for a period of 4 months, plus such additional time not exceeding 10 days as may be necessary for enrollment, mobilization and demobilization.

28. In May 1940 the Military Training Camp Association urged the immediate adoption of universal military training.

29. In June 1940 Senator George offered an amendment to the relief bill which would have permitted drill for CCC enrollees.

30. In June 1940 the Burke-Wadsworth bill was introduced in Congress.

31. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.—This act authorized the President, from time to time, whether or not a state of war existed, to select and induct into the Armed Forces for training and service, such number of men as in his judgment was required in the national interest. A maximum of 900,000 men in the land forces in peacetime was provided for. The age limits were 21 to 36. Many exemptions and deferments were provided. The period of service was set at 12 months except that such period could be extended as long as necessary if Congress declared that the national interest was imperiled. After completion of this period of service, each man was to be transferred into the Reserve for either 10 years or until he reached the age of 45. Reemployment rights were provided. Aliens who had declared their intention to become citizens were also included.

32. Act of August 18, 1941 (extension of Selective Service).-In this act Congress declared that the national interest was impaired and authorized the President to extend the period of service for inductees to 18 months. The numerical restriction on the number of men allowed to be in the armed services was suspended.

33. Act of December 13, 1941.-This act extended the period of service to the duration of the war plus 6 months and set the age limits at 20 to 45. It provided for the registration of all men in the United States between the ages of 18 and 65. 34. The act of June 23, 1942.-This act merely provided for more deferments. 35. The act of November 13, 1942. This act changed the age limits for induction to cover those between the ages of 18 to 45.

36. In February 1943, the Gurney-Wadsworth bill was introduced, which would have provided for 1 year of military training for youths between the ages of 19 and 21 plus 4 years in the Reserve.

37. The act of December 5, 1943.—This act provided for further inductions of married men after other sources of manpower were exhausted.

38. In January 1944, Representative May introduced a bill providing for 1 year training plus 8 years in the Reserve for males of 17.

39. The act of May 9, 1945.-This extended the act of 1940 to May 1946, or the termination of hostilities.

40. In 1945 the following bills were introduced in Congress:

(1) The Gurney-May bill which provided for 1 year training period for all males of 18 plus 6 years in the Reserve.

(2) The Knowland bill which provided for 1 year training period for all males of 21, plus membership in the Reserve for 10 years.

(3) Brooks bill which provided for 1 year training period for all males of 18, plus 6 years in the Reserve.

41. The act of May 14, 1946. This act changed the age limits to cover only those between the ages of 20 to 30 and extended the act of 1940 to July 1, 1946. 42. The act of June 29, 1946.-This act reenacted all the provisions of the act of 1940 except those specifically amended or repealed. The age limits were set at 19 to 25; the period of service was set at 18 months with the provision that it could be extended by the President at such times as he deemed it necessary in the interest of national defense. Certain changes were made in regard to deferment and exemption.

43. In December 1946, President Truman announced the appointment of an Advisory Commission on Universal Military Training (the Compton Commission). 44. In 1946, the following bills were introduced in the Congress:

(1) The Gurney-May bill which provided for a basic training period of 19 weeks for all males of 18, plus 36 weeks of advanced training. This was known as the National Security Training Act. The bill would establish a national security training group as well as a National Training Commission with membership limited to civilians who had served in the Armed Forces in time of war. There was to be a welfare board of not less than 10 known men or 24 members to advise on welfare matters.

(2) The Carvalle bill, which provided for 1 year of training for males between the age of 18 and 26, plus membership in the Reserve for 10 years. In the case of students, the training could be taken for 3 months each year. 45. In February 1947, Senator Gurney introduced the VFW bill providing for a 6 months' training for males of 17. It provided for 6 months' advanced training. No reserve service was provided for.

46. In February 1947, the Gurney-Brooks bill was introduced at the request of the American Legion and was the same as the Gurney-May bill introduced the year before.

47. On May 6, 1947, Representative Hendricks introduced a bill similar to the other legislation introduced but provided that mentally and physically unfit persons should be trained by other services and agencies.

48. The act of June 24, 1948.-This act set the age limits at 19 to 26 and provided for large-scale deferments and exemptions. The period of service was set at 21 months with all inductees then being transferred to the reserve for 5 years. The President was authorized to order into active duty, without their consent, for a period of 21 months, members of the Reserve with less than 90 days active service in the Armed Forces. Reemployment rights were provided. It was provided that aliens could be inducted unless they objected, in which case they would thereafter be barred from citizenship. All male persons in the United States between the ages of 18 and 26 were required to register.

