665. The clause-form occurs only rarely. It is usually an Indef, Rel. clause (adjunc.); as, "Lahors with what vehemence he is able."

666. Adjective Elements may express degree; as, "An exuberant growth." A lavish expenditure." "Great suffering." "Excessive intemperance."

EXERCISE 82.-Analyze and define the Elements.

1. Works very hard. 2. Excessively hot. 3. Supremely dull. 4. Surpassingly beautiful. 5. Labors daily, severely and cheerfully. 6. Modest to excess. 7. Dashed to pieces.

8. Transformed to a beast. 9 Correct to a fraction. 10. Sharpened to a point. 11. Brought to a standstill. 12. Satisfied to the full. 13. Was addressed to me. 14. Gratifying to them. 15. Was glad to hear it. 16. Came to the city. 17. Came from the city. 18. Grand in the extreme. 19. Delights in music. 20. Has friends in prosperity. 21. Looks well in her new dress. 22. Happy beyond cxpression.

23. Faint praise is disparagement. 24. Pleasure in excess is criminal. 25. New brooms sweep clean (498). 26. "Beyond all limit do I prize and honor you."-Shak. 27. "The sentiment and imagery are rich to excess."-Gilfillan. 28. "she made it gay beyond imagination, and every day was adding something to it."-Addison. 29. "They vex me past my patience."-Shak.

30. "'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours,

And ask them what report they bore to heaven,

And how they might have borne more welcome news."-Young. 31. "How blessings brighten as they take their flight."-Young.

SEC. IV.—QUANTITATIVE ELEMENT, (Con.)
MEASURE OF MAGNITUDE.

667. This modifier expresses the quantity of such qualities as are capable of measurement as those expressive of dimension, age, gravity or weight. Quantity of this kind may be expressed either definitely or indefinitely; as, "Ten feet high," (def.) "Extremely high," (indef.) "A mile long." "Forty years old." "Fifty pounds weight," &c.

.685. The word-form may be either an adverb or a noun, as in the above examples.

669. The phrase-form commonly has the relation-word of; as, "A ship of one hundred tons burthen." "A circle of one mile in circumference." The relation-word is often omitted; as, A mountain (of) one thousand feet in height." "A ball (of) three feet in diameter."

670. The clause-form is the Indef. Rel. clause (adjunc.); as, "Rivers of whatever depth you please."

671. Measure of Magnitude must not be confounded with Space How Far (553). The former expresses dimension, the latter mere distance.

A

672. Adjective Elements may express Measure of Magnitude; as, foot's length." "A breadth of forty yards." A depth of a thousand fath"An age of three score years."

oms."

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.-" Mountains four miles high."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "mountains" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting PHYSICAL QUALITY, viz: MAGNITude.

"High" is the B. and modified by " 'four miles," an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting MEAS. OF MAG.; of which "miles" is the B. and modified by "four," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting NUMBER.

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"Circles four feet in diameter."

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "circles" is the B. and modified by 'four feet in diameter," (=of four feet, &c.) an Adj. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting PHYSICAL QUALITY, Viz: Magnitude; of which "(of) feet" is the B, and modified by four," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting NUMBER.

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"(Of) four feet" is a second B. and modified by "in diameter," an Adv. El. of the S. P-f. (undefined).

EXERCISE 83.-Analyze, defining the Elements.

9.

1. A log fifty feet long. 2. Wells a thousand feet in depth (669). 3. An arch of one hundred feet (76) span. 4. Ships of many thousand tons (76) burthen. 5. Cubes ten feet square. 6. Contains many square feet of surface. 7. A man fifty years of age. 8. Exceedingly high mountains. A log ten feet through (253, 23, 3). 10. An area of one thousand square miles. 11. Spheres many feet in circumference. 12. Rode ten miles. 13. A railway one hundred miles long. 14. Ascended one hundred feet. 15. A tower one hundred feet in height. 16. Am sorrowful unto death. 17. A voyage to Europe. 18. Goes twice (561, 4) a week (566, 4).

19. The Atlantic Ocean is said to be three thousand miles broad. 20. Ninety-four inches of rain falls yearly in the tropics. 21. The great tunnel under the river Thames in England is thirteen hundred feet long. 22. Westminster

Hall is two hundred and seventy feet in length, and seventyfour feet in breadth.

23. "Far eastward cast thine eye, from whence the sun
And Orient science their bright course begun."-Pope.

SEC. V. THE QUALITATIVE ELEMENT, (Con.) MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE.

673. This element expresses the amount of difference, whereby one quantitative element exceeds another; as, "He is much wiser than you." Here "much " expresses the amount of difference in the quantity of wisdom possessed by

the two.

674. Measure of Difference may be used to limit either one of the three degrees of comparison; as,

1. POSITIVE; "Twice as much." "Five times the original price." 2. COMPARATIVE; "Much more.

much."

"Half as much."

"As much again."

3. SUPERLATIVE; "Much the most." "Far the best."

675. This element is sometimes used with verbs involving an idea of comparison; as, "Much excels." 66 Surprised a little."

