day more and more into a dark rusty hue. Another female, in a different vessel, brought forth twenty-seven of the same color, and the day following the young ones seemed all fixed to the back and belly of the female. For near a fortnight all these continued alive and well, but afterwards some of them died daily, until, in about a month, they all died except two. Were it worth the trouble, these animals might be kept living as long as curiosity should think proper. Their chief food is worms and insects; and upon a proper supply of these their lives might be lengthened to their natural extent. How long that may be we are not told; but if we may argue from analogy, it cannot be less than seven or eight years; and perhaps, in the larger kind double that duration. As they have somewhat the form of the lobster, so they resemble that animal in casting their shell, or more properly their skin; since it is softer by far than the covering of the lobster, and set with hairs, which grow from it in great abundance, particularly at the joinings. The young lie in the womb of the parent, each covered up in its own membrane, to the number of forty or fifty, and united to each other by an oblong thread, so as to exhibit altogether the form of a chaplet. It seems probable that captivity produces that unnatural disposition in the scorpion which induces it to destroy its young; since, at liberty, it is found to protect them with unceasing assiduity. SCORPIO, the Scorpion, in astronomy, the eighth sign of the zodiac, denoted by the character m. See ASTRONOMY. SCORPION, n. s. French scorpion; Latin scorpio. A reptile resembling a small lobster, with a very venomous sting. My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. 1 Kings xii. 11. Well, forewarning winds Did seem to say, seek not a scorpion's nest. SCORPION. See SCORPIO. S. vermiculata, a native of Italy and Spain. It is an annual plant, with trailing herbaceous stalks, which at each joint have a spatular-shaped leaf with a long foot-stalk. From the wings of the leaves come out the foot-stalks of the flowers, which sustain at the top one yellow butterfly flower, succeeded by a thick twisted pod, having the size and appearance of a larger caterpillar, from whence it had this title. This has long been preserved in the gardens of this country, more on account of its odd shape than for any great beauty. It is propagated by sowing the seeds on a bed of light earth; and, when the plants come up, they must be kept free from weeds and thinned, so that there may be a foot distance between them. SCORZA (Senibald), an eminent Italian painter and engraver, born at Vollagio, in 1590. He engraved after the designs of the celebrated Albert Durer, with great accuracy. As a painter he excelled in representing animals and flowers. He died in 1631, aged forty-one. SCORZONERA, viper-grass, in botany, a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and syngenesia class of plants: natural order fortyninth, composite; receptacle naked; pappus like a plum: CAL. imbricated, with scales membranaceous on their margins. The most remarkable species is the S. Hispanica, the Spanish, or common vipergrass. It is cultivated in the gardens of this country, both for culinary and medicinal purposes. The root is carrot-shaped, about the thickness of a finger, covered with a dark brown skin, is white within, and has a milky juice. The stalk rises three feet high, is smooth, branching at the top, and garnished with a few narrow leaves, whose base half embraces the stalk. The flowers are of a bright yellow color, and terminate the stalks in scaly empalements composed of many narrow tongued-shaped hermaphrodite florets, lying over each other like the scales of fish, and are of a bright yellow color. After these are decayed, the germen, which sits in the common empalements, turns to oblong cornered seeds, having a roundish ball of feathered down at the top. This plant is propagated by seeds; and must be carefully thinned and kept free from weeds, otherwise the plants will be weak. The roots of the scorzonera were formerly much celebrated for their alexipharmie virtues, and for throwing out the small-pox; but have now almost entirely lost their character; however, as they abound with an acrid juice, they may sometimes be of use for strengthening the viscera, and promoting the fluid secretions. SCOT (Michael), of Balwirie, a learned Scottish author of the thirteenth century. He made the tour of France and Germany; and was received with distinction at the court of the emperor Frederic II. He was skilled in languages; and translated into Latin, from the Arabic, the history of animals, by the celebrated physician Avicenna. He published the whole of the works of Aristotle with notes. He wrote a work on The Secrets of Nature; also a tract