head four times; left four times; alternate four times; simultaneous four times.

10. Raise stiff right arm sideways over head four times; left four times; alternate four times; simultaneous four times.

SWINGING ARMS BACK.

11. Arms extended in front; swing them back horizontally.

RAISING SHOULDERS.

12. Hands at sides; raise right shoulder four times; left four times; alternate four times; simultaneous four times.

ELBOWS BACK.

13. Hands on hips; throw elbows back.

THRUSTING FROM ARM-PITS.

14. Fists in arm-pits; Thrust right down four times; left four times; alternate four times; simultaneous four times. 15. Fists upon the shoulders; repeat No. 14 thrusting upward.

MAST MOVEMENT.

16. Hands over head; sway body to right and left alternately.

ATTITUDES.

17. Hands on hips, stamp left foot, then right; charge diagonally forward with right, looking over left shoulder. 18. Repeat No. 17, diagonally forward, left foot.

19. Repcat No. 17, diagonally back, right.

20. Repeat No. 17, diagonally back, left.

QUALITY.

The marvellous capacity of the human voice arises from its adaptation to the ever-changing phases of human expression. Under careful culture it attunes itself to the almost infinite diversity of thought and feeling. The term "quality," when applied to tone, indicates those distinctive properties or characteristics which the voice should assume under these varying influences. These qualities constitute, of themselves, an unmistakable language, more potent even than words, and should be carefully cultivated by the student as the very alphabet of expression. Thought and emotion, as the direct emanations of the heart, embrace not only the true, the beautiful, and the good, but through the effects of sin, include its baser passions, and its weaknesses. In obedience to this dominant law of mind and soul, voice finds its first natural division into Pure and Impure qualities.

PURE QUALITY.

Pure quality of voice is the language of pure thought; it proceeds from the combined and harmonious action of all the vocal parts, and is marked by a clear, smooth, and commanding resonance, which is at once the result and the exponent of a natural and serene condition of mind and body. In respect to its degrees of force and its varied field of expression, it is divided into Simple Pure and Orotund.

SIMPLE PURE VOICE is the voice of pure conversation. It is the basis of all the other qualities of tone, and is the natural starting-point of culture. Here common faults of voice must be overcome, and correct habits permanently established; and since upon the proper understanding and production of this tone all subsequent culture must depend, the

possession of absolute purity here cannot be too strongly insisted upon. The student should secure this quality before attempting to practice the impure tones. It corresponds with the natural, as described in the "Table of Vocal Exercises," on page 41, and the direction for its production there given, should be carefully followed.

Simple Pure Voice is used in simple narration, plain description, and the great field of unemotional language.

OROTUND VOICE is the symmetrical enlargement of Simple Pure Voice, and is produced by a corresponding expansion of all the organs used in the production of natural tone. This quality of tone in its full development may be justly termed the highest character of human utterance. It combines the two great essentials of perfect speech, purity and power, and unites in its production the highest purpose of mind and the best condition of body.

Orotund Voice is the language of sublime and exalted thought, lofty sentiment, and grand description.

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE PURE.

1. She was dead. No sleep so beautiful and calm, so free from trace of pain, so fair to look upon. She seemed a creature fresh from the hand of God, and waiting for the breath of life; not one who had lived and suffered death.

-Charles Dickens.

2.

Two brown heads with tossing curls,

Red lips shutting over pearls,

Bare feet, white and wet with dew,
Two eyes black and two eyes blue—

Little boy and girl were they,

Katie Lee and Willie Gray.

3. But of all the old sweet treasures that garnish my nest. There's one that I love and I cherish the best;

For the finest of couches that's padded with hair
I never would change thee, my cane-bottom'd chair.

'Tis a bandy-legged, high-shouldered, worm-eaten seat,
With a creaking old back and twisted old feet;
But, since the fair morning when Fannie sat there,
I bless thee, and love thee, my cane-bottom'd chair.
-Thackeray.

4. Cassius.-That you have wronged me doth appear in this : You have condemned and noted Lucius Pella

For taking bribes here of the Sardians;
Wherein my letters, praying on his side,
Because I knew the man, were slighted off.

Brutus.-You wronged yourself to write in such a case.
Cassius. In such a time as this, it is not meet
That every nice offence should bear its comment.
Brutus.-Yet let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself
Are much condemned to have an itching palm,
To sell and mart your offices for gold

To undeservers.-Shakspeare.

5. I should think myself a criminal, if I said anything to chill the enthusiasm of the young scholar, or to dash with any scepticism his longing and his hope. He has chosen the highest. His beautiful faith, and his aspiration, are the light of life. Without his fresh enthusiasm, and his gallant devotion to learning, to art, to culture, the world would be dreary enough.-Charles Dudley Warner.

6. The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, Í will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life and I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever.--Bible.

EXAMPLES OF OROTUND.

1. Who is the champion? who the strong?
Pontiff and priest, and sceptered throng?
On these shall fall

2. It took Rome three hundred years to die; and our death, if we perish, will be as much more terrific as our intelligence and free institutions have given to us more bone and sinew and vitality. May God hide me from the day when the dying agonies of my country shall begin! O thou beloved land, bound together by the ties of brotherhood, and common interest, and perils, live forever-one and undivided! -Lyman Beecher.

3. Not wholly lost, O Father! is this evil world of ours; Upward, through its blood and ashes, spring afresh the Eden flowers;

From its smoking hill of battle, Love and Pity send

their prayer,

And still thy white-winged angels hover dimly in our
-John G. Whittier.

air.

4. Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, C Lord, hath dashed in pieces the enemy, and in the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown them that rose up against thee: thou sendest forth thy wrath which consumed them as stubble. And with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were gathered together: the floods stood upright as an heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea.-Bible.

5.

Portia-The quality of mercy is not strained;
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath; it is twice blessed;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes.
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest. It becomes
The throned monarch better than his crown:
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,

Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings:
But mercy is above this sceptered sway;
It is enthroned in the hearts of kings;
It is an attribute to God himself;