tables were covered with food." In and by are used. purple." "Clothed him in fine 619. Adjective Elements of Supply. "A sandy soil," (=filled with sand). "A cloudy sky." A pail of milk." "A cask of bɛer." 66 620. Supply thus expressed must be distinguished from Material. We have the latter element when the base expr sses weight, measure, number, or quality; as, A bowl of milk,' (Supply). "A pint of milk," (Material). Here the first means "A bowl filled with milk; the second "A pint consisting of milk." EXERCISE 75.-Analyze and define the Elements. 1. Adorned with flowers. 2. Covered with verdure. 3. Loaded with rich viands. 4. Inlaid with costly pearls. 5. Bound with wreaths of flowers 6. Hearts filled with joy. 7. Buckets of water. 8. Pail of milk. 9. Art of printing. 10. Bridge of boats. 11. Stable for horses 12. The day of marriage. 13. Lover of truth. 14. Baskets of fruit. 15. 16. A pint of wine 17. Barrels of mo A goblet of wine. lasses. 18. Barrels of oak. 19. A kettle of water. kettle of that water. 21. A kettle of iron. Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 20. A 22. "Knowledge dwells in heads replete with thoughts of other men-wisdom in minds attentive to their own." 23. "Te floor was covered with vast sums of gold that rose up in pyramids on either side of her."-Addison. 24. "Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels and crowned him with glory and honor." 25. "We build with what we deem Eternal rock, SEC. VIII-CONCEIVED CAUSE-THE CONDITION AL ELEMENT. 621. Condition expresses something conceived, or, if real, stated as conceived, which is represented as necessary to exist before the action or state expressed by the predicate can have an existence; as, "If he comes we can go." 622. All Conditional Elements, as just stated, are thought of as conceptions. Some, however, though they do not formerly state, yet plainly indicate the fact; as, "If it had rained." Evidently it did not rain. "If my friend had not come." Evidently he did come. Others are purely contingent, and give no clue whatever to the fact; as, If it rain to-morrow." "If my friend arrive in season." we are left in absolute uncertainty. Here 623. Hence all Conditional Elements may be divided into two classes, viz : : 1. Fact Conditions, i. e. those so stated as that the fact is clearly indicated. 2. Contingent Conditions, i. e. those so stated that the fact does not appear. 624. Again, in a Fact Condition, the truth may be in harmony with the statement, or exactly the opposite of the statement; as, “If ye are men, fight." Here the fact is in accordance with the statement. "If ye had been brave, ye would have fought." Here the fact is exactly the converse of the statement, viz: that they were not brave. Hence the Fact Conditions may be, 1. The Fact or assumed Fact. 2. Contrary to the Fact, 625. In the case of Contingent Conditions there may be simply an uncertainty of knowledge; or an uncertainty of fact; as, "If I have a letter in the post office." Here there is mere uncertainty of knowledge; for either there is or there is not a letter for me, as a matter of fact, and I am simply ignorant of what the fact is. "If a letter come for me to-morrow." Here there is uncertainty of fact; for in the future there is no existing fact. Hence Contingent Conditions may regard, 1. Contingency of Knowledge. 626. 2. Contingency of Fact. The clause-form of Condition is introduced by the connectives if, unless, (if not), except, provided, that, and sometimes so that. SEC. IX. THE FACT CONDITION. 627. The Fact Condition expresses a fact in the form of a condition; as, "If there is a just God wrong will be punished." All conditional clauses are Causal (568) in logical force. Hence this condition since it really expresses a fact, may be introduced, in the clause-form, by the Causal connectives.-because, for, since, &c., without any modification of sense; as, "Since there is a just God wrong will be punished " 628. The form of the Fact Condition is sometimes used to express other elements. These can easily be distinguished from the clement in question, since the ilca of Cause is always apparent in the Fact Condition. Thus, If there ever was an honest man he was one." Here we have an clement of Comparison. If the clement were a Fact Condition since could be substituted for if and make good sense, and in fact, the same sense. But this is not the case. 629. Again, "If I go to walk I take my children with me," (=whenever, &c) Time How Often. If all the world should oppose me I would still stand firm," (though, &c.) Concession (644). "Ask him if he means to go," (=whether, &c.) Object. of the Rel. Int. C-f. 631. 630. Conditional forms of Expression used frequently in works of science, in connection with experimenting, much resemble the Fact Condition, but are really Elements of indefinite Frequency (560); as, "If oxygen and hydrogen combine, water will be formed," (i. e. whenever oxygen and hydrogen combine, &c.) "If the air is removed the water will boil," (i. e. whenever, &c.) A mistaken notion of the true logical force of these expressions has led to a frequent but erroneous use of the subjunctive mood. The indicative should always be used. Thus, "If the air is," not be. Manifestly we could not say, "Whenever the air be removed," &c, which is the exact meaning. 