wine to those who remained at the royal table and heard the thanksgiving; which gave rise to the term of the grace-drink. Besides this, the terms of the duration of Lent and Easter were fixed; the king and queen bestowed large alms on the poor, and the latter washed the feet of six of their number; many churches, monasteries, &c., were erected, and the clerical revenues augmented. In 1077 Malcolm again invaded England; but with what success is not well known. In 1088, after the death of the conqueror, he again espoused the cause of Edgar Etheling. At the time of Edgar's arrival Malcolm was at the head of a brave and well disciplined army, with which he penetrated a great way into the country of the enemy; and, it is said, returned home with an immense booty. William resolved to revenge the injury, and prepared great armaments both by sea and land for the invasion of Scotland. His success, however, was not answerable to his preparations. His fleet was dashed to pieces by storms, and almost all on board perished. Malcolm had also laid waste the country through which his antagonist was to pass, in such an effectual manner that William lost a great part of his troops by fatigue and famine; and, when he arrived in Scotland, found himself in a situation very little able to resist Malcolm, who was advancing with a powerful army. In this distress Rufus had recourse to Robert de Mowbray earl of Northumberland, who dissuaded him from venturing a battle, but advised him by all means to open a negociation through the English noblemen who resided with Malcolm. Edgar undertook the negociation, on condition of his being restored to his estates in England. Malcolm had never yet recognised the right of William Rufus to the throne of England, and therefore refused to treat with him as a sovereign prince; but offered to enter into a negociation with his brother Robert, surnamed Curt-hose, from the shortness of his legs. The two princes accordingly met; and Malcolm, having shown Robert the disposition of his army, offered to cut off his brother William, and to pay to him the homage he had been accustomed to pay to the Conqueror for his English dominions. But Robert generously answered that he had resigned to William his right of primogeniture in England; and that he had even become one of William's subjects by accepting of an English estate. An interview with William then followed; in which it was agreed that the king of England should restore to Malcolm all his southern possessions, for which he should pay the same homage he had been accustomed to do to the Conqueror, that he should restore to Malcolm twelve disputed manors, and give him likewise twelve merks of gold yearly, besides restoring to Edgar all his English estates. This treaty was concluded in Lothian, according to the English historians; but at Leeds in Yorkshire, according to the Scots. However William considered the terms as so very dishonorable that he resolved not to fulfil them. Soon after his departure Edgar and Robert began to press him to fulfil his engagements; but, receiving only evasive answers, they passed over into Normandy. After their departure William applied himself

to the fortification of his northern boundaries, especially Carlisle, which had been destroyed by the Danes 200 years before. As this place lay within the feudal dominions of Malcolm, he complained of William's proceedings as a breach of the late treaty; and soon after repaired to the English court at Gloucester that he might have a personal interview with the king, and obtain redress. On his arrival William refused him admittance to his presence without paying him homage. Malcolm offered this in the same manner as had been done by his predecessors, that is, on the confines of the two kingdoms; but, this being rejected by William, Malcolm returned to Scotland in a rage, and again prepared for war. The first of Malcolm's military operations now proved fatal to him; but the circumstances of his death are variously related. According to the Scottish historians, having laid siege to Alnwick, he reduced the place to such straits that a knight came out of the castle, having the keys on the point of a spear, and, pretending that he designed to lay them at Malcolm's feet, ran him through the eye with the spear as soon as he came within reach. Prince Edward, the king's eldest son, was mortally wounded in attempting to revenge his father's death. The English historians, on the other hand, contend that the Scots were surprised in their camp, their army entirely defeated, and their king killed. On this occasion the Scottish historians also inform us that the family of Piercy received its name; the knight who killed the Scottish king having been surnamed Pierce-eye, from the manner in which he gave that monarch the fatal stroke. Queen Margaret, who was at that time lying ill in the castle of Edinburgh, died four days after her husband.

