by a relative (adj.) clause, introduced by but (123), for which the simple negative relative (adj.) clause is the proper equivalent. Here there is always an ellipsis of expression which may be supplied by the words "of such kind," "of such character." Thus; "There is not a man (of such a character) but (who) knows his duty," (=who does not know his duty). "Who is there but knows his duty?" (=who does not, &c.) (Ans. No one).

739. Sometimes a relative affirmative clause is used. In this case the but construction cannot be substituted, since that connection is always negative in force; as, "Do nothing which you would wish to conceal,” (=of such a character that you would conceal it).

740. QUANTITY-CONSEQUENCE is expressed by a conjunctive (adv.) clause, introduced by but, for which the proper equivalent is a conjunctive infinitive phrase-form; as, "No man is so wicked but (he) loves virtue," (=as not to love virtue).

741. When, however, the subject of the consequent clause and of the principle verb refer to different persons or things, the conjunctive clause form must be used; as, "No man is so wicked that (or as that) his conscience does not check him." "Who is so wicked that his conscience does not check him?" (Ans. No one).

742. Here, likewise, a relative or conjunctive clause is sometimes inclegantly used; as, "Sir Philip Sidney said, 'I never heard the old song of Percy and Douglas that I found not my heart more moved than with a trumpet." "—

Addison.

743. Consequence expressed by the but construction must not be confounded with Condition similarly expressed In the former case we may usually add the expression, "as a consequence," and make sense, in the latter never; as, "Not a leaf falls but we are reminded of death," (as a consequence of its falling). "Not a leaf falls but God wills it." (Here God's will is rather a cause than a consequence, except God wills it, or unless God wills it." (Condition.)

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.

"There is not a man but knows his duty."

"A man but knows his duty" is the Subj. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "man is the B. and modified by but knows his duty," an Adj. El. of the (conjunc.) Rel. Cf. (=who does not know, &c.), denoting QUALITY-CONSEQUENCE. "Who" implied is the Subj. and "knows his duty" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f. "Knows" is the B. and modified by "his duty," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f, denoting the DIR. SUF'G Object.

"Duty" is the B. and modified by "his," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting CONNECTION.

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Is not" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "is" (=exists)

B. and modified by "not" an Adv. El. of the S. (W-f. (undefined). "There" is an expletive.

"No mother is so wicked but desires good children."

It is a sentence. "No mother" is the Subj. of Cx. W-f.; of which "mother is the B. and modified by "no" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

"Is so wicked" and the remainder is the Pred of the Comp. V-f.; of which "is" is the copula, and the remainder is the Comp. of the Cx. W-f. denoting INTELLECTUAL QUALITY, (Moral affection).

"Wicked" is the and modified by "so (=so much) but desires good children," an Adv. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting DEGREE.

So" (so much) is the B. and modified by "but desires good children,"

an Adv. El. of the Conj. C-f. denoting QUANTITY-CONSEQUENCE.

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She," implied, is the Subj. of the S. W-f.

"Desires good children " is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "desires" is the B. and modified by "good children," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting DIR. SUF'G OBJ.

"Children" is the B. modified by "good," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f, denoting INTELLECTUAL QUALITY. (Moral affections.)

"He never goes out without taking cold."

A Dec. Sentence.

"He" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. The remainder is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "goes" is the B. and modified by "out," an Adv. El. of the S. W-f. denoting PLACE WHITHER.

"Goes out" is a second B. and modified by "without taking cold," (=but he takes cold) an Adv. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting CIRCUMSTANTIAL CONSEQUENCE.

"Without taking" is the B. modified by " cold," an Obj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting the FACT. OBJECT, (after idiomatic forms 497).

"Goes out without taking cold" is a third B. and modified by "never," an Adv. El. of the S. W-f. denoting TIME HOW OFTEN.

EXERCISE 90.-Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse. Give equivalent constructions where possible, in the Consequent Elements.

1. No condition is so high but may have fears. 2. "They are not able to read it over to themselves without laughing.”. Addison. 3. "There is nothing so inconsiderable which may not appear dreadful to an imagination that is filled with omens 4. I'll not meddle with and prognostics."-Addison. it (conscience). It makes a man a coward; a man cannot steal but it accuseth him; a man cannot swear but it checks him; it made me once restore a purse of gold.”—Shak.

5. "I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,

But I should think of shallows and of flats,

And see my wealthy Andrew docked in sand."-Shak.

6. "I can say this of him, that there is not
A point in the compass but blows home
A ship in which he is an owner."-Addison.

SEC. XIV.-COMPARISON.

744. Comparison indicates a quality (either adjective or adverbial) or a quantity by comparing it with some other quality or quantity supposed to be known by the reader, and noting its agreement or disagreement therewith; as, "Such a disposition as (122) he has." (Adj. Qual.) "Fought like heroes." (Adv. Quality.) Fought as bravely as the enemy." (Quantity.)

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745. Comparison is also sometimes used in other logical connections, when neither quality nor quantity is referred to; as, "The same man that I saw." "I choose death before this."

746. When the two objects between which the comparison is instituted are unlike in nature or in character, the element becomes what is termed in Rhetoric a Simile; as, "Our days are like the grass." Here manifestly the two objects compared, viz: human life and grass are entirely dissimilar. The only point of resemblance between them being the brevity of the existence of each.

