2. QUOD, that (836, 4). Gaudeo quod te interpellavi, I rejoice that I molested you.-Cic.

853. With words of doubting Dem. Clauses are generally introduced with the relative quin (836, 4), (qui-ne)=that. Non est dubium quin beneficium sit, there is no doubt that it is a benefit.-Seneca.

854. Dem. Cl's introduced by Ut (ne) always take the Subjunctive mood. Hence we shall term them "Ut-Subjunctive" clauses. Those introduced by Quod, always, (as a rule), take the Indicative mood, and hence we shall term them "Quod-Indicative" clauses.

85 Clauses introduced by Ut (ne)=in order that, (in order that not), or when used in any other sense than simply "that," are not Dem. Cl's. So also clauses introduced by quod in any other sense than that are not Dem. Cl's. Orat ut venies, begs that you will come. (Dem. Cl.) Manet ut venies, remains that you may come in order that, &c. (Conj. Cl.) Ut haec audivit, when he heard these things. (Rel. Cl.)

856. Subjective Dem Clauses are sometimes represented by an expletive or grammatical nominative (13), (hoc, id, or illud) standing at the head of the proposition.

Illud munus fortunae, quod in ea urbe natus est, it was a gift of fortune that he was born in that city.—Nepos. Id agi, ut pons dissolveretur, that it was in contemplation that the bridge should be broken down.

857. Dem. Clauses are sometimes used adjunctively (849). Quid reliquum nisi ut illis obedientes vivamus, what remains except that we live obedient to them.--Sall. Omnia sunt communia nisi quod in philosophia ab eo dissentio, all things are common except that I differ from him in the matter of philosophy.-Cic.

858. NOTE. Nisi in the above examples might indeed be regarded as a conjunction and the clauses following as the subject of a verb understood. but it seems much simpler to regard it as a relation word=except.

859. The connective ut is frequently omitted (88). Id (ut) sinas oro, I beseech you to permit this. Quid vis (ut) faciam, what do you wish 'hat I should do.

860, Dem. Clauses are always used as substantives (198).

SUMMARY.

861. DEMONSTRATIVE CLAUSES are introduced either by Ut (ne) that, (that not or lest), or by Quod, that, and sometimes by quin, that.

1. They are divided into two general classes, the UTSUBJ. and the QUOD-INDIC. C-fs.

2. Dem. Cl's must not be confounded with Conj. and Rel. clauses.

3. An Expletive often stands as the grammatical represen tative of a Dem. cl.

4. Dem. Cl's are sometimes used adjunctively.

5. The Dem. connective ut is often omitted.

6. Dem. Cl's are always used as Substantive Elements (198).

THE INFINITIVE CLAUSE (94–103).

(94. 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, same as in English.)

862. The Subj. of an Inf. Cl. is either in the Nom. or in the Acc. case, according to its prior grammatical construction with the principal verb. Ego dicor vir probus esse, I am said to be a good man. Dicunt, me virum probum esse, they say that I am a good man.

863. When the Subj. has no grammatical construction with any other word in the proposition, it is put in the Acc. This case-form is used for no grammatical reason, but only to save ambiguity; that is, to distinguish the Subj. of the Inf. from that of the principal verb. Legem brevem esse oportet, it is necessary, that a law be brief.-Seneca.

864. The predicative term of an infinitive clause may be in either voice, and in any tense-form of the infinitive.

865. Subjective Inf. Clauses are often represented by an expletive at the head of the proposition. Illud parvi refert, nos vectigalia recuperere, it is of little importance, that we recover our revenues.-Cic.

866. Inf. Clauses are sometimes used adjunctively. In this case the relation is always expressed by a Dat. case-form

of the Subj. (849). Non est omnibus necesse dicere, it is not necessary for all to speak.-Cic.

867. Inf. Clauses are always used substantively (198).

SUMMARY.

868. INFINITIVE CLAUSES have their predicative terms in the Inf. mood.

1. The Subj. of an Inf. Cl. takes either the Noм. or Acc. case-form, according to its prior construction with the principal verb.

2. When the Subj. has no grammatical regimen, it is put in the Acc. to save ambiguity.

3. Inf. Subjective Clauses are sometimes represented by an expletive as in English.

4. Inf. Clauses may be used adjunctively.

5. Inf. Clauses are always used substantively, and have a very extensive use in the Latin.

THE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE (104-116).

(104-107 same as in English.)