On the death of Malcolm Canmore, which happened in the year 1093, the throne was usurped by his brother, Donald Bane, or Donald VII., who, notwithstanding the great virtues and glorious achievements of the late king, had been at the head of a strong party during the whole of his reign. The usurper, giving way to the barbarous prejudices of himself and his countrymen, expelled out of the kingdom all the foreigners whom Malcolm had introduced. Edgar himself had long resided at the English court, where he was in high reputation; and, by his interest there, found means to rescue his nephew young Edgar, the king of Scotland's eldest son, out of the hands of the usurper Donald Bane. The favor he showed to him, however, produced an accusation against himself, as if he designed to adopt young Edgar as his son, and set him up as a pretender to the English throne. This accusation was preferred by an Englishman whose name was Orgar; but, as no legal proofs could be obtained, the custom of the times rendered a single combat between the parties unavoidable. Orgar was one of the strongest and most active men in the kingdom; but the age and infirmities of Edgar allowed him to be defended by another. For a long time none could be found who would enter the lists with this champion; but at last one Godwin of Winchester, whose family had been under obligations to Edgar or his ancestors, offered to defend his cause. Orgar was overcome and killed; and, when dying, confess.

ed the falsehood of nis accusation. The conqueror obtained all the lands of his adversary, and William lived ever afterwards on terms of the strictest friendship with Edgar. This combat, trifling as it may seem to us, produced very considerable effects. The party of Edgar and his brothers (who had likewise taken refuge at the English court) revived in Scotland to such a degree that Donald was obliged to call in the Danes and Norwegians to his assistance. In order to engage them more effectually, the usurper yielded up to them the Orkney and Shetland islands; but, when his new allies came to his assistance, they behaved in such a manner as to become more intolerable to the Scots than ever the English had been. This discontent was greatly increased when it was found that William designed to place on the throne of Scotland a natural son of the late Malcolm, named Duncan, who had served with reputation in the English armies. Donald attempted to maintain himself on the throne by the assistance of his Norwegian allies; but, being abandoned by the Scots, he was obliged to fly to the isles, to raise more forces in the mean time Duncan II. was crowned at Scone with the usual solemnity. The Scots were now greatly distressed by two usurpers who contended for the kingdom. One of them however was soon despatched. Malpedir, thane of Mearns, surprised Duncan in the castle of Monteith, and killed him; after which he replaced Donald VII. on the throne. But the affection of the Scots was by this time entirely alienated from Donald, and a manifest intention of calling in young Edgar prevailed. To prevent this, Donald offered the young prince all that part of Scotland which lay south of the Forth; but the terms were rejected, and the messengers who brought them were put to death as traitors. The king of England also, dreading the neighbourhood of the Norwegians, interposed in young Edgar's favor, and gave Atheling the command of an army to restore him. Donald prepared to oppose his enemies with all the forces he could raise; but, deserted by the Scots, he was obliged to flee; and his enemies pursued him so closely that he was soon taken. Being brought before Edgar, he ordered his eyes to be put out, and condemned him to perpetual banishment, in which he died some time after. The credulous historians of this period tell us that this revolution was owing to St. Cuthbert, who appeared to Edgar, informing him that he should prove victorious, if he received his banner from the hands of the canons; which he accordingly did. During his reign a strict friendship subsisted between the courts of England and Scotland; owing to the marriage of Henry I. of England with the princess Matilda, sister to Edgar. This has given occasion to the English historians to assert, that Edgar held the kingdom of Scotland as a feudatory of Henry. A seal has been forged of Edgar sitting on horseback, with a sword in his right hand, and a shield on his left arm, with a border of France: this last circumstance is a sufficient proof of the forgery. After a reign of nine years, Edgar died at Dundee, in 1107; and was succeeded by his brother Alexander I. surTamed the Fierce, from the impetuosity of his