49. The act of June 30, 1950.-This act extended the act of 1948 to July 9, 1951. The act also provided that the President should be authorized to order into active duty any and all Reserves for a period of service not to exceed 21 months. 50. The doctor-dentist droft law, September 9, 1950.—This law provided that there should be special registration, classification and induction of certain male medical, dental and allied specialist personnel under the age of 50. The period of service was set at 21 months and certain deferments were allowed.

51. The Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Public Law 51, S. 1). The main provisions of this act amended the Selective Service Act of 1948 in regard to age limits, length of service, reserve programs and universal military training. The age limit was lowered to 18 years and 6 months, with registration remaining at age 18. The period of service was extended to 24 months for all men inducted under the act as well as all except certain categories of Reserves who had served in World War II. The act also provided for a program of universal military training to be set up at a future date under the predominantly civilian control of the National Security Training Commission. The authority to induct men under the act is extended until July 1, 1955, except with respect to persons deferred under the act. Physical and mental standards for acceptance into the armed services were reduced. The total obligation of service was increased to 8 years, so that a man inducted for 2 years is required to stay in the Reserve for 6 years after release from service. Customary deferments and exemptions are provided.

MONTHLY INDUCTIONS, CONTINUOUS 6 MONTHS' TRAINING PERIOD VERSUS SPLIT TRAINING

1. In the event that a compulsory split-training program is authorized, great damage will be done to the majority of young men in the Nation.

(a) (1) In October 1951, 118,000 18-year-old males were employed in agriculture. This is about 11 percent of the male population of 18 years. (2) In July 1951, 130,000 18-year-olds were employed in agriculture. This is about 13 percent of all 18-year olds.

(b) In October 1950, 160,000 18-year-old males were in college. This is approximately 15 percent of all 18-year-olds.

(c) With the month of October a base, the remaining 74 percent of 18-year olds were in the labor market.

In a letter dated November 9, 1951, from Leo R. Werts, Defense Manpower Administration, United States Department of Labor, the statement was made, "It would appear that economy and efficiency of UMT could be achieved in a single 6-months' period rather than in two 3-months' periods."

It should be noted that more young men are employed in agriculture in the summer than in the fall.

In a letter from Earl J. McGrath, Commissioner of Education, dated October 5, 1951, the statement was made that 60 to 70 percent of young men who go to college would prefer to take their training in two summer periods of 3 months each. This means that from 30 to 40 percent of the young men who go to college would probably prefer 6 months of continuous training.

As a result, we can see that somewhere between 79 percent and 90 percent of all young men would be adversely affected if there were a program of compulsory split training.

2. Compulsory split-training programs would have an adverse effect upon the labor supply of the Nation. This was pointed out by Mr. William T. Faricy,

66*

president of the Association of American Railroads in his letter to the Commission dated December 28, 1951, in which he made the statement, * * from the long-range view, the better plan would be for an all-year program inducting into the service each month one-twelfth of the total program. To take 1,600,000 out of civilian life for four months in the middle of the year would, I believe, have a bad effect on the labor supply, whereas if the program were on a year-round basis, there would be as many men released from service as were taken into the service each month. This would tend to level out labor problems which are bound to be created by any mass induction and release program."

3. Compulsory split training would have an adverse effect upon the Nation's transportation system. In his letter to the Commission dated December 28, 1951, Mr. William T. Faricy, president of the Association of American Railroads, made the following statement: "* * * As time goes on, the plan for induction in June and release in September would present extremely difficult problems when it shall have reached the maximum of 1,600,000 in a 30-day period.' This would be at a rate in excess of 53,000 men per day. Actually the induction would probably be in a 15-day period which would mean in excess of 106,000 men per day. The problems encountered would be enormous since in June and September the Nation has a great deal of travel due to the fact that this is the time the National Guard conducts its maneuvers, when most people go on vacations, when most young people are moving to and from colleges and schools, and when most children are going to and from summer camps.

The movement of 1,600,000 in 1 month is considerably beyond the peak movement during the war. In August 1945, American railroads moved 1,266,210 military personnel. This required the use of the following equipment: 16,128 sleepers, 12,358 coaches, 2,337 baggage cars, 2,607 kitchen cars, 1,705 hospital cars-or a total of 35,135 railroad cars.

Since 1945 there has been a reduction in the amount of available equipment; 2,400 troop sleepers which were then in use and 800 kitchen cars have since been disposed of as surplus.