On the Nature of the Sun and Moon. He there speaks of the grand operation of the alchymists, and is exceedingly solicitous about the projected powder, or the philosopher's stone. He likewise published Mensa Philosophica, a treatise on astrology and chiromancy. He was much admired in his day, and was even suspected of magic; and had Roger Bacon and Cornelius Agrippa for his panegyrists. Scor (Reginald), a writer in the sixteenth century. He studied at Hart Hall, in the University of Oxford; after which he retired to Smeethe, where he lived a studious life, and died in 1599. He published The perfect Platform of a Hop-garden, and The Discovery of Witchcraft; in which he showed that the relations concerning magicians and witches are chimerical. This work was not only censured by king James I. in his Dæmonology, but by several eminent divines; and all the copies of it that could be found were burnt. SCOT, n. s. Fr. scot. Shot; payment; scot and lot, parish payments. 'Twas time to counterfeit, or that hot termagant Scot had paid me scot and lot too. Shakspeare. Henry IV. The chief point that has puzzled the freeholders, as well as those that pay scot and lot, for about these six months, is, Whether they would rather be governed by a prince that is obliged by law to be good, or by one who, if he pleases, may plunder or imprison? Addison. Protogenes, historians note, Lived there a burgess, scot and lot. Prior. SCOT AND LOT is a customary contribution laid upon all subjects according to their abilities. Whoever were assessed in any sum, though not in equal proportions, were said to pay scot and lot. SCOTAL, or SCOTALE, is where an officer of a forest keeps an ale-house within the forest, by color of his office, making people come to his house, and there spend their money for fear of his displeasure. We find it mentioned in the charter of the forest, cap. 8. Nullus forrestarius faciat Scotallas, vel garbas colligat, vel aliquam collectam faciat,' &c. The word is compounded of scot and ale, and by transposition of the words is otherwise called aleshot. SCOTCH, v. a. Qu. Lat. quatio. To cut with shallow incision. He was too hard for him: directly before Corioli, he scotcht and notcht him like a carbonado. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. We'll heat 'em into Bench holes; I have yet room for six scotches more. Id. Antony and Cleopatra. Give him four scotches with a knife, and then put into his belly, and these scotches, sweet herbs. Walton's Angler. Children being indifferent to any thing they can do, dancing and scotch hoppers would be the same thing to them. Locke. SCOTI (Latin), the Scots, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, mentioned as distinct from the Picts, so early as by Claudian de Hon. 3. Cons. v. SCOTIA, NOVA, or NEW SCOTLAND, a name that has been given to those British settlements in North America, situated between 43° and 46° lat. N. and between 60° and 67° long. W., bounded by the St. Laurence on the north, by the gulf of St. Laurence and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, by the same ocean on the south., and by Canada and New England on the west. In 1784 this province was divided into two governments. See our article NORTH AMERICA, chap. III. The trade between Great Britain and these provinces .consists in the export of linen, woollens, and fishing gear chiefly, for £30,000 a-year, and the import of lumber and fish for £40,000. The Isle of Sable, twenty-five leagues distant from Cape Canso, the north-east point of Nova Scotia, is composed entirely of sand-hills, in the shape of sugar-loaves, 140 feet high, and white as milk with white transparent stones: it is of a semicircular shape, being ten leagues in circuit, but very narrow. On the north, or concave side, is a shallow lake, five leagues in circumference, and communicating with the sea. It has no port, but has some ponds of fresh water, and produces juniper, blue-berry bushes, grass, and vetches. Many vessels have been wrecked on this island, and the people have perished of hunger. In order to render it less dangerous, the government of Halifax, in 1809, sent a party of people to settle on it, in order to show fires during bad nights, and to afford assistance to those who may be shipwrecked on it. by the French in 1604, who gave it the name of The peninsula of Nova Scotia was first settled Acadia. Their original establishment was at Port François, on the west coast, and the first colonists occupied themselves solely in trading the chase themselves. The vicinity of the Briwith the Indians for furs, or procuring them by tish colonies of New England, however, produced here, as well as at Canada, a destructive concurrence in the Indian trade; and on the the Indians against the English, while the latter part of the Acadians, similar