temper. On his accession to the throne, however, the Scots were so ignorant of his true character, on account of his appearance of piety and devotion, that the northern parts of the kingdom were soon filled with bloodshed, by the wars of the chieftains. Alexander immediately raised an army, and, marching into Moray and Ross-shire, attacked the insurgents separately; and, having subdued them all, put great numbers of them to death. He then set himself to reduce the exorbitant power of the nobles. A remarkable instance of this appeared on his return from this expedition. In passing through the Mearus, he met with a widow who complained that her husband and son had been put to death by the young earl their superior. Alexander immediately alighted from his horse, and swore that he would not remount him till he had enquired into the justice of the complaint; and, finding it to be true, the offender was hanged on the spot. These vigorous proceedings prevented all attempts at rebellion; but produced many conspiracies among the profligate part of his subjects. The most remarkable of these took place while the king was engaged in building the castle of Bal-Edgar, so called in memory of his brother, who had laid the foundation. It was situated in the Carse of Gowrie, which formerly belonged to Donald Bane, but came to the crown, either by donation or forfeiture. The conspirators bribed one of the king's chamberlains to introduce them at night into the royal bedchamber; but Alexander, alarmed at the noise, drew his sword and killed six of them: after which, by the help of a knight named Alexander Carron, he escaped the danger, by fleeing into Fife. The conspirators chiefly resided in the Mearns, to which Alexander once more repaired, at the head of an army; but the rebels retreated northwards, and crossed the Spey. The king pursued them across that river, defeated them, and brought to justice all that fell into his hands. In this battle Carron distinguished himself so eminently that he obtained the name of Skrimgeour or Scrimzeour, i. e. skirmisher or fighter. The next remarkable transaction of Alexander's reign was his journey into England, where he visited Henry I., whom he found engaged in a war with the Welsh. Henry had planted a colony of Flemings on the borders of the principality, to keep that turbulent people in awe, as well as to introduce into his kingdom the manufactures for which the Flemings were famous. The Welsh, jealous of this colony, invaded England; where they defeated the earl of Chester and Gilbert Strongbow, the two most powerful of the English subjects. Alexander, in virtue of the fealty which he had sworn for the English possessions, readily agreed to lead an army into Wales. There he defeated one of the chieftains, and reduced him to great straits; but could not prevent him from escaping to Griffith, prince of North Wales, with whom he was closely allied. Henry also marched against the enemy, but with much worse success in the field than Alexander; for he lost two-thirds of his army, with almost his whole baggave, by fatigue, famine, and the at tacks of the Welsh. This loss, however, he made up in some measure by his policy; for having

raised a jealousy between the two Welsh chiefs, he induced them to conclude a peace, but not without restoring all his lands to the one, and paying a considerable sum of money to the other. Alexander married Sibylla, daughter of William duke of Normandy; but died without issue in 1124, after a reign of seventeen years, and was buried at Dunfermline.

Alexander, dying a bachelor, was succeeded by his youngest brother David; who interfered in the affairs of England, and took part with the empress Maud in the civil war she carried on with Stephen. In 1136 David met his antagonist at Durham; but, as neither party cared to venture an engagement, a negociation took place, and a treaty was concluded. This, however, was not long observed; for, in 1137, David again invaded England, defeated Stephen at Roxburgh, and forced him to retreat precipitately, after, losing one-half of his army. Next year he renewed his invasion; and, though he himself was a man of great mildness and humanity, he suffered his troops to commit such outrages as firmly united the English in opposition to him. His grand nephew William cut in pieces the vanguard of the English army at Clithero; after which he ravaged the country with such cruelty that the inhabitants became exasperated beyond measure against him. New associations were entered into against the Scots; and the English army, receiving great reinforcements from the southward, advanced to Northallerton, where the famous standard was produced. The body of this standard was a kind of box which moved upon wheels, from which arose the mast of a ship surmounted by a silver cross, and round it were hung the banners of St. Peter, St. John de Beverly, and St. Wilfred. Standards of this kind were common at that time on the continent; and so great confidence had the English in this standard that they now thought themselves invincible. They had, however, a much more solid ground of confidence, as being much better armed than their antagonists. The armies met at a place called Culton Moor. The first line of the Scots army was composed of the inhabitants of Galloway, Carric, Kyle, Cunningham, and Renfrew. These, by some historians, are called Picts, and are said to have had a prince of their own, who was a feudatory to David. The second line consisted of Lothian men, by which we are to understand the king's subjects in England as well as the south of Scotland, together with the English and Normans of Maud's party. The third line was formed of the clans under their different chieftains, but who were subject to no regular command, and were always impatient to return to their own country when they had acquired any booty. The English soldiers, having ranged themselves round their standard, dismounted from their horses, to avoid the long lances which the first line of the Scottish army carried. Their front line was intermixed with archers; and a body of cavalry, ready for pursuit, hovered at some distance. The Picts, besides their lances, made use of targets; but, when the English closed with them, they were soon disordered and driven back upon the centre, where David commanded in person. His son made a

