists it was sought to assimilate by disciplining them in the rigorous regulations of Austrian officialism, and by the violent obtrusion of the German language and the Roman Catholic religion.

The vexatious over-government into which this wild and simple people were initiated, brought no compensating advantage over the loose and negligent régime of the Osmanli. Even the administration of justice, which, if capricious, was speedy and available in Turkish times, was now worse; for the people would not accept the elaborate procedure of the new courts.

In October, 1881, the law introducing universal military service in the occupied provinces was published. The recruiting was to commence in the March following. To conciliate the wealthy Mohammedans, the law was modified to permit the hiring of substitutes. The Porte raised no objections, asking only that the Mohammedan conscripts should not be employed in foreign operations, and might be permitted to wear the fez. To the Christians the conscription law was not less obnoxious than to the Mohammedans. It was felt to be the most oppressive measure to which they had yet been subjected, for under Ottoman rule the Christians had been entirely exempt from military duty, paying instead a capitation tax of about a dollar yearly.

There was every prospect that the people of the occupied provinces would resist vigorously the enforcement of the conscription law. The difficulty was complicated by the circumstance that compulsory military service had never been fully introduced in Dalmatia. The Crivoscians were exempted from military duty, as well as from taxes, tithes, and other public burdens, by a solemn charter repeatedly renewed. When the Government, in the reorganization of the military system of the empire, attempted to annul this privilege, a portion of the Dalmatians submitted to the conscription, but the Crivoscians rose in arms, destroyed a detachment at Fort Dragalj, and routed General Auersperg's army. His successor, Rodich, submitted to their terms, agreeing not only to

their immunity from military service, but granting them an indemnity of forty florins per head. After their ancient privileges were thus reaffirmed by the treaty which was struck at Kneslac in February, 1870, no attempt was made to impose the conscription laws upon the South Dalmatians until it was thought necessary to subject them to the system of universal military service before applying it to their kindred in Herzegovina.*

Preparatory to the introduction of this disciplinary means of civilization in the occupied provinces, General Rodich, then Governor of Dalmatia, was instructed in 1880 to carry out the militia law in the district of Cattaro. He professed himself able to execute the law, but asked time to prepare the people. Nothing was accomplished that year nor the next; yet when summoned to Vienna, just before the issuance of the order for the occupied provinces, he still declared that his moral influence would be sufficient. A meeting of the Crivoscie people at Risano had previously declared that they would only comply with the law on certain conditions, which were rejected at Vienna.

Relying on the assurances of General Rodich, the military law for Bosnia was published October 24th. Before the Delegations separated, the people of the Crivoscie rose in revolt against the conscription. The insurrection spread from the Bocche di Cattaro into the adjacent part of Southern Herzegovina. It was re-enforced and controlled from the beginning by Herzegovinian malcontents, who hastened through Montenegro to the scene of disturbance, and by Montenegrin allies, headed by experienced guerrilla chiefs. Support and encouragement were received from a party of the Montenegrins and of the Servians, and from professional agitators of the Panslavist cause. Although the Austro-Hungarian Government gave out that it had to do only with the forays of robber bands, military precautions were taken betimes. Rifle battalions were sent into the Crivoscie. A cordon was drawn around the insurrectionary center. The Prince of Montenegro took what slight measures he could to prevent re-enforcements from reaching the insurgents. He stationed a guard along the border, and the Austrians formed a second cordon, but both were insufficient to keep out the guerrilla bands, coming by secret trails through the mountains.

