that reason the hearing could not this morning be very long. With reference to the matter of procedure, and of Mr. Martens making his statement without prior examination by the committee, I will submit that to my colleagues on the committee and accept their judgment.

Mr. HARDWICK. All right, Mr. Chairman, and we will conform to any plan you may suggest. If you desire the question-and-answer method we will be glad to follow that plan. I will say that that is perfectly immaterial to us. We would just as soon do it one way as the other, and only thought that this plan would tend to expedite the hearing.

Senator BRANDEGEE. How long would it take to read this statement?

Mr. HARDWICK. I can give you an example: Here are various subheads, A, B, C, D, and E, and I suppose no one of them contains over half a dozen typewritten pages, and there are certain documents accompanying them that it will not be necessary to read unless the committee wishes it done. I think if he kept at it continuously the statement might be finished within a couple of hours.

Senator BORAH. Suppose the gentleman starts with his statement and then we can decide the matter of procedure a little later.

Senator BRANDEGEE. Of course, I have not had an opportunity to see his statement, and do not know what is in it, as I suppose is the situation with the other members of the committee, and I rather think we ought to interrogate him first.

Senator MOSES. I think the better procedure would be to interrogate Mr. Martens first.

Senator BORAH. All right. I am willing that that plan should be followed.

Senator MOSES. Mr. Martens will take the stand.

Mr. HARDWICK. Mr. Chairman, I suggest that Mr. Martens be

sworn.

Senator MOSES. Mr. Martens will please rise and be sworn.

TESTIMONY OF MR. LUDWIG C. A. K. MARTENS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

(The witness was duly sworn by Senator Moses.)

Senator MOSES. Please give your full name?

Mr. MARTENS. Ludwig Christian Alexander Martens.

Senator MOSES. Where were you born?

Mr. MARTENS. At Bachmut, Province of Ekaterinoslav, Russia. Senator MOSES. When were you born?

Mr. MARTENS. On 20th of December, 1874.

Senator MOSES. Of Russian parents?

Mr. MARTENS. No, sir; of German parents.

Senator MOSES. Was your birth registered in Russia?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. As of German parentage?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. You spent your boyhood in Russia?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; I spent my time up to my 25th year in Russia.

Senator MOSES. Your education was acquired there?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; in Russia.

Senator MOSES. What was it?

Mr. MARTENS. I studied in college in the city of Kursk, or was educated in the Kursk High School, and then went to the Technological Institute in Petrograd.

Senator MOSES. And you were graduated as an engineer?

Mr. MARTENS. As a mechanical engineer.

Senator MOSES. Did you follow your profession in Russia?

Mr. MARTENS. No; I did not follow it because I was deported from Russia in 1899.

Senator BORAH. You were what?

Mr. MARTENS. I was deported from Russia in 1899.
Senator BORAH. I did not catch that word.

Mr. MARTENS. Deported from Russia.

Senator MOSES. In consequence of what?

Mr. MARTENS. Of political work. I spent three years in Russian prisons.

Senator MOSES. Your time of imprisonment began in 1896?
Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. What was the charge against you?

Mr. MARTENS. Agitation against the Czar's Government.
Senator MOSES. As a member of any organization?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And you received a regular trial?

Mr. MARTENS. No; it was not a trial at all.

Senator MOSES. As the result of a regular proceeding?

Mr. MARTENS. It was no proceeding at all; simply by an order of the Czar I was imprisoned, and after spending three years in prison I was deported.

Senator MOSES. Where were you deported to?

Mr. MARTENS. To Germany.

Senator MOSES. That place being chosen because of your German citizenship?

Mr. MARTENS. Because of my German parentage.

Senator MOSES. Where did you go in Germany?
Mr. MARTENS. To Berlin.

Senator MOSES. Did you reside there for some time?

Mr. MARTENS. No; I was immediately put into the German army. Senator MOSES. You were of what age, then?

Mr. MARTENS. Twenty-five.

Senator MOSES. You rendered your regular military service?
Mr. MARTENS. Yes; I spent two years as a soldier in the German

army.

Senator MOSES. With what arm of the service?

Mr. MARTENS. In the engineer corps.

Senator MOSES. And you were released from that service when? Mr. MARTENS. 1901.

Senator MOSES. Did you then begin the practice of your profession } Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. In Berlin?

Mr. MARTENS. No; in Hamburg.

Senator MOSES. How long did that continue?

Mr. MARTENS. That continued until 1905.

Senator MOSES. Did you have any collateral activities aside from your profession while you were in Germany?

Mr. MARTENS. I did not catch your question, Mr. Chairman ?

Senator MOSES. Did you devote yourself solely to the practice of your profession while in Germany?

Mr. MARTENS. Mainly. Then I started, also, several scientific questions in connection with the Charlottenburg Technological Institute.

Senator MOSES. And that continued until 1905?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And where did you then go?

Mr. MARTENS. I went to Switzerland and spent several months in Switzerland, and after that time I went to England.

Senator MOSES. In Switzerland were you in the pursuit of your profession?

Mr. MARTENS. No, sir.

Senator BORAH. Why did you go to Switzerland?

Mr. MARTENS. To take a rest and to meet my old friends from Russia.