gallant resistance, but was at last forced to yield: the last line seems never to have been engaged. David, seeing the victory decided against him, ordered some of his men to save themselves by throwing away their badges, which it seems Maud's party had worn, and mingling with the English; after which he himself, with his shattered forces, retreated towards Carlisle. The English historians say that in this battle the Scots were totally defeated, with the loss of 10,000 men; but this seems not to be the case, as the English did not pursue, and the Scots were in a condition for carrying on the war next year. However, there were now no great exploits performed on either side; and a peace was concluded, by which Henry, prince of Scotland, was put in possession of Huntingdon and Northumberland, and took an oath of fealty to Stephen. David built no fewer than fifteen abbeys: viz. at Holyrood-house, Kelso, Jedburgh, Melrose, Newbottel, Cambuskenneth, Dundrennan, Holm-Cultrane, Kinloss, Dunfermline, Holme in Cumberland, Carlisle, North Berwick, and two at Newcastle; and founded four bishoprics. His son prince Henry died before him, leaving three sons and three daughters. David, called also, from his piety, St. David, continued faithful to his niece the empress as long he lived; and died at Carlisle in 1153, after a glorious reign of above twenty-nine years.

David was succeeded by his grandson Malcolm IV., surnamed the Maiden, on account of his continence. He suppressed several rebellions, banished many of the turbulent Murrays, built the abbeys of St. Andrew's and Cupar in Angus, and died at Jedburgh, in the twelfth year of his reign, A. D. 1165. He was succeeded by his brother William I., surnamed the Lion, who immediately entered into a war with Henry II. of England, on account of the earldom of Northumberland, which had been given up by Malcolm; but Henry, finding his affairs in a very embarrassed situation, consented to yield up this county on William's paying him homage, rather than continue the miseries of war. In 1172 he attempted to avail himself of the unnatural war which Henry's sons carried on against their father, and invaded England. He divided his army into three columns; the first of which laid siege to Carlisle; the second he himself led into Northumberland; and the king's brother, David, advanced with the third into Leicestershire. William reduced the castles of Burgh, Appleby, Warkworth, and Garby, and then joined that division of his army which was besieging Carlisle. The place was already reduced to such straits that the governor had agreed to surrender it by a certain day, provided it was not relieved before that time; on which the king, leaving some troops to continue the siege, invested a castle with some of the forces he had under his command, at the same time sending a strong reinforcement to his brother David; by which means he himself was left with a very small army, when he received intelligence that a strong body of English under Robert de Stuterville and his son were advancing to surprise him. William, sensible of his inability to resist them, retired to Alnwick, to which he instantly laid siege; but