The district of Crivoscie is hardly sixteen square miles in extent, and contains but fifteen villages, with 1,600 inhabitants. The recusant conscripts are a tall, handsome, muscular race

* When Dalmatia was incorporated into the Austrian dominions, after the Peace of Campo Formio in 1797, the inhabitants fought for the preservation of their ancient privilege of immunity from military service. This right, which they had enjoyed under the Venetian dominion ever since their subjugation in 1420, was formally conceded, and in 1814 reaffirmed. They have fought in the wars of Austria as volunteers-for example, in the war with France and Italy in 1859, when the Bocchese furnished a body of 2,300 men; but, for seventy years, their exemption from compulsory levies was duly respected by the Austrian Government.

of men. They have never been subdued, and know no law or discipline. Their raids into the neighboring Turkish territory have earned them the epithet of "Sheep-stealers." The difficulties of a military expedition in their district and in the adjacent parts of Herzegovina are incredible. The conformation of the land is the same as in Montenegro. An army must advance in the intricate mountain-paths, often in single file, and throw a bridge across every one of the numberless torrents. They must transport on pack-animals their ammunition, their cannon in separable parts, all their food and provender, and even their drinking-water. In the occupied territory 1,830 kilometres of roads were built in three years; but in the Crivoscie there are no means of communication but the difficult bridle-paths. The agile mountaineers have no need of paths, but can shoot down upon the toiling column from every cliff, and disappear without a trace. They can beset them anywhere on the flank or in the rear, or drive away the flock which is destined for the soldiers' meals. In military operations in such a country it is necessary to fortify and garrison every point of importance, every bridge that is built, every source of supplies. For this purpose the kulas, or blockhouses, which are scattered through the country are of importance. They are built of rough stones, with towers pierced with slits for rifles. In peace-time they furnish nightly shelter to the patrolling gendarmes. The hans, or way-side inns, serve as gathering-places for insurgents, and the landlords are their zealous spies.

isolation of the Crivoscie by a military cordon had proved a complete failure.

With the spread of the insurrection into Herzegovina the Austrian Government was confronted with the danger of a European war. A military credit was voted by the Delegations. The command of the operations for the suppression of the insurrection was given to the young and energetic Lieutenant-Field-Marshal Jovanovics. The number of the insurgents was variously estimated at from five to fifteen thousand. They were armed throughout with breech-loaders. The heated language of General Skobeleff and several Russian statesmen, the collection of money and war material by native and foreign Slavic agitators, the activities of the Young Servian League of the Omladina, and the direct aid in munitions and supplies given by the inhabitants of Montenegro, furnished the elements for another conflagration in the Balkan Peninsula.

The insurgents presented in the beginning of February an irregular line from Trebinje through Liubinje, Bilek, and Gatzko to Nevesinje, and

The district of Cattaro furnished its recruits in obedience to the order of October 24, 1881. The inhabitants of the Crivoscie only opposed a passive resistance, and when the commune of Ubli was preparing to send its quota the other Crivoscians drove its cattle up into the mountains as security for its fidelity. Detachments of riflemen were sent into the district. On the approach of the soldiery, several hundred men collected in bands. They were armed with Martini rifles. Raids were made on the neighboring districts. Skirmishes with the troops commenced in December. Some of the corpses of the fallen were found with the ears and noses cut off, a form of mutilation customary with these savage mountaineers. Their threat to put to the sword every captive soldier, of Bocchese birth was not carried into effect.

By January all Herzegovina east of the Narenta was aroused, up to the southeast Bosnian border. The insurgents concentrated with strategic sagacity at a point near Fotcha, which commanded the communication between Serajevo and the Austrian forces on the Drina; in the vicinity of Konjica, on the lower Narenta, a point which commands the only military road leading from Bosnia into Herzegovina; and near Korito on the Montenegrin frontier. The

through the wild mountains of Zagorje, where they concentrated in the greatest force, to Fotcha, and beyond as far as Cainitcha. Behind the way of escape into Montenegro or the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar was open. Over a thousand of them, under Dandalitch and Sekanovitch, held the advanced post in the valley of the Zeljeznika, an affluent of the Drina, south of Serajevo. In Fotcha and the Zagorje the Sirdar Tungus commanded; in Nevesinje, Gatzko, and Bilek the redoubted brigand Stojan Kovatzevitch; in Zubzie, near Korito, Tripko Fukalovitch; around Trebinje, Tomasevitch; and in the Crivoscie, Militch and Sutitch. They had a fully equipped mountain battery, and pursued systematic plans under the direction of some