747. The chief beauty thus of a Simile consists in some striking point of resemblance which is noted between the objects compared, while in other respects they are totally unlike. In analyzing, the Element of Comparison should be carefully distinguished from Simile.

748. Comparison, (and likewise its rhetorical form Simile,) may, like Consequence, be considered under three divisions, viz:

1. Quality-Comparison.

2. Quantity-Comparison.

3. Circumstantial Comparison.

SEC. XV.-QUALITY-COMPARISON. COMPARISON OF RESEMBLANCE AND DISTINCTION.

749. This Modifier indicates a quality by instituting a comparison with another known quality: as, "John studies

just as you do." (Comp. of Res.) "John studies differently from you." (Comp. of Distinction.)

750.

When of the word-form it is usually expressed by the adverbs similarly, analagously, alike, &c. for the Comp. of Res. and by dissimilarly, unlike, differently, otherwise, &c. for Comp. of Distinction.

751. The phrase-form takes the relation-word to, which is frequently omitted, and sometimes with, for Comp. of Res. and from, to, and rarely with, for Comp. of Dis.; as, "Acts like (to) his father." "Of like soil with that of America." Acts unlike (to) his father. "Of a soil different from that of America." So, "I think with you." (Comp. Res.) "I disagree with you.' (Comp. Dis.)

752. The clause-form may be either Conj. or Rel.; as, "Did as he did before." "A man of like passions as we are." "Such a position as he desired." (Rel. Cl. 22.) Comp. of Res. "Did differently from what he did before." (Rel. Cl.) "Placed the statue contrary to what it stood before." (Rel. Cl.)Located the building opposite to where it previously stood." (Rel. Cl.) Comp. of Dis.

753. This Element frequently involves an ellipsis; as, "Acted as (he acted) before." "Walks (like) as you do."

754. Quality Comparison is sometimes combined with Condition Contrary to Fact (634); as, "Treated me as if he had been my brother." Here a Comp. of Res. is implied, and the Cond. Contrary to Fact expressed. Thus, “Treated me as he would have treated me, (Comp.) if he had been my brother, (Cond. Cont. Fact.)

The shape

755. Adjective Elements may express Comp. of Quality; as, "A childlike disposition." "A boyish caper. "A planetary motion." of a ball." (Comp. Res.) "Dissimilar tastes." "Unlike habits." (Comp.

Dis.)

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.

"He walks like his father."

A Dec. sentence. "He" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred. The Subj. is of the S. W-f.; of which "walks" is the B. and modified by "like his father," an Ad. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting PHYSICAL QUALITY,

"Like" is the B. and modified by "(to) his father," an Ad. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting COMPARISON OF RESEMBLANCE,

"To father" is the B. and modified by his," an Ad. El. of the S. W-f. denoting RELATIONSHIP.

"Such a position as he desired."

An Element of the Cx. W-f. "Position" is the B. and modified by "such as he desired," an Adj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting DESCRIPTION. "Such" is the B. and modified by

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as he desired," an Adv. El of the Rel.

C-f. denoting COMPARISON OF RESEMBLANCE.

"He" is the Subj. of the S. W ́-f. and "desired" is the Pred. of the S. W-f. "As" is an Obj. El. of the S. W-f, denoting the DIR. SUF'G OBJECT.

"Acts as you do."

An Element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "acts" is the B. and modified by as you do," an Adv. El. of the Conj. C-f. denoting COMPARISON OF RESEM

BLANCE.

You" is the Subj. of the S. W-f, and "do" is the Pred. of the S. W-f. "As" is a subordinate connective.

EXERCISE 91.-—Analyze and define the Elements.

1. Acted like savages. 2. Men of like passions as we are. 3. Lives similarly to the wild beasts. 4. Talks as his father talks. 5. Such persons as I have seen in our city (122). 6. Loves such people as are virtuous. 7. Same kind of hats as

they wear. 8. Advanced with great caution. 9. Supplied with provisions for three months. 10. Was honored, with all his faults and vices. 11. Was killed by the enemy. 12. Was descended from noble blood. 13. Sailed for China. 14. Is influenced by a love of praise. 15. Labors for the accomplishment of his desigu. 16. Acted as if he were insane.

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17. Men talk like philosophers, but live like fools. 18. As you behave, so will they deport themselves. 19. Avoid a slanderer as you would avoid a scorpion. 20. Among them all was found none like Daniel."-Bible. 21. "What city is like to this great city?"-Bible. 22. "Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him."Bible.

23. "Nor oft I've seen such sight, nor heard such song

As wooed the eye and thrilled the Bosphorus along."—Byron.

SEC. XVI.-QUALITY-COMPARISON. COMPARISON OF DISTINCTION.

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS." Placed the image opposite to where it previously stood."

An Element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "placed" is the B. and modified by "the image," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. denoting the Dir. SuF'G OBJECT. "Placed the image" is a second B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Rel. Adj. C-f. denoting PLACE WHERE.

"It" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and "previously stood where," is the Pre 1. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "stood" is the B. and modified by “previously," an Adv. El. of the S. W-f. denoting TIME ANTECEDENT.