632. The Fact Condition always has its verb in the Indicative mood and usually in the present tense. 633. This Condition can always be distinguished; for we can always add the Expression, "Which is the fact," to it and not violate the evident truth in the case; as, "If all men are mortal," (which is the fact). "If God rules the world," (which is the fact). EXERCISE 76.-Analyze, define the Elements, and parse. 1. If ye are men, fight. 2. If there is justice in heaven, they will be punished. 3. If the infraction of physical laws. involve punishment, may not the transgression of spiritual laws bring with it spiritual suffering? 4. "If parts allure thee think how Bacon shined, 5. Such as our nature is our aim should be, If this be servile, that can ne'er be free!"-Cowper. 6. "All has its date below. The fatal hour Was registered in heaven ere time began, 7. "Heaven speed the canvass gallantly unfurled To give the pole the produce of the sun, And knit the unsocial climates into one."-Cowper. SEC. X.-CONDITION CONTRARY TO FACT. 634. This condition makes a supposition contrary to the fact, which latter is clearly indicated by the form of expression; as, "If my friend were present.' "If you had been there." "If they had arrived in season." 66 635. It may be expressed by a word-form; as, They fled, otherwise they would have been captured," (if they had not). The following conjunctive phrase expresses this kind of condition. "I should have perished but for you," (had I not had your aid). 636. The clause-form sometimes has no connective word. friend present." "Could you have seen him." "Were my 637. The main proposition, when modified by a Condition Contrary to Fact, expresses merely a [conception of what would be, or would have been, had the supposition indicated by the condition been the fact. Thus it may express that which is, 1. Contrary to the existing fact; as, "Had we had one thousand men we should have conquered, (which we did not do). 2. Contrary to an anticipated fact; as, "Were one thousand more present now we should conquer," (which we shall probably not do). 3. A simple conceived consequence; as, "Were one thousand more men present, they would help us much," (as a consequence of their presence). 638. In this Condition, the verb is in the indicative mood, and the imperfect or pluperfect tense. This kind of condition can be easily detected by adding the expression, which is not the fact," and noting whether the truth in a given case will permit this addition. EXERCISE 77.-Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 1. If it had rained I should have remained at home. 2. If my friends were now present I should be happy. 3. If you had been there you would have rejoiced at the sight. 4. If all knowledge were wisdom the world would be bright with light (596). 5 "If my skin were parchment, and the blows you gave were ink, Your own hand writing would tell you for certain what I think."-Shak. 6. "Some seek diversion in the tented field, 7. And make the sorrows of mankind their sport (100), But war's a game, which, were their subjects wise (72, 635), "Falstaff sweats to death And lards the lean earth as he walks along. Were 't not for laughing I should pity him."-Shak. Henry IV. 8. "Know nature's children shall divi le her care; The fur that warms a monarch warmed a bear."-Pope. SEC. XI.-CONDITION OF UNCERTAINTY OF KNOWLEDGE. 66 639. In this Condition the fact exists, but we cannot judge from the language what it is; as, If the ship has arrived we shall have news." 640. This Condition refers to present or past time. It has its verb in the indicative or potential mood and in the present or perfect tense. When we have this kind of condition we may add "which is or is not the fact," and preserve the sense; as, "If my friend has arrived" (which either is or is not the fact). But "If my friend had arrived," will not permit this addition, for this is Condition Contrary to fact. EXERCISE 78.-Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. 1. If my friend is alive, he will soon be here. 2. If my friend were alive he would now be here. 3. If he went to ride he took his children with him (639). 4. If the steamer has arrived, we shall soon get the news. 5. He asked if I knew the man. 6. "Father Cardinal, I have heard you say That we shall see and know our friends in heaven; If that be true I shall see my boy again"-Shak King John, 7. "If he could burn us all into one coal We had deserved it."-Shak. Coriolanus. 8. "I had not lived till now, could sorrow kill" (636).—Byron. 9. I served my king, he would not in mine age Have left me naked to mine enemies."-Shak. Henry VIII. SEC. XII. CONDITION OF UNCERTAINTY OF FACT. 641. In this Condition there is no fact. It merely expresses a conception of what may or may not become a fact; "If it rain to-morrow." "If the news prove true." as, 642. This kind of Condition may be expressed by a phrase-form; as, "With a fair wind we shall soon reach the port," (if the wind be fair). 643. It always refers to future time and should always have its verb in the Subjunctive mood, or in the future of the Indicative. We may always say in connection with is, to test it; "which is all in the future; " as, "If he ever return," (which, &c.) "If they arrive in season." EXERCISE 79.-Define the different kinds of Conditional Clauses. 1. If my friend has come. 2. If my friend had come. 3. |