unknown strategists. In fight they gathered sometimes eighteen hundred strong. In the intervals between their attacks they were hidden in scattered bands in the gorges of the mountains. General Jovanovics had a force of 40,000 men with 56 mountain-guns, composed of the garrisons of the coast-lands and several regiments sent on to the seat of war. They were formed into so-called mountain brigades. The signal service, sanitary arrangements, and commissariat were admirably organized. Jovanovics assumed the command of the forces in Herzegovina and the Crivoscie on the 6th of February. In Herzegovina his authority was unfortunately divided with General von Dahlen, the civil and military governor of the occupied provinces. The insurgents proposed peace at once to the new general; but he rejected their stipulations for universal amnesty. He proposed to wait for open weather, organize his army for the difficult service for which it was none too large, and drill the troops in rifle practice. But General von Dahlen urged an immediate advance, and on the 9th of February the forward movement began from Mostar, where General Jovanovics had established his headquarters. On the same day Risano, the chief town of the Crivoscie, was captured by the help of the fleet in the Bocche; and Ledenice, the center of the insurrection in the Crivoscie, was taken by storm. The insurgents were thus at the start cut off from all aid coming by sea, and separated from the southern coast district, the Primorje. Nevertheless, they boldly took the offensive, and on the 10th and the following days struck at Fotcha, an important central position, and at Tirnova, and attacked the fortified height of Rogai. Their object was to spread the insurrection into the interior of Bosnia. They were repulsed, and on the 14th the ridge of Zimje Polje, east of Mostar, was occupied, and its commanding points fortified. After these first successes the movement of the Austrian troops was slow and difficult. There were no communications between the different columns. Each pressed forward on a converging line toward the center of the insurrection. Their object was to get between the insurgents and the frontier. Until they could be cut off from Montenegro, the enemy were unapproachable. They could disappear when hard pressed, and reappear to attack the Austrians where they were weakest. Montenegro was impelled by the success of these tactics, and by the promise of the Austrian Government to bear the whole cost, to strengthen her boundary cordon, and place more trusty officers in command. There was no opportunity for strategic combinations. The Austrian lines had to contend sharply for every step of their progress. Bravery and perseverance were displayed by the troops, and quite as much discipline and fortitude were exhibited in the resistance of the insurgents. In the fights which took place almost daily the Austrian regulars were many times worsted.

The Austrian soldiers did not forget the strict discipline for which they are distinguished; but their commanders adopted stern and cruel measures for crushing out the rebellion. Their path was marked by smoking villages.

About the 20th of February the insurgents collected in great number in the plateau of Zagorje, a natural stronghold which they deemed impregnable, for the purpose of striking a blow at Serajevo. The Austrians advanced in four columns from different points, with the object of surrounding them. The access to the plateau is very arduous, and they were impeded by snow and storm. After several days of fighting, in which a number of positions were carried by assault, the Austrians occupied the plateau* on the 25th. Yet they did not succeed in entrapping the enemy. The insurgents escaped on the right bank of the Drina toward the Montenegrin frontier. The Knez of Zagorje made his submission. The people of the district were famishing, and food was distributed by the authorities. Another column in a sharp assault carried the steep heights at Ulok, east of Mostar, and drove the insurgents over the Narenta. Worn out in daily battles, the insurgents of Herzegovina were gradually pressed back upon a strip of land skirting the Montenegrin frontier. In the Crivoscie the right wing of the Austrian army was not idle. After taking Bratlo and Ubli, the insurrection was confined to the wedge of land which projects into Montenegro. By the capture of Fort Dragalj, on the 10th of March, the last of the insurgents were driven over the border. The insurrection, as an organized military movement, was broken up. The Austrian soldiery held the land. Flying columns traversed the country, and met with little resistance. The inclement weather told severely on the Austrian troops, but their losses in battle were remarkably light, being only 53 dead, and 210 altogether.

