induced the action or state indicated by the predicate; as, "We should eat to live and not live to eat." "He is ambitious to rise." 580. The word-form is usually conjunctive (67,5) and commonly an appositive substantive term; as, "They took these men as guides." (i. e. to guide them). So "We went as companions." (i. e. to accompany). "He was seat as commander." (i. e. to take command). The infinitive word-form is very common; as, "Went to sea." "Studies to learn." 590. When the infinitive word-form is thus used, the relative, in a modifying relative phrase-form is often omitted (77); as, "Built a house to live in." (in which to live). "Made tools to work with." (with which to work). "Has a knife to cut with." (with which to cut). 591. In the phrase form for is most common; as, "They fought for glory." In, on, about, after, and some other relation-words are sometimes used. "These fought in self-defence." "Lend money on interest." "Quarrel about something." (i. e. to get something). Hunger and thirst after righteousness." "Go a hunting." 532. The phrase-form is sometimes the base of an appositive adjective element of Designation (535). Such are the following: With a view to get the throne." "With a design to surprise the enemy." "For the purpose of seeing the city." "To the end that they might believe." These expressions are complex adverbial elements of purpose, of which the italicized words are the bases, and the remainder in each case, appositive adjective elements of Designation. 593. The clause-form is almost always conjunctive, and generally introduced by the connectives "that," and "in order that," and when negative by "lest." (that not). The potential or the subjunctive mood may be used; as, "He held him that he might not stir" (potential). "Hold him that he stir not" (subjunctive). 594. This element sometimes resembles the Object of Interest; as, "Works for money." "Works for me." The difference however is clear on reflection. "Works for money" means "to get money," which is manifestly purpose. "Works for me has no idea of Purpose. 595. Adjective Elements frequently express Purpose and Object; as, "A fire engine, (i. e. to extinguish fire). "A passenger car," (i. e. to carry passengers). "Preparation for departure." "Machines for mowing." De termination to excel." EXERCISE 72.-Analyze and define the Elements. 13. 1. Studies to learn. 2. Begins to learn. 3. Wishes to learn. 4. Went a fishing. 5. Plans for building. 6. Comes as commander. 7. Am ready to proceed. 8. A sewing machine. 9. Sold for ten dollars. 10. Contends for the throne. 11. Fights for his country. 12. Labors for a livelihood. Works for me. 14. Built a house to live in. 15. Bought a knife to cut with. 16. Lived many years. 17. Walked several miles. 18. Sprung from good blood. 19. Known and read of all men. 20. Took a severe cold (497). Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 21. Youth is the season for improvement. 22. Close not your lips at night till you have opened them in prayer. 23. Men blame themselves only for the purpose of being praised. 24. "Give alms that thy children may not ask them," says a Danish proverb 25. "It was said of Socrates that he brought philosophy down from Heaven to inhabit among men."-Addison. 26. Now, for the base-picked love of majesty So perfect and so peerless are created 28. "Since thou hast far to go, bear not along -Shak. The clogging burden of a guilty soul."-Shak. Rich. 11. 29. "Another explanation is that Ephrahah may have been the name given to some daughter of Benjamin, to commemorate the circumstance of Rachel his mother having died close to Ephnah." 30. In Arabia they cover up their wells of water lest the sand which is put in motion (497) by the winds should fill them up" (282).—Chardin. 31. Laban went to shear his sheep and Rachel had stolen the images that were her father's. 79 last remark.) SEC. V.-ANTECEDENT CAUSE AND OCCASION. 596 This modifier expresses some matter or circumstance which is represented as the physical or moral antecedent to the action or state expressed by the predicate; as, "Weakened by disease. 597. It may be easily distinguished from either of the preceding Causal Elements. Origin and ource furnish the original constituents out of which something is produced; cause, on the contrary, simply produces an effect, without contributing any of its own substance or strength to the existence or growth of the same. Thus, Fragrance comes from the rose." Here we have Origin and Source, for fragrance is composed of particles thrown off from the rose. "Weariness comes from hard labor." Here we have simple Cause, for "hard labor" is merely the physical antecedent to the "weari ness." 66 593. Again, Author and Agent are, either absolutely or for the moment, regarded as self-acting powers, while Cause is in some sense a passive force; as, "Killed by a beast." (Agent.) "Killed by indigestion." (Cause.) 599. Again, Purpose and Object regard something for the present only anticipated; Cause exists already. Hence the former is always thought of as posterior in existence to the time of the action expressed by the predicate; the latter as anterior; as, "Fights for glory," (Purpose and Object). 'Fights from a sense of duty," (Canse). Here evidently the " anticipated, the "sense of duty" already exists. glory" is 600. The word-form is usually an adverb; as, "We are naturally sinful." "Birds instinctively become mechanics." 66 601. In the phrase-form the relation-words with and by are most used. In, for, of, and some others are also used; as, Palsied with fear." Exhausted by great exertion." "Sick of a fever." "There is health in early rising." Fell a victim to disease." Congratulate them on their success." 