676. It often refers to time and space; as, " Ten years earlier." "Many ages ago." "Long since." "A mile from the town." "A little in advance." "Close behind me. 19 66 Considerable in the rear."

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677. The word-form may be either an adverb, or a noun; as, "Much better." A head taller." "A shade darker." Nearly a thousand." "Lives hard by the stream." "Came close to me."

678. The word-form is sometimes a relative; as, "What the better is this?" Sometimes a preposition, "The number was about five thousand." Here "about" expresses the Measure of Difference between the actual number and five thousand.

679. The phrase-form commonly has the preposition by; as, "Farther by ten miles." But not always. "Came within ten miles of (=from) the town." "Was within a little of (=from) being killed."

680. Adjective Elements are found here; as, "A little superiority." "A small majority."

EXERCISE 84.-Analyze and define.

4.

1. Much greater. 2. Very great. 3. Somewhat older. Five years old. 5. Children (669) under five years of age. 6. Considerable better. 7. Exceedingly good. 8. Glorious beyond expression. 9. Infinitely more glorious. 10. Many miles long. 11. Several feet (the) longest. 12. A body ten times

the magnitude of the Earth. 13. A quantity three fold too small. 14. Lived many generations before our time. 15. Went a little in advance. 16. Follows close behind me. 17. A castle standing fast by the stream. 18. Swims just below the surface. 19. Monuments one hundred feet in height. 20. Cost ten dollars. 21. Weighs forty pounds. 22. A cannon ball forty pounds in weight. 23. Swore an awful oath. 24. Was worth a thousand dollars. 25. Ships of many tons burthen.

26. Æsop's fables were written four hundred and fifty years before Christ. 27. Such as give ear to slanderers are but one degree better themselves. 28. "We are justly amazed at the stupendous magnitude of the Sun, which is a thousand times the size of Jupiter.”—Dr. Dick.

29. "Life's little stage is a small eminence

Inch-high the grave above, that home of man."-Young.

SEC. VI.-THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT.
MEANS AND INSTRUMENT.

681.

The Circumstantial Adverb expresses some fact or circumstance connected with the predicate It may be di

vided into,

1. Means and Instrument.

2. Specification.

3. Concomitance.

682. Means, as its name indicates, expresses the medium, (i. e, mediumship or means,) or the something which stands between the doer and the thing done, whereby anything is accomplished; as, "Fabius conquered by delay." "Supports his family by labor."

683. When this element refers to some material object which is employed by an intelligent agent, it is usually termed Instrument; as, "He cuts with a knife." "Killed with a

cannon ball.”

684. Means must be carefully distinguished from Antecedent Cause. The former always refers to an agent or actor either expressed or implied; the latter involves no such relationship; as, "Was destroyed by famine," (Cause.) "Was destroyed by the sword," (Means.)

685. Means must be carefully distinguished from Supply. The former is merely the medium for the accomplishment of a given end;-the latter is never used thus. Thus, "They load the wagons with shovels." (Means or Instruments.) "They load the wagons with gravel." (Supply.)

686. The word-form is an adverb; as, "Things mentally seen." with the mind."

(=secn

687. The phrase-form takes the relation-words by, with, and sometimes in and at; as, "He amuses himself in gardening." "The Almighty desolates a

nation at a blast."

688. The clause-form is commonly a Part. or a Rel. Indef. (adjunc.) clause; as, "They fought with whatever weapons they had." "The fort was taken by the soldiers leaping the parapets."

689. Adjective Elements are found here; as, "A hand saw." (=driven by the hand "A steam engine." (=propelled by steam.) "A water wheel." (revolved by water.) "A wind instrument." (=operated by wind.)

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.-"Saved his life by kind care and

attention."

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Saved" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by his life," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting DIR. SUF'G OBJ.; of which "life" is the B. and modified by "his," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting CONNECTION.

"Saved his life" is a second B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Cx. and Cd. P-f. denoting MEANS.

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By care and attention" is the B. and modified by "kind," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting INTELLECTUAL QUALITY.

"Fought with whatever weapons they met with.”

An element of the Cx. W-f. "Fought" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Rel. Indef. C-f. (adjunc.) denoting MEANS.

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They" is the Subj. and "met with whatever weapons" is the Pred. an element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "met" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "with whatever weapons," an Adj. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting ÛBJ. OF ASSOCIATION.

"With weapons" is the B. and modified by "whatever," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting DESCRIPTION.

"Amuses himself in reading."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which Amuses" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "himself," an Obj. El of the S. W-f. denoting DIR. SUr'g ОВЈЕСТ.

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Amuses himself" is a second B. and modified by "in reading," an Adv. El. of the S. P-f. denoting MEANS.

EXERCISE 85.—Analyze and define the Elements.

1. Smoothed with a plane. 2. Cut with a knife. 3. Lives with is friends. 4. Swore with an oath 5. Found fault with you. 6. Engraved with figures. 7. Talked with me.