attempts to irritate retorted on the French settlements, whenever the disputes between the two nations in Europe permitted them to commence open hostilities. After being taken by the English, and restored several times, Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the peace of Utrecht. Very few English, of change of name to Nova Scotia, no alteration however, settled on it, and, with the exception was made in the government; the French colonists being maintained in possession of their remain neuter in any wars between France and laws and religion, and were besides permitted to England. In 1746 the French attempting to regain possession of the province, and the colonists breaking their neutrality, the British government determined to colonise it efficiently, and at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) the disbanded officers and soldiers were encouraged to emigrate thither by grants of land according to their respective ranks. These encouragements induced 3750 persons to embark for the colony in 1749, who founded the city of Halifax. The French colonists, fearing a persecution from the new government and colonists, on account of their religion, and being also encouraged by the Canadian government, generally retired from Nova Scotia to that province, while the English, equally anxious to get rid of them, removed the remainder to the other English colonies. 1769 the population of the colony had increased to 26,000 persons, by emigrations from England and Germany; and in the same year its exports amounted to £30,000. The American war still farther increased the population, by the emigration of loyalists from the insurgent colonies, and gave an extraordinary impulse to its commerce and cultivation, by the demands of the British fleets and armies. In SCOTISTS, a sect of school divines and philosophers, thus called from their founder J. Duns Scotus, a cordelier, who maintained the immaculate conception of the Virgin, or that she was born without original sin, in opposition to Thomas Aquinus and the Thomists. The Scotists and Thomists disagreed about the nature of the divine co-operation with the human will, the measure of divine grace that is necessary to salvation, and other abstruse and minute questions, which it is needless to enumerate. 392 SCOTLAND. SCOTLAND, an ancient, and long an independent kingdom of Great Britain, is situated, exclusive of its islands, between 54° 37′ and 58° 42′ N. lat., and between 1° 47′ and 6° 7′ W. long. from London. It contains thirty-three counties, and is bounded south by the Solway frith, and the rivers Esk, Lark, Liddel, and Tweed; on the east and north by the Northern Ocean; and on the west by the waters of the Atlantic. Its greatest length due north and south is 275 miles, and its greatest breadth 147 miles; but its breadth is extremely various, and in one place does not exeeed thirty-six miles. The superficial area of the mainland is said to amount to 25,520 square miles, 494 square miles of fresh water lakes, and 5000 square miles of salt-water lochs, or lakes. The islands, comprising the Hebrides on the west, and the Orkneys and Zetland isles towards the north, comprehend an area of 4224 square miles. I. HISTORY OF SCOTLAND UNTIL THE WITHDRAWMENT OF THE ROMANS.-It is difficult to give any satisfactory account of the origin of the appellation of Scots, from which the country has derived its name. The conjectures of the most eminent antiquaries serve rather to perplex than to clear up the difficulty. All that we know with certainty concerning this appellation is, that it was at first a term of reproach, framed by enemies, rather than assumed by the nation. The Highlanders, the descendants of the ancient Scots, are absolutely strangers to the name, and have been always so. All those who speak the Gaelic language call themselves Albanich or Gael, and their country Alba or Gaeldochd; whence Caledonia, the most ancient name of the country. The Picts, who possessed originally the northern and eastern, and in a later period also the more southern, division of North Britain, were at first more powerful than the Caledonians of the west. It is therefore probable that the Picts were ready to traduce and ridicule their weaker neighbours of Argyle. These two nations spoke the same language, the Gaelic. In that language Scot, or Scode, signifies a corner or small division of a country. Accordingly, a corner of North Britain is the very name which Giraldus Cambrensis gives the little kingdom of Argyle, which the six sons of Muredus king of Ulster were said, according to his information, to have erected in Scotland. Scot in Gaelic is much the same with little or contemptible in English. Others observe, that in the same language the word Scuit signifies a wanderer, and suppose that this