acted in such a careless manner that his enemies, having dressed a party of their soldiers in Scottish habits, took him prisoner, and carried him, with his feet tied under the belly of a horse, to Richmond Castle. He was then carried in chains before Henry to Northampton, and ordered to be transported to the castle of Falaise in Normandy, where he was shut up with other state prisoners. Soon after this an accommodation took place between Henry and his sons, and the prisoners on both sides were set at liberty, William only excepted, who bore his confinement with great impatience. Of this Henry took the advantage, to make him pay homage for the whole kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledge that he held it only as a feu of the crown of England; and, as a security, he was obliged to deliver into the hands of Henry all the principal forts in Scotland: viz. the castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling; William at the same time agreeing to pay the English garrisons which were put into these castles. David, the king's brother, and twenty barons, who were present at the signing of this shameful convention, were put into the hands of Henry as hostages for William's good faith; after which the king was set at liberty, and returned to Scotland. The affairs of Scotland were now in the greatest confusion. The people of Galloway, at the head of whom were two princes, called Othred and Gilbert, had taken the opportunity of asserting their independency on the crown of Scotland; and, having expelled all the Scottish officers out of the country, they demolished the forts which William had erected, and put to death all the foreigners. But, a quarrel ensuing between them, Othred was murdered by Gilbert, who applied to Henry for protection. Henry, to give all possible sanction to the convention betwixt him and William, summoned him to meet him and his son at York. William obeyed the summons, and along with him appeared all the great nobility and landholders; who confirmed the convention of Falaise, swore fealty to Henry, and put themselves and their country under his protection. In the mean time Gilbert, who was at the head of the rebels in Galloway, had of fered to put himself and his people under the protection of Heury, and to pay to him 2000 merks of silver yearly, with 500 cows and as many hogs; but Henry, that he might oblige his new feudatory William, refused to have any concern with Gilbert. On this William ordered his general Gilchrist to march against him; which he did with such success that Gilbert was entirely defeated, and Galloway again reduced under the dominion of Scotland. Very soon after this victory Gilchrist fell under the king's displeasure on the following occasion: He had married Matilda, sister to William; and, on suspicion or proof of her incontinence, put her to death at a village called Maynes, near Dundee. The king, being highly displeased at such a gross affront to himself, summoned Gilchrist to take his trial for the murder; but, as the general did not choose to make his appearance, his estates were confiscated, his castles demolished, and himself banished. He took refuge in England; but as it had been agreed in the convention between William and Henry

that the one should not harbour the traitorous subjects of the other, Gilchrist was forced to return to Scotland with his two sons. There they were exposed to all the miseries of indigence, and in perpetual fear of being discovered, so that they were obliged to skulk from place to place. William, on his return from an expedition against a usurper whom he had defeated, observed three strangers, who, though disguised like rustics, appeared to be above the vulgar rank. William was confirmed in this apprehension by seeing them strike out of the high road, and endeavour to avoid notice. He ordered them to be seized and brought before him. The oldest, who was Gilchrist himself, fell upon his knees before him, and gave such a detail of his misfortunes, as drew tears from the eyes of all present; and the king restored him to his former honors and estates. From the family of this Gilchrist that of the Ogilvies is descended. The Scots continued in subjection to the English until the accession of Richard I. This monarch, being a man of romantic valor, zealously undertook an expedition into the Holy Land against the Turks. That he might secure the quiet of his dominions in his absence, he determined to make the king of Scotland his friend; and, for this purpose, he thought nothing could be more acceptable than releasing him and his subjects from that subjection which even the English themselves considered as unjust. However, he determined not to lose this opportunity of supplying himself with a sum of money, which was absolutely necessary in such an expensive and dangerous undertaking. He therefore made William pay him 10,000 merks for this release; after which he entered into a convention, which is still extant, acknowledging that all the conventions and acts of submission from William to the crown of England had been extorted from him by unprecedented writings and duresse.' This transaction happened in 1189. The generosity of Richard met with a grateful return from William; for when Richard was imprisoned by the emperor of Germany in his return from the Holy Land, the king of Scotland sent an army to assist his regency against his rebellious brother John, who had wickedly usurped the throne of England. For this Richard owned his obligation in the highest degree; and the two monarchs continued in friendship as long as Richard lived. Some differences happened with king John about the possession of Northumberland and other northern counties; but these were all finally adjusted, to the mutual satisfaction of both parties; and William continued a faithful ally of the English monarch till his death, which happened in 1214, after a reign of forty-nine years.

William was succeeded by his son Alexander II., a youth of sixteen. He revived his claim to Northumberland and the other northern counties of England; but John, supposing that he had now thoroughly subdued the English, not only refused to consider the demands of Alexander, but made preparations for invading Scotland. John had given all the country between Scotland and the river Tees to Hugh de Baliol and another nobleman, upon condition of their defending it against the Scots. Alexander fell upon Nor