On April 22d Freiherr von Dahlen issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of the occupied territory, announcing the final suppression of the insurrectionary movement, and inviting them to return to their homes. He promised amnesty to all but the leaders. The Austrian army had won the campaign, but it was a hollow victory. When they came into possession of the country it was a desert. They found only burned villages and deserted farmsteads. The inhabitants had emigrated in a mass to Montenegro with their families and their flocks and herds. From there they continued to return in bands to harass the troops. The Crivoscie was absolutely empty of inhabitants. The Montenegrin authorities arrested and disarmed the immigrants, but were at a loss what to do with them. At the instigation of the Austrians the Government cut off the rations which were supplied out of its limited means

This almost inaccessible stronghold the Turks did not attempt to assail in 1875, but contented themselves with a siege.

and tried to drive them back to their homes, but with indifferent success.

At the meeting of the Delegations in April, the Common Ministry asked for 23,730,000 florins to defray expenses in South Dalmatia and the occupied provinces until October, in addition to the military credit of 8,000,000 florins granted at the special meeting of the Delegations on January 28th. The Hungarian Delegation took this opportunity to overhaul the Bosnian policy of the Government. The Minister of Finance, Count Szlavy, explained that the conscription in Bosnia would be confined to recruiting 1,200 men, who would not be removed from the country, and was only intended to enforce the principle that it is the duty of the people to take part in the defense of their boundaries. The conscription is a direct infringement of the Treaty of Berlin. In the administration of this practically annexed territory the Austrian Government goes through the form of submitting every proclamation to the Porte. The Turkish minister revises and alters it, but it is always issued in the original shape. The Hungarian Delegation cut down the appropriation for fortifications and other items. Count Szlavy resigned in consequence. In the Hungarian Lower House the reduced appropriations were warmly contested. In the Upper House, Count Desseffy, who was for three years chief administrator of the district of Serajevo, unfolded all the mistakes and abuses of the Bosnian administration. Tisza, the Hungarian Premier, admitted that the Bosnian bureaucracy needed a thorough purification. In deference to the determined attitude of the Hungarian opposition, after Szlavy had continued his functions for nearly

a month, awaiting his successor, Baron Kallay, a Hungarian statesman, but a friend of the Slavs and believer in the Slavic extension of the empire, was appointed Common Minister of Finance. The post might be better described as the ministry for Bosnian affairs. The programme to be carried out was the reversal of the obnoxious German methods, and an administration according to Slavonic notions and customs. As an initial reform, a separate Civil Governor of Bosnia was appointed, the choice falling upon Count Rudolf Khevenhüller, who, like M. de Kallay, is familiar with the southern Slavs and their languages. The elaborate machinery of the law, which was introduced after European models, was first done away with, and the decision of cases made speedy and inexpensive. No lawyers nor briefs are necessary in petty suits, and in larger ones only one appeal may be heard.

INUNDATIONS IN TYROL.-Various parts of Europe were visited in 1882 by devastating floods. In the Alpine regions the abnormal rain-fall wrought the most destruction, and nowhere so great as in the valleys of Austrian Tyrol, where the losses exceeded 30,000,000 florins, or $13,000,000. An inundation occurred in the middle of September, the effects of which were partly averted by the energy of the authorities. On the 28th of October the people were driven out of Bruneck, Toblach, Innichen, and the hapless Welsberg, by one of the most destructive floods that is recorded in history. The protective works were destroyed, towns almost annihilated, farms not only stripped of harvest and improvements, but left desolate under a layer of silt and bowlders.

churches in the United States, as they are given in the "American Baptist Year-Book" for 1882:

STATES AND TERRI- Associa TORIES. tions.

Churches.

Ordained ministers.