602. The clause-form may be either Part. (Nom. Abs. form,) or Conj. and introduced by the connectives, because, since, inasmuch, as, whereas; as, "The plants were frozen because it was very cold." "A storm arising, they put into port." Sometimes a Relative clause is used; as, "It is never elided in the Dative Singular, which might then be confounded with the Accusative." (=since it might, &c.)-Prof. Crosby. "The 603. OCCASION expresses not the cause, but that which permits or precipitates the action of the Cause; as, flowers were frozen because the night was cold." Here we have Antecedent Cause, "The flowers were frozen because they were uncovered.” Here we have Occasion, merely, for the cause of their freezing is the same as before, viz: the cold. 604. Again, "When the soldiers heard of the death of their commander they were much enraged." Here we have Occasion; for the Cause of their rage was not the "hearing of the death of their commander," but the death itself of their commander. 605. The word-form of this element is usually a participle; as, heard the news they departed immediately for home." 696. The phrase-form is commonly a participial phrase; as, this they were much encouraged." "Having "On learniny 607. The clause-form may be either Conj. Part. (Nom. Abs. form,) or Rel.; "The sheepfolds were secured for the country was infested with wolves." "When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled." as, "When 608. Occasion, when of the clause-form must be carefully distinguished from clauseforms expressive of time, The sense here as elsewhere will always determine. great leaves fall then winter is at hand." (Time.) "When they saw the enemy they were afraid." (Occasion.) 609. Adjective Elements express Cause and Occasion; as, "Death from a fever." Their departure on hearing the news." EXERCISE 73.-Analyze and define the Elements. 1. Exhausted with fatigue. 2. Worn down with disease. 3. Sick of a fever. 4. Mingles with his friends. 5. Talked 8. with me. 6. Satisfied with his lot. 7 Struck with fear. Killed with lightning. 9. Wearied with travel. 10. Begins with the day. 11. Smitten with palsy. 12. Frowns with envy. 13. Exults with joy. 14. Lives with us. 15. Was promoted for his bravery. 16. Died for those who were his enemies. 17. Sailed for China. 18. Mistook him for a friend. 19. Labors for my good. 20. Was chosen for life. Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 21. We admire thee for thy discretion. 22. "Sing praises to him for his goodness.' 23. He was executed on a charge of tyranny. 24. Cato is said to have killed himself in despair. 2. Joan of Arc was condemned by the English for witchcraft, and burnt to death (498) at Rouen. 26. He that lives upon hopes (485) will die fasting (596). 27. By ingratitude the strongest combinations of friends are broken. 28. "At thy rebuke, O God of Jacob, both the chariot and horse are cast into a deep sleep" (497).-Bible. 29. "And then return and sleep within mine inn, For with long travel I am stiff and weary."-Shak Com. Errors. 30. "Since that my beauty cannot please his eye 31. I'll weep what's left away (284), and weeping die."-Shak. Com. Er. -"God gives to every man The virtue, temper. understanding, taste That lifts him into life and lets him fall Just in the niche (126) he was ordained to fill."-Cowper. SEC. VI-CONSTITUENT CAUSE-MATERIAL AND CONSTITUENCY. 610. This modifier expresses the elements, parts or constituents, which compose or make anything what it is; as, "The fence was made of wood." "The assembly was composed of freemen." "Faith is composed of hope and belief." 611. The word-form is commonly a substantive; as, "The stone built castle." "A glass constructed building." "Man was 612. In the phrase-forin the relation-word of is most common; as, "Man was made of clay." From, in, and some others are used; as, formed from clay." "I have a firm friend in this man." 613. The clause-form is generally an adjunctive indefinite clause. "They built a house of whatever materials were at hand." 614. Adjective Elements of Material are common; as, "A silver watch." "A rod of iron." "An acre of land." 46 "An iron ship." 615. This element must not be confounded with adjective modifiers of quality; as, "A man of wisdom," (Quality). "A man of snow," (Material). EXERCISE 74.-Analyze and define the Elements. 1. A cargo of flour. 2. Heaps of gold. 3. Men of wealth. 4. Persons of great influence. 5. Globules of water. 6. Drops of the ocean (548). 7. Flakes of snow. 8. Bereft of reason. 9. A yard of cloth. 10. Some of the paper. 11. Dozen of eggs. 12. S ck of the palsy. 13. Beloved of his friends. 14. Spoke of his journey. 15. Tastes of wine (485). 16. Deprived of his property. 17. Inquired of me. 18. A pound of meat. 19. A pound of that meat. 20. The bright23. The habit of smoking. 24. The light of reason. 25. The invasion of Spain. 26. The fact of his being present. 27. A pail of yours. 28. A pail of that water. 29. A pail of cedar. 30. A six quart pail. ness of the sun. Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 31 In a thousand pounds of law there is not a pound of love. 32. Liberality consists not in giving largely, but in giving wisely. 33. The discourse of flatterers is a rope of honey. 34. The longest life is but a parcel of moments. 35. "The Hum-drum Club was made up of very honest gentlemen."-Addison. 36. Egbert of England had formidable enemies in the Danes. 616. I'll turn to sparks of fire."-Shak. Henry VIII. To his own portion! And what expense by the hour SEC. VII.-SUPPLY. With predicative words signifying to array, adorn, enrich, endow equip, furnish, reward, load, fill, &c., that with which anything is thus arrayed, adorned, &c., is called Supply; as, "She was arrayed in beautiful robes." "The ships were loaded with coal." "His mind was filled with care." 617. The word-form is a substantive; as, "Their corn filled granaries." "Those rock ribbed shores." 618. In the phrase-form the relation-word with is most commor. "The |