may have been the origin of the name of Scot; a conjecture which they think is countenanced by a passage in Amianus Marcellinus (1. xxvii.), who characterises the men by the epithet of per diversa vagantes, i. e. roaming. On the whole it appears, that for some one of the reasons couched under the above disparaging epithets, their sneering neighbours, the Picts or the Britons, may have given the appellation of Scots to the ancestors of the Scot tish nation. At what time the inhabitants of the west of Scotland became distinguished by this name is uncertain. Porphyrius the philosopher is the first who mentions them, about A. D. 267; and towards the middle of the fourth century we find them mentioned with other British nations, by Ammianus Marcellinus, in the passage above referred to. The territory of the ancient Scots, before the annexation of Pictavia, comprehended all that side of Caledonia, which lies on the north and western ocean, from the frith of Clyde to the Orkneys. Towards the east their dominions were divided from the Pictish territories by the high mountains which run from Dumbarton to the frith of Tain. In process of time, the Scots, under the reign of Kenneth, the son of Alpin, became so powerful as to subdue their neighbours the Picts, and gave their own denomination to all Caledonia, Pictavia, and Valentia; all which are now comprehended under the general name of Scotland. The origin of the Scots has been warmly disputed by many antiquaries of note; particularly by Macpherson and Whitaker. The first contends that they are of Caledonian, the latter that they are of Irish extraction. The Scots seem to have been originally descended from Britons of the south, or from Caledonians, who, being pressed forward by new colonies from Gaul, till they came to the western shore of Britain, passed over into Ireland, probably about 100 years before the Christian era. About A. D. 320 they returned again into Britain; or at least a large colony of them, under the conduct of Fergus, and settled on the western coasts of Caledonia, from whence they had formerly migrated. As early as the year 340, we find them associated with the Picts in their expeditions to the Roman province; and, for ninety or 100 years after, their ravages are frequently mentioned by the Roman and British writers. The historians of Scotland, like those of all other nations, assume too great an antiquity for their countrymen. By them the reign of Fergus, the first Scottish monarch, is placed in A. A. C. 330. He was the son of Farquhard, an Irish prince ; and was called into Scotland by the Caledonians, to assist them against the southern Britons, with whom they were then at war. Having landed on one of the Ebudæ or western isles, he had a conference with the Caledonians, whose language and manners he found to be the same with those of his countrymen. Having then landed in Scotland, and taken the field at the head of his new allies, he engaged the Britons under their king Coilus. Victory declared in favor of the Scots; Coilus was defeated and killed and from him the province of Kyle first received its name. After this Fergus was declared king of the Scots, with the solemnity of an oath. But having been recalled to Ireland, to quiet some commotions there, he was drowned by a sudden tempest on his return, at a place in Ireland called from him Carrick-Fergus, i. e. Fergus's Rock, in the year 305 B. C. Fergus I. was succeeded by his brother Feritharis, to the prejudice of his two sons, Ferlegus and Mainus. This was in conformity with a law, by which it was ordained that, whilst the children of their kings were infants, one of their relations, who was reckoned the most fit for the government, should be raised to the throne, but that after his death the sovereignty should return to the sons of the former king. But Ferlegus, impatient for the crown, demanded it from his uncle. The dispute being referred to an assembly of the states, Feritharis was confirmed on the throne, and Ferlegus would have been condemned for sedition had not his uncle interposed. However, he was imprisoned; but, having made his escape, he fled first to the Picts and then to the Britons, to excite them against Feritharis. With both he failed in accomplishing his purpose; but, his uncle being afterwards stabbed in his bed, the suspicion fell upon Ferlegus, who was thereupon set aside from the succession, and died in obscurity, the throne being conferred upon his brother Mainus. Mainus succeeded his uncle A. A. C. 291, and is celebrated for a peaceable and just reign of twenty-nine years; and a treaty with Crinus king of the Picts. He died in 262, and was succeeded by his son Dornadil, who was a great hunter, and instituted the laws of hunting in this country. He died in 233 B. C., and was succeeded by his brother