869. The Subj. of a Participial Clause, as in the case of the Infinitive Clause, is either in the Nom. or Acc. case, according to its prior grammatical construction with the principal verb. Luna surgens videtur, the moon is seen rising. Videt lunam surgentem, sees the moon rising.

66

66

870. When the Subj. has no grammatical regimen, it takes the Abl. or the Dat. case-form according to the nature of the logical element to be expressed. Thus if it is used to express Cause," "Means," Time," &c., it is put in the Abl,—if “Purpose," or "Object," it is put in the Dat. (874). 871. The predicative term in a participial clause may be either a Pres. Act. a Perf. Pass. or a Fut. Pass. Participle (112).

PRES. ACT. Quem ad speluncam vadentem prohibere, to prevent him (his) coming to the cave.-Liv.

PERF. PASS. Vidit obsessam curiam, saw the senate house besieged,-Tac.

FUT. PASS. PART. Attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, as signs us (our) being slaughtered to Cethegus. (literally). Cic.

872. Rarely the predicative term is a Fut. Act. participal. Caesare venturo redde diem, hasten the day of Cæsar's returning. Mart.

873. Each of these forms of the participial clause are used adjunctively; (849).

PRES. De Sene alteri seculo prospiciente, concerning an old man (man's) looking forward to another age.—Cic.

PERF. PASS. Ob receptum Hannibilem, on account of Hannibal (Hannibal's) having been received-Liv.

FUT. PASS. PART. De imperatore ad id bellum delegendo, concerning a commander (commander's) being chosen for the war.-Cic.

874. This adjunctive relation is often expressed likewise by the case-ending of the Subj. of the clause (849); thus, PRES. PART.-By an Abl. ending. Tarquino regnante, (in) Tarquin's reigning, (or reign).—Liv.

PERF. PASS. Gen: Nuntio affecti a Vespasiani imperii, the news of the empire (empire's) having been aimed at by Vespasian.-Tac. Abl: Religione neglecta, by religion ('s) having been neglected.-Liv.

FUT. PASS. PART. Gen: Consilia urbis delendae, plans of (for) the city ('s) being destroyed. Dat: Firmandae valetudini, for his health ('s) being restored.-Tac. Abl: Rem quaerunt mercaturis faciendis, they seek property by commerce being carried on. (literally). Cic.

875. When the logical relation of the clause is expressed by a relation word, the following prepositions are commonly used: ad, ante, circa, ob, post, propter, inter, with the Acc; Causa and gratia (s29, 4) with the GEN; a, (ab), de, e, (ex) and in with the ABL.

876. When the logical relation of the clause is expressed by the case-form of the Subj. the GEN. has usually the force of the English prepositions of or for; the DAT. that of to or for; and the ABL. that of in, during, after, by, from and through.

877. It must be noted, that, however the logical relation is expressed in such cases, whether by a relation-word or a case-form, in either case it involves the entire clause, and not the Subject merely (80).

878. From the above it is evident that what are usually termed "Ablative Absolute," "Gerundive," and Participial Substantive constructions, (See A. and S. 257, 274, R. 5, (a). 275, II. Hark. 431, 562, 580), are simply participial

elause-forms, the participles in each case having a clear predicative force; and this as strongly marked as in the case of the infinitive predicate, in infinitive clauses.

of the most interest

Its use is varied and

879. The Participial Clause is one ing clausal constructions in the Latin. extensive, and especially in the Future Passive form, it is finely adapted to oratorical discourse. Hence it is a favorite construction with Cicero.

880. Unlike the English (115), in the Latin, a Part. Cl. can be exchanged for an Inf. only after words of Physical Sensation (218); and never for a demonstrative.

881. Part. Cl's are generally used Substantively (198).

882.

SUMMARY.

PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES have their predicative terms in the participial mood.

1. Attributive participles must not be confounded with predicative participles.

2. The Subj. of a Part. Cl. may take either the Nom. or the Acc. case-form.

3. When the Subj. has no grammatical regimen, it takes either the Dat. or the Abl. case-form, according to its logical force as a modifier (870).

4. The predicative term in a Part. Cl. may be any one of the four Latin participles (871).

5. Each of the four forms of the Part. Cl. may be used adjunctively (869).

6. The logical relation which an Adjunc. Part. Cl. holds to other words, may be expressed either by a relation-word or by a case-form of the Subj. of the same.

7. Part. Cl's are usually termed "Abl. Absolute," "Gerundive," and Participial Substantive constructions in the Grammars (878).

8. Part. Clauses are not, generally, interchangeable with Dem. and Inf. Cl's, as in English.

9. Part. Cl's are used both substantively and adverbