mon with A. The latter has simply to combine the two; thus, "Pearl-white, hard, smooth, shining," &c. In this he evidently does not really communicate his thought, but on the contrary creates a new conception in the mind of B by means of the images which those familiar terms raise therein.

817. The bond or link between the two elements may be any conventional sign or mark In our language it is the expression is with its grammatical modifications. It is sometimes incorporated in the predicate itself; as, "John works," "John is working."

818. We have said that the subject, with reference to the hearer, embraces things unknown, and the predicate always things known. Now the things not generally known, are, for the most part individuals and species, in distinction from classes and families; as, "tree," "animal," "plant," &c., or qualities, actions, and states; as, "white," 66 sweet," "works,” “sits,' &c., which constitute the common stock of knowledge. Hence, the subject is generally a more specific term than the predicate. Thus, "The panther is an animal." The term "panther," though it applies to a great number of living beings is yet much more specific than the term "animal," which applies to all living beings which live by respiration. So, "The oak is a tree." "The cactus is a plant." "Oxygen is a gas."

819. Sometimes both terms are equally specific, as when identification simply is required; as, "This man is Nap leon; sometimes precisely the same, for the sake of emphasis only; as, Right is right."

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820. From what has been said, it is evident that the subject may always be easily distinguished from the predicate. We have only to ask, which term is the more specific; or of which term is the hearer presumed to be ignorant, and the speaker cognizant.

821. In the sentence, "The wages of sin is death," our best grammatical authors differ as to which is the subject and which the predicate. But here there can be no room for doubt. The Romans, to whom this was addressed by Paul, in common with the whole world, knew what death is; but they most assuredly did not know what sin is, or what its wages or consequences are, in any Christian sense. This Paul knew; hence,

manifestly, "the wages of sin" is the subject, and “is death” is the predicate.

822. A misapprehension of these elements in this particular, has sometimes occasioned grammatical errors. Thus, in the sentence, "His pavilion were dark waters and thick clouds of the sky." (Ps. xviii: 11.) "Were" should be was, since evidently "pavilion," and not "waters," &c., is the subject of the proposition.

823. From what has been said, it is evident that the predicative terms, which one may use in discourse, must have strict reference to the intellectual acquirements of his hearers, since the knowledge which they have in common, constitutes the material out of which he must form and fashion the conceptions he would construct or create in their minds. Hence the difficulty of discoursing to children. Their mental acquisitions are small, and their vocabulary consequently very limited, hence they furnish little material for the construction of new ideas.

824. It should be remarked, that in many propositions, both terms express things familiar to the hearer. In such cases, the force of the proposition resides in the logical combination itself of the two elements, which the hearer is supposed either never to have known, to have forgotten, or not to feel with sufficient force; as, Knowledge is power." Here both the subject and the predicate express things supposed to be familiar to the hearer, but he is presumed not to have ever noted the fact that one could be predicated of the other.

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825. In these propositions the subject is always easily distinguished from the predicate, a reversion of the true logical order always making nonsense.

EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

SELECTIONS FROM SHAKSPEARE.

"I am a fool

To weep at what I am glad of."-Tempest.

"The four winds blow in from every coast,
Renowned Suitors; and her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece

Which makes her seat of Belmont Cholcos' strand,

And many Jasons come in quest of her." (460)

If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches, and poor men's cottages, princes' palaces. It is a good divine that follows his own preaching."

"Love is blind and lovers cannot see

The pretty follies that themselves commit,
For if they could, Cupid himself would blush
To see me thus transformed to a boy." (493)

"The ancient saying is no heresy.

Hanging and wiving go by destiny." (715)
"Happy in this, she is not so old

But she may learn (740); happier in this,
She is not bred so dull but she can learn;
Happiest of all in that her gentle spirit
Commits itself to yours to be directed." (588)

"Sit Jessica: look how the floor of heaven

Is thick inlaid with pattens of bright gold;

There's not the smallest orb, which thou beholdest
But (738) in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-eyed Cherubim."

"The man that hath no music in himself,

Nor is not moved with harmony of sweet sounds
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils."

"By how much unexpected, by so much

We must make endeavor for defence." (758)

"Thou art fair; and at thy birth, dear boy,

Nature and fortune joined to make thee great."