Nothat; who in the twentieth year of his reign, B. C. 213, was killed in a battle with Reuther his nephew; upon which the latter was immediately invested with the sovereignty. A bloody war ensued with the Picts, in which both parties were reduced to the last extremities, and glad to conclude a peace, which continued many years. Reuther died in 187 B. C., the 26th of his reign, and was succeeded by his brother Reutha; who is said to have encouraged trade and manufactures, and to have received an embassy of learned men from Ptolemy king of Egypt. He died 171 B. C., and left the throne to his son Thereus, who, proving a tyrant, was banished, and died at York in 161. His brother Josina succeeded, and cultivated the arts of peace; studying medicine and botany, &c. He reigned twenty-four years, and died 137 B. C., when his son Finnan succeeded. He is celebrated as a wise monarch, and in his reign we find the first beginnings of the Scottish parliament; as he enacted that kings should do nothing without the consent of their grand council. Finnan died in his thirtieth year, 107 B. C., and was succeeded by his son Durstus, who, proving a cruel tyrant, was killed in battle by his nobles, in the ninth year of his reign. He was succeeded by his brother Even I., who was a wise monarch; and successfully assisted the Picts against the Britons. Even died in his nineteenth year B. C. 79, when the crown was usurped by his bastard son Gillus, who murdered the two sons of Durstus, but was killed in battle two years after. In 77 B.C. Even II., the nephew of Finnan, succeeded Gillus, and built the towns of Innerlochy and Inverness. He overcame Belus king of the Orkneys, who had invaded Scotland, and was succeeded by his son Eder, in 30 B. C., in whose time Julius Cæsar invaded the southern parts of this island. Eder Caractacus was succeeded by his brother Corbred I. who punished the treachery of Cartismandua by burying her alive. Corbred's sister, the famous Woada, or Voadicea, being married to the king of the Britons, and shamefully used by the Romans, being herself whipped, and her daughters violated, Corbred raised an army of Scots and Picts, expelled the Romans out of the north of England, and took Berwick. About this time the Scots were joined by a numerous tribe of the Murrays from Moravia, under their general Roderic, who assisted them in their wars, receiving the county of Murray in reward of their bravery. After this Woada raised an army of 5000 females, it is said, to revenge the cause of her sex, who, joining the combined forces, defeated the Romans, and killed 7000 of them. But Suetonius coming soon after, with a fresh body of 10,000 troops, the combined army was defeated, and Woada killed herself. Corbred returned to Scotland, where he died in peace in the eighteenth year of his reign, A. D. 72; and was succeeded by Dardanus, nephew of Metellanus; who, proving a cruel tyrant, was beheaded by his nobles A. D. 76. He was succeeded by Corbred II., sirnamed Galdus, and called by the Roman historians Galgacus, in whose reign the invasion by Agricola happened. Agricola having completed the conquest of the southern parts, and in a great measure civilised the inhabitants, formed a like plan with regard to Scotland. At this time the Caledonians were rendered more formidable than ever they had been, by the accession of great numbers from the south; for, though the Romans had civilised the greatest part, many of those savage warriors, disdaining the pleasures of a peaceable life, retired to the northward, where the martial disposition of the Scots better suited their inclination. The utmost efforts of valor, however, were not proof against the discipline of the Roman troops and the experience of their commander. In the third year Agricola had penetrated as far as the river Tay; but the particulars of his progress are not recorded. In the fourth he built a line of forts between the friths of Forth and Clyde, to exclude the Caledonians from the south parts of the island; and the year after he subdued those parts which lay to the south and west of his forts, viz. the counties of Galloway, Cantyre, and Argyle, which were then inhabited by a people called Cangi, who, as Tacitus expressly informs us, had never before been known to the Romans. Agricola still pursued the same prudent measures by which he had already secured the possession of such a large tract of country, advancing slowly, and building forts as he advanced, to keep the people in obedience. The Scots, though commanded by their king, who is said to have been well acquainted with the manner of fighting and discipline of the Romans, were yet obliged to retreat; but at last, finding that the enemy made such progress as endangered the subjugation of the whole country, he resolved to cut off their