Senator MOSES. Who were they?

Mr. MARTENS. People active in the revolutionary movement in Russia.

Senator MOSES. In what organization?

Mr. MARTENS. In the social democratic party of Russia.

Senator MOSES. By that time the Duma had been established, had it not?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; in 1906.

Senator MOSES. Did this party participate in the elections?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; of course.

Senator MOSES. Did it have any considerable representation in the Duma?

Mr. MARTENS. No; only a few members in the first Duma. In the second Duma there were about 50 members.

Senator MOSES. About how many?

Mr. MARTENS. About 50 members.

Senator MOSES. The first Duma sat in 1906, did it not?
Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And the second Duma was elected when?

Mr. MARTENS. At the end of 1906.

Senator MOSES. And it was at that time that you were in Switzerland?

Mr. MARTENS. No; it was in the beginning of 1906 that I was in Switzerland.

Senator MOSES. Prior to the election of the second Duma?
Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. Your interviews with your friends in Switzerland were in connection with that election?

Mr. MARTENS. No, sir; in connection with the organization of the Russian social democratic party.

Senator MOSES. What was the particular charge against you in 1896 in Russia.

Mr. MARTENS. Our organization took part in the agitation during the cornation of Czar Nicholas II; an organization directed against his Government.

Senator MOSES. What was the nature of that agitation?

Mr. MARTENS. At the time of the coronation of Czar Nicholas II there was a big strike in Petrograd, and we agitated against the Czar's Covernment, and invited them to overthrow his Government. Senator MOSES. To prevent his coronation?

Mr. MARTENS. No, it had nothing to do with that; but it was at a time coincident with it.

Senator MOSES. Was it an accidental coincidence?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. Or was the time chosen?

Mr. MARTENS. No, sir; it was accidental.

Senator MOSES. In what month was the Czar crowned?

Mr. MARTENS. It was June, 1896.

Senator MOSES. A general strike was on?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. How long had it been on?
Mr. MARTENS. Oh, about a month or so.

Senator MOSES. It was terminated when?

Mr. MARTENS. As far as I remember in the beginning of July, 1896. Senator MOSES. And at what time in the year did your arrest take place?

Mr. MARTENS. At the end of the year. I was arrested in September, 1896.

Senator MOSES. Were there others arrested at the same time? Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; many people were arrested at the same time.

Senator MOSES. Supposedly the leaders in the movement?
Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. Were there any judgments except deportation? Mr. MARTENS. After spending about two years in preliminary, preparatory-well, I don't know the term to express it-in prison, sentence was suspended the additional one year and deportation ordered.

Senator MOSES. After spending this month you have spoken of in Switzerland in 1906 did you return to Cermany?

Mr. MARTENS. No; I went to England.

Senator MOSES. Where did you live there?
Mr. MARTENS. In London.

Senator MOSES. How long did you live there?

Mr. MARTENS. Ten years.

Senator MOSES. Up to 1916?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. What was your status at the beginning of the war, in 1914?

Mr. MARTENS. My status?

Senator MOSES. Yes; in England?

Mr. MARTENS. In regard to my citizenship in England do you

mean?

Senator MOSES. Yes.

Mr. MARTENS. I was registered as an alien enemy in England.
Senator MOSES. Were you interned?

Mr. MARTENS. No; I was not.

Senator MOSES. When did the internment of alien enemies in England begin?

Mr. MARTENS. It began about a couple of months after the declaration of war.

Senator MOSES. In what month in 1916 did you leave England? Mr. MARTENS. I arrived here in the United States on the 2d of January, 1916, so I left England in December, 1915.

Senator BORAH. On what date did you say you arrived in this country?

Mr. MARTENS. On the 2d of January, 1916.

Senator MOSES. The war began in August, 1914?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And internment began in England about two months later?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. Then, about October?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. So you remained in that country a year and two months after internment began?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. Were you under any form of bond?
Mr. MARTENS. No; under no bond at all.
Senator MOSES. Or surety or recognizance?
Mr. MARTENS. My German citizenship was
British authorities as a purely technical matter.
they did not intern me; they knew about my
Russian revolutionary movement, and that was
not to intern me.

recognized by the That is the reason affiliation with the sufficient for them.

Mr. HARDWICK. Mr. Chairman, will you let the witness submit at this point a copy of the paper issued to him by the British Govern

ment?

Senator MOSES. In reference to internment?

Mr. HARDWICK. Yes, sir; both the reason why they did not intern him and he had documentary proof of it-and his permission to come to this country.

Senator MOSES. Well, I was going to inquire about that. We can put the documents in later.

Mr. HARDWICK. All right.

Senator MOSES. You came to this country through the regular legal channels ?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir; I was allowed to leave that country without any difficulty.

Senator MOSES. You made regular application?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And you were furnished with a regular form permit or passport?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Senator MOSES. And you wish to file those papers?

Mr. MARTENS. Yes, sir.

Mr. HARDWICK. We might do that later, if you prefer.

Senator JONES. They may be filed. Did you make a declaration on your arrival in this country as to citizenship?

Mr. MARTENS. When I arrived at the port of New York the port authorities questioned me in regard to my citizenship, and having in my possession documents from the British Government, I had to declare myself a German citizen.