"Methinks nobody should be sad but I,"

"Heat me (477) these irons hot (498) and look thou stand
Within the arras: when I strike my foot

Upon the bottom of the ground, rush forth,"

"If to be fat be to be hated. then Pharaoh's lean kind are to be loved."

"By being seldom seen I could not stir

But like a comet I was wondered at."

"They surfeited with honey: and began

To loathe the taste of sweetness, whereof a little
More than a little is by much too much."

"No prince, nor peer, shall have just cause to say
God shorten Harry's happy life one day."

"He most Christian-like laments his death,
And, for myself, foe as he was to me (644)
Might liquid tears or heart-offending groans,
Or blood-consuming sighs recall his life,

I would be blind with weeping, sick with groans,
Look pale as primrose with blood-drinking sighs,
And all to have the noble Duke alive."

"What stronger breast-plate than a heart untainted.
Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just,
And he but naked, though locked up in steel
Whose conscience with Injustice is corrupted."

"So prosper I as I swear perfect love." (799)

"Your brother's son shall never reign (283; our king,
But we will plant some other on your throne
To the disgrace and downfall of your house."

"Madam, so thrive I in my enterprise
And dangerous success of bloody wars (799)
As I intend more good to you and yours
Than ever you and yours by me were harmed.'

"New customs

Though they be never so ridiculous.

Nay, let 'em be unmannerly, yet are followed."

"Where you are liberal of your loves and counsels,

Be sure you be not loose, for those you make friends (126)
And give your hearts to, when they once perceive

The least rub in your fortunes, fall away

Like water from ye, never found again

But when they mean to sink ye.'

"Thou hast the sweetest face I ever looked on, (126)
Sir, as I have a soul (799). She is an angel,"

"Her foes shake like a field of beaten corn,

And hang their heads with sorrow: good grows with her,
In her days every man shall eat in safety

Under his own vine what he plants, and sing
The merry songs of peace to all his neighbors."

"The noble sister of Publicola,

The moon of Rome, chaste as the icicle
That's curdled by the frost from purest snow,
And hangs on Dian's temple, dear Valeria!"'
"What's in a name, that what we call a rose,

By any other name would smell as sweet." (498)

"The grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night, (485) Chequering (182) the eastern clouds with streaks of light, (609) And flecked darkness like a drunkard reels (746)

From forth day's path, and Titan's fiery wheels."

"I do not fear thy nature.

It is too full of the milk of human kindness." (538)

"The labor we delight in, physics pain." (126)

"Those he commands, move only in command,
Nothing in love (601); nor does he feel his title
Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe
Upen a dwarfish thief."

LATIN ANALYSIS.

In applying the principles of Analysis to the Latin language we shall note only such grammatical forms and constructions as are peculiar to this language. All facts and principles which have been discussed in the English and which are equally true of the Latin, will only be referred to as being thus, and not rediscussed here.

CHAPTER I.

GRAMMATICAL FORMS, (16-58).-CONNECTIVE WORDS, (27-32).

(16-28 equally true of the Latin.)

826. The Coordinate connectives are,

1. COPULATIVES (187),

Et, que, atque, ac, and. Etium, quoque, also. Neque, nec, and not. Neque neque, nec-nec, neque-nec, neither-nor.

2. ALTERNATIVE (190):

Aut, vel, ve, sive (seu), or. Aut-aut, vel-vel, either-or. Sive-sive, either-or.

3. ANTITHETICAL (191):

Sed, autem, vero, but. At, but, on the contrary. Atqui, but rather. Ceterum, but still. Tamen, yet.

4. ILLATIVE (195):

Ergo, igitur, inde, proinde, itaque, hence, therefore.

5. CAUSAL,

Nam, namque, enim, etenim; for.

827. The Correllative Connectives (29) are,

Et-et, et que. que—et, que-que (poetical), both—and, as well-as; non solum-sed etiam, quum-tum, not only-but also; neque-neque, nec-nec, neque-nec, neither-nor.

828. The Subordinate Connectives (20) are,

1. TEMPORAL (560):

Quando. quum, when. Ut, ubi, as, when, Quum primum, ut primum, ubi primum, simul, simulac, simulatque, as soon as. Dum, donec, quoad, quam