communication with the southern parts, and likewise to prevent all possibility of a retreat by sea. Agricola then divided his troops into three bodies, having a communication with each other. Upon this, Galgacus resolved to attack the weakest of the three, which consisted only of the ninth legion, and lay at that time at a place called Lochore, about two miles from LochLeven in Fife. The attack was made in the night and, as the Romans were both unprepared and inferior in number, the Scots penetrated into the heart of their camp, and were making a great slaughter, when Agricola detached some light armed troops to their assistance; by whom the Caledonians in their turn were routed, and forced to fly to the marshes and inaccessible places, where the enemy could not follow them. This engagement has been magnified by the Roman historians into a victory, though it can scarcely be admitted from the testimonies of other historians. The Romans, however, certainly advanced very considerably, and the Scots as constantly retreated, till they came to the foot of the Grampian mountains, where the Caledonians resolved to make their last stand. In the eighth year of the war, Agricola advanced to the foot of the mountains, where he found the enemy ready to receive him. Tacitus has recorded a speech of Galgacus, which some think he fabricated for him, in which he sets forth the aspiring disposition of the Romans, and encourages his countrymen to defend themselves vigorously, as knowing that every thing valuable was at stake. A desperate engagement ensued. In the beginning the Britons had the advantage by the dexterous management of their bucklers; but Agricola having ordered three Tungrian and two Batavian cohorts, armed with short swords, and embossed bucklers terminating in a point, to attack the Scots, who were armed with long swords, the latter soon found these weapons useless in a close encounter; and as their bucklers only covered a small part of their bodies, they were easily cut in pieces by their adversaries. The most forward of their cavalry and charioteers fell back upon their infantry, and disordered the centre; but, the Britons endeavouring to out-flank their enemies, the Roman general opposed them with his horse; and the Caledonians were at last routed with great slaughter, and forced to fly into the woods, whither the Romans pursued with so little caution that numbers of them were cut off. Agricola, however, having ordered his troops to proceed more regularly, prevented the Scots from attacking and cutting off his men in separate parties, as they had expected; so that this victory proved the greatest stroke to the Caledonians that they had hitherto received. This battle is supposed by some to have been fought in Strathern, half a mile south from the kirk of Comrie; but others imagine the place to have been near Fortingal Camp, a place somewhat farther on the other side of the Tay Great as this victory was it seems not to have been productive of any solid or lasting advantage to the Romans; as Agricola, instead of putting an end to the war by the immediate conquest of all Caledonia, retreated into the country of the Foresti, commonly supposed to he Forfarshire, though others imagine it to have been the county of Fife. Here he received hostages from part of the Caledonians; and ordered part of his fleet to sail round Britain, that they might discover whether it was island or a continent. The Romans no sooner had left that part of the country than the Caledonians demolished all the forts they had raised; and, Agricola being soon after recalled by Domitian, the further progress of the Roman arms was stopped, Galgacus proving superior to any of the successors of that general. Galgacus or Corbredus reigned peaceably after this, till A. D. 110, when he died, in the thirty-fifth year of his reign. an From the time of Agricola to that of Adrian, we know little of the affairs of Scotland, excepting that Lugtacus succeeded his father in 110, and proving a cruel tyrant was killed by his nobles, A. D. 113. He was succeeded by his cousin Mogallus, in whose reign Adrian came into Britain. During this interval the Scots must have entirely driven the Romans out of their country, and reconquered all that tract which lay between Agricola's chain of forts and Carlisle on the west, and Newcastle of Tinmouth Bar on the east, which Adrian, on visiting Britain, fixed as the north boundary of the Roman dominions. Here he built a wall between the mouth of the Tine and the Solway Frith, to shut out the barbarians; which did not answer the purpose, as it was only built of turf, and guarded by no more than 18,000 men. See ADRIAN'S WALL. On the departure of Adrian, he left Julius Severus as his lieutenant; but he carried his arms to the north of Adrian's wall; and this |