39. Relative words are divided into, 1. Relative pronouns. 4. Relative conjunctions. 40. The RELATIVE PRONOUNS are: who, whose, whom, which, what; and the compounds: whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever, whichever, whichsoever, &c. 41. The demonstrative that (20) is sometimes used as a relative, as: "The same man that I saw." So, likewise, the connective as, by reason of an ellipsis (20), has often the force of a relative; as, "Such persons as I never saw before." 42. The RELATIVE ADVERBS, are: where, whence, whither, when, while or whilst, why, how; and the compounds of where, with the relation words: at, by, for (fore), from, in, into, by, on, to, into, under, upon, with, as, whereat, wherefore, &c. 66 43. NOTE. The relative adverbs are always equivalent to relative phrases, (67), as, The place where=in which." "The time when at which." "The reason why-on account of (35) which." So" whereby= by which," "wherewith with which." 44. The RELATIVE ADJECTIVES, are: which, what, and the compounds of the same with ever and soever; as, "To what place," "In which time." 45. The only RELATIVE CONJUNCTION is whether, as, “Don't know whether he will come?" The subordinate connective if, is however, often used for whether; as, "Asked if he was there." 46. INTERROGATIVES. Relatives when used in asking questions are termed interrogatives; as, "Who comes?" "Whence are you? "In what place do you live?" "Whether of them twain did the will of his father? 47. INDEFINITES. Relatives compounded with ever and soever, and the simple relative what, (when not interrogative,) since they usually refer to what is indefinite or general, are termed indefinite relatives; as, "Does what he pleases." So, also, any simple relative form, when ever, and soever, are really implied; as, "I will speak to whom (soever) I wish." 48. NOTE 1. Interrogative and indefinite relatives, never properly take antecedents (38.) Indefinites are sometimes used for simple adjective relatives, and then, of course, have antecedents. 49. NOTE 2. In sacred and poetic style indefinites sometimes have antecedents. In this case the relative usually precedes, and the antecedent is always a pronoun, and quite unnecessary to the sense, as, Whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do." 66 EXERCISE 5.-Distinguish the relatives in the following. Note the interrogatives and indefinites. Give the proper relative phrase for relative adverbs, and point out the antecedents when they occur. (ILLUSTRATION. "The place where we live." "Where" is a relative adverb, equivalent to the phrase in which, and place is its antecedent.) He whom we saw. Who comes? Goes wherever he pleases. When does he go? I know the place where he goes. The reason why he came. Why did he come? Those books whence we derive information. We read what we please. The city whither he came. Where is he whose money this is? What is that which you were saying? Inquired whence he came, of whom you spoke. "Let no man know the business whereabout I send thee." "Their iniquity whereby they have sinned." "Wherefore didst thou doubt?" "All flesh wherein is the breath of life." "It shall accomplish that which I please and shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it." wherewith to answer him that reproveth me.” David whithersoever he went." "Shall have "Prospered SEC. VI.-DEMONSTRATIVE-WORDS. 50. We have, in the preceding sections, considered the relatives in our language. There are other words, correspondents of these, equally relative in their use; that is, they equally relate to an antecedent, but have no connecting power. These are termed demonstratives. 51. Demonstratives like relatives are divided into, 1. Demonstrative pronouns. 2. Demonstrative adverbs. 4. Demonstrative conjunctions. The Demonstrative Pronouns are: this, that, these, those. The Demonstrative Adverbs are: there, thence, thither, then, thus. The Demonstrative Adjectives are: the, this, that, these, those, and sometimes, then and there: as, "The then ministry." "The people there." (20) The Demonstrative Conjunctions are: that, and lest when used in the sense of that: as, "Said that he would go." "Feared lest (=that) he should die.” 52. As the expression wh, is the peculiar characteristic of a relative, so th is the distinguishing feature of a demonstrative. Thus, Relative Pronouns, who, which, what, whose, whom. that, their, them, these, those, theirs, Demonstrative Pronouns, they this, Relative Adverbs, where, whence, whither, when, while, why, how. Demonstrative Adverbs, there, thence, thither, then, thus. 53. Of these, it will be noticed, that, they, their, and them, are used as personal pronouns. That is often used as a relative, (38), and very frequently as a connective. The relatives why and while, have no corresponding demonstrative forms. 