4. A greater military utility is achieved through a continuous training period of 6 months. . Any condition which reduces military training to a summer camp for the convenience of the individual tends to defeat the development of the soldier. A minimum of 2 weeks time would be lost from the 6-months' training program if it were split into two summer periods. This means that a minimum of approximately 10 percent of the total training time will be lost. The reason,

of course, is that young men would have to go through a reception and discharge process four times instead of twice and upon arrival at camp the second summer would have to undergo new physical conditioning and refresher training. Also, the trainee's travel time and the cost thereof would be doubled.

5. The monetary cost of split-training would be greatly in excess of training in a continuous 6-months' period due to the fact that many more trainers would be needed and that transportation charges of trainee personnel would be doubled. DEFENSE MANPOWER ADMINISTRATION,

Mr. EDGAR G. SHELTON,

Assistant to the Executive Director,

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
OFFICE OF DEFENSE MANPOWER,
Washington 25, D. C., November 9, 1951.

National Security Training Commission,

Washington, D. C.

DEAR MR. SHELTON: This is in response to your request to Mr. George Tobias for an estimate of the number of 18-year-old boys enrolled in college and the number of 18-year-old boys employed in agriculture. You wanted this information for use in coming to a decision whether universal military training should be given in a single 6-month period or in two 3-month spells. I understand that educators and farm groups are urging the latter.

We estimate that in October 1950, there were 160,000 18-year-old males in college or about 15 percent of all 18-year-old males in the population at that time. We estimate that in October 1951, there were 118,000 18-year-old males employed in agriculture or about 11 percent of the male population 18 years old. During July of this year, we estimate that somewhat over 130,000 18-year-old males were employed in agriculture or around 13 percent of the group.

It would, therefore, appear that probably less than 30 percent of all 18-year-old males are engaged in education or agriculture. It would appear that economy and efficiency of universal military training could be achieved in a single 6-month

period rather than in two 3-month periods. It is recognized that for the groups: mentioned above, such a single spell would mean interference with regular college schedule and to some extent with agricultural activities. On balance, the decision will have to be made in terms of whether those disadvantages are as great. as would be the disadvantage to the training program of breaking it up into two 3-month periods.

Very truly yours,

Mr. EDGAR G. SHELTON, Jr.,

LEO R. WERTS, Deputy Executive Director.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS,
Washington 6, D. C., December 28, 1951.

Assistant to the Executive Director, National Security Training Commission,

Washington 25, D. C.

DEAR MR. SHELTON: This is in reply to yours of December 26 in which you ask certain questions relative to the handling of personnel taken into the armed services under the universal military training program and request my comments with respect to two plans, one providing for inductions once a year, the other providing for monthly inductions.

Neither of the plans presents any difficulties for the first 2 years because the maximum load under either plan in any 1 month in the first 2-year period would be 120,000 men per month, or approximately 4,000 men per day. These could be handled without materially interfering with the normal transportation of the country. As a matter of fact we have just gone through such a movement by reason of the release from service during the Christmas holidays of somewhat in excess of 300,000 men.

To

However, as time goes on the plan for induction in June and release in September would present extremely difficult problems when it shall have reached its maximum of 1,600,000 in a 30-day period. This would be at a rate in excess of 53,000 men per day. While it is assumed that other forms of transportation, in addition to railroads, will be called on for service on account of the short hauls involved from homes to training centers, there are several complications. take this number of men into the service in June and release them in September would be doing so at a time when the National Guard conducts its summer maneuvers, and during the vacation period for civilian travel, the movement of children to and from summer camps and the heavy movement of college students from schools to homes in June, and from homes to schools in September.

A movement of 1,600,000 is considerably beyond the peak period of movement during the war. In August 1945, the American railroads moved 1,266,210 military personnel in organized movements. They required the use of 16,128 sleepers, 12,358 coaches, 2,337 baggage cars, 2,607 kitchen cars, and 1,705 hospital cars. There has been some reduction in the amount of equipment available, particularly in those cars owned by the armed services, such as the 2,400 troop sleepers which were in use and the 800 kitchen cars which have since been disposed of as surplus. by the armed services. There were 150 kitchen cars retained for use and a number of hospital cars were converted to mortuary cars, although it is to be assumed. these can be reconverted to hospital cars should the need arise.

It would seem, however, that from the long range view the better plan would be for an all-year program, inducting into the service each month one-twelfth of the total program. To take 1,600,000 young men out of civilian life for 4 months in the middle of the year would, I believe, have a bad effect on the labor supply, whereas if the program were on a year-round basis there would be as many men released from service as were taken into the service each month. This would tend to level out labor problems which are bound to be created by any mass induction and release program.

Sincerely,

W. T. FARICY..