"The property of my father." "The farm which belongs to you." 544. It must be noted that the possessive by no means always denotes possession. On the contrary this case-form may express many different logical elements. Thus, "John's defeat." (Suf'g Obj.) "John's address." (Obj. Add.) "John's advantage (Obj. Int.) "John's performance." (Agent.) (570). "Flower's fragrance." (Origin and Source.) (570). The river's breadth." (Connection.) "A day's work." (Time, How Long.) (561) father." (Relationship.) "Your 545. Number may be expressed either collectively or distributively; collectively by the words many, several, sundry, divers, numerous, manifold, some, any, all, none, few, more, &c.; distributively by the words each, every. Definite number is expressed of course by the numerals. 546. Quantity is expressed by the words much, ample, considerable, small, little, scanty, inconsiderable, &c. Some, any, all, no, express quantity when applied to objects not usually counted; as, "Some water." "Any food." 547. Relationship is used to express Civil, Political, Social, Domestic and Blood connections; as, "The President of the United States." "The Mayor of the City." "The General of the Army." "The sister of my friend." companion of my father." "My mother's servant." 66 "The It 548. Inclusion expresses the whole, to a part of which reference is made; as, "Some of the people." "One of the Soldiers." "Who of mortals.” Enough of praise." may express the whole of an organic body to some organ or member of which reference is made; as, "The head of the "The paws of the bear." man." 549. The word-form is rare. The phrase-form takes the preposition of, from, among and out of are sometimes used; as, "One out of the whole number." "Two from the crowd." "One among them all." "The 550. Most of the above forms of the Circumstantial Adjective modifier, like those of the Qualifying Adjective, may be used figuratively; as, parent of vice." (Relationship.) "The heart of the Commonwealth," (Inclusion.) "The beauty of virtue," (Connection.) &c. The figurative sense of these elements should be noted in the analysis of sentences. EXERCISE 67.-Analyze the following, defining the Objective and Adjective Elements. 1. Many people. 2. Much money. 3. Sundry matters. 4. The tenth day. 5. Deep rivers. 6. Square blocks. 7. Those red roses. 8. Several dappled horses. 9. Many fragrant flowers. 10. Some valuable books. 11. Their horses. 12. Their (460) overthrow. 13. Their benefit. 14. Their learning. 15. Their skill. 16. Their number. 17. Their father. 18. Their virtue. 19. Their commander. 20. Their living in poverty (seems pitiable). 21. My father's farm. 22. His wife's sister's son. 23. The Emperor of the French. 24. The height of the mountain. 25. Those men whom we met. Analyze, defining the Objective and Adjective Elements, and parse. 27. He is for28. Death is the 26. Every man has myriads of ancestors. bidden to say a word of what he believes. mother of poverty. 29. "Brevity is the soul of wit.”—Shak. 30. Boast not of the favors (50) you bestow. 31. Calami ties (72) which cannot be avoided it is useless to lament over. 32. Entertain no thoughts which you would blush at in words. 33. "A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another.”—Bible. 34. "Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms Reduced their shapes immense."-Milton. 35. "Lives there who loves his pain?"-Milton. 36. "Jacob told Rachel (462) that he was her father's brother and that he was Rachel's son."-Bible. CHAPTER IV. THE ADVERBIAL ELEMENT. SEC. I.-DIVISION OF THIS ELEMENT. 551. The Objective Element, it will be remembered, completes the thought suggested by the predicate. Now the Adverbial modifier limits the predicate by adding some new thought not strictly necessary to a complete understanding of the proposition. Thus, "Struck John." Here, "John" completes the meaning of the idea indicated by the verb "struck," and the mind is satisfied; but in the example "Struck John severely," a new fact is added, viz: the force of the blow. 552. It is evident that very many such additional facts may be connected with every act. For instance, every act must necessarily be performed in some particular place; at some particular time; in some specified mode or manner; and in connection with some particular antecedents, i. e prior facts or circumstances. Now any one, or all of these may be stated, according to the option of the writer. 553. Hence Adverbial Modifiers may be properly divided into four clauses, viz: 1. The Local Modifier. 2. The Temporal Modifier. 4 The Modal Modifier. SEC. II.-THE LOCAL MODIFIER. 553. This element may express five different local relations, viz: : 1. Place Where a fact or movement is, or exists. 2. Place Whence a movement begins. 3. Place Whither a movement terminates. 4. Place Which Way a inovement proceeds. 5. Place or space How Far a movement goes, over which it moves. i. e. Thus, "Walks in his yard." (Where.) "Walks from his yard." (Whence.) "Walks to his yard." (Whither) "Walks through his yard." (Which Way.) "Walks the length of his yard." (How Far.) 554. The word-forms are usually adverbs; as, Where; here, there, where, elsewhere, somewhere, nowhere, &c. Whence; hence, whence, thence, &c. Whither; hither, thither, here, there, &c. Which Way; upwards, downwards, forwards, homewards, backwards, horizontally, vertically, obliquely, askew, down, up, &c. How Far is usually expressed by a substantive; as, "Sailed a league." "Walked a mile," 555. In the phrase-form the prepositions most commonly used are the following. For place Where; in, out of, before, behind, within, without, over, under, above, beneath, below, over, upon, underneath, at, near, round, around, about, beside. Whither; to, into, unto, up to, down to, for. Whence; from, out of. Which Way; by, through, along, above, beneath, over, under, across, towards. How Far; over, through. 556. The clause-form is usually a Rel. clause; as, "Stays where I am." "Will proceed whither they went." "Arrived whence he came.' 99 "Will go by whatsoever route is best." 557. Place where must not be confounded with place whither. The latter is only used after predicatives of motion, and simply marks the point where the movement terminates. The former expresses the locality within the limits of which the entire movement takes place. Again place whither must not be confounded with place which way. Thus, "To Boston" is whither, ..Towards Boston" is which way. 558. Place Whence sometimes indicates the place or position from which one speaks; as, "He ordered them from his carriage to march forward." "He shouted from the deck of the vessel." 559. Adjective Elements often express locality; as, 66 1. WHERE. Suburban buildings." "An American river." "The mountains of Switzerland." 2. WHENCE. A Heavenly messenger." (i. e. from Heaven.) "Departure from the city." "Emigration from Europe." 3. WHITHER. "The Boston road." (i. e. to Boston.) line." "A journey out west." "Route to Chicago." "The New York "A westward A journey of 4. WHICH WAY. "A horizontal motion." "A cross path." course." "An upward flight." "A walk across the lot." 5. How FAR. "A long walk." "A sail of ten leagues." forty miles." EXERCISE 68.-Analyze, defining the Objective, Adjective and Local Elements. 1. Sailed for Liverpool. 2. Went to Charleston via. Washington. 3. Lives in Boston. 4. Lives in ease and pleasure. 5. Went by the Lake Shore line. 6. Rode forty miles. 7. A steamboat sail of fifty leagues. 8. The Steppes of Russia. 9. A voyage from New York. 10. Passage to Havre. 11. A trans-Atlantic voyage. 12. An oblique course. 13. Came to the city. 14. Came to want. 15. Came into power. 16. Goes to his home. 17. Goes to his friends. 18. Goes to sleep. 19. Goes into a fit. 20. Emerged from his lurking place. 21. Emerged from his degradation. Analyze, defining the Objective, Adjective and Local Elements, and parse. 22. Caractacus, a British King, was taken prisoner (497) and carried to Rome, where his magnanimity gained him great admiration. 23. The Romans were accustomed to embark at Brundusium, on the eastern coast of Italy for Greece. 24. Columbus made three voyages to America. 25. The Spaniard, Vasca de Gama first found a passage to India around the Cape of Good Hope. 26. Bayonets were invented at Bayonne, in France. 27. Calico was brought to England from Calicut, in Hindoostan, where it was first manufactured. 28. Martial says that lawyers are men who hire out their words and their anger. 29. "His sister stood afar off to wit (to see) what would be done to him."-Bible. 30. “I am the God of Bethel where thou anointedst the pillar, and where thou vowedst a vow (495) unto me."-Bible. 31. "And Jacob told Rachel (162) that he was her father's brother, and that he was Rebekah's son."-Bible. 32. 66 33. The love of wicked friends converts to fear, Looks through the horizontal misty air Shorn of his beams; or from behind the moon In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations."-Milton. SEC. III-THE TEMPORAL MODIFIER. 560. This element may express five different temporal relations, viz: 1. Time When, or Simultaneous. 2. Time Before, or Antecedent. 5. Time How Often, or degree of Frequency. Thus, "Rides in the morning." (When.) "Rides before morning." (Before.) "Rides after the morning." (After.) "Rides all the morning." (How Long.) "Rides every morn ing." (How Often ) 561. The word-forms are usually the following adverbs, viz: 1. When; now, to-day, to-morrow, yesterday, recently, lately, immediately, &c. 2. Before; hitherto, heretofore, previously, since, ago, ere, &c. 3. After; hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, thenceforth, afterwards, subsequently, &c. 4. How Often; often, frequently, repeatedly, perpetually, continually, con |