54. The demonstrative there may be compounded with the same prepositions as the corresponding relative where. Thus, thereat, thereunto, therefore, thereby, &c. 55. NOTE. Demonstrative adverbs, like relative adverbs are always equivalent to demonstrative phrases. Thus," Thence from that place." "Thither to that place." "Hence from this place." 56. REMARK. That the demonstratives have a relative force cqually with the relatives proper, will be evident from the following: "He went to Loston, where he built a house"= "He went to Boston, and there he built a house." In each example, "Boston" is an antecedent to the following adverb. Notice, also, that the demonstrative adverb has no connecting power, a connective-word being necessary to join the propositions. EXERCISE 6.-Distinguish the relatives and demonstratives. Substitute the proper phrases for relative and demonstrative adverbs, also point out antecedents. The plan, whereby he succeeded. The people there. Vices which we hate. We know what we wish. Journeyed to London; thence to Liverpool. Remained a week, then departed. Understand what you read. What is this that (41) I see? Who ever saw a man that was free from crime? I tell what I know. He opens to whoever knocks. Whoever repents will receive favor. The dog loves whoever feeds him. "No man was able to open the book, neither to look therein." "He thereby offended.” "This is the ordinance of the passover." "There shall no stranger eat thereof." "Whoso removeth stones shall be hurt there with, and he that cleaveth wood shall be endangered thereby." "Strong drink is raging and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise." SEC. VII.-RECAPITULATION. 57. 1. All grammatical elements are, (1.) Significant terms. 2. Significant terms are, (1.) Substantive; i. e., nouns and pronouns. 3. Connective-words are mostly conjunctions, and are, 5. Relative words partake of the nature of significant and connective-words, and are, (1.) Relative pronouns. (2.) Relative adverbs. (4.) Relative conjunctions." 6. Relative-words are, in point of use, (1.) Simple,-which have antecedents. (2.) Interrogatives,-which have no antecedents. (3.) Indefinites,-which usually have no antecedents. (1.) Demonstrative pronouns. (4.) Demonstrative conjunctions. 8. Demonstratives have antecedents, but have no connecting power. 9. The distinguishing characteristic of a relative, is wh; of a demonstrative, th. CHAPTER II. FORMS OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS. SEC. I.--DIVISION INTO CLASSES. 58. As in Grammar, all the words which can enter into discourse, are classified under certain divisions, termed "Parts of Speech," so in Logical Analysis, all the forms of thought which characterize human speech, are classified under certain divisions, called Logical Elements. 59. Now Parts of Speech, as we have seen, (16.) are either significant words, connective-words, or relation-words. Logical Elements, however, are all significant terms, and, consequently, are all embraced under those three divisions of the same, already mentioned, viz: Substantive, Predicative, and Attributive Terms. 60. Again, Parts of Speech are, in point of form, always single words. Logical Elements, on the contrary, may be in form, not only single words, but phrases or clauses. Thus, "Sight is pleasant; To see is pleasant; "That one should see is pleasant." Here the same Logical Element, viz: the subject of the proposition, takes three different forms of outward expression. 61. Hence, Logical Elements are divided, according to the different forms of expression which they may assume, into, 66 1. The Word-form. 62, A WORD-FORM, consists of a single significant word, as, Wisdom," "studies," "good." 63. A PHRASE-FORM, consists of a substantive term* and a relation-word logically connected; as, "With wisdom." "To study," "Of goodness." *We use the expression term in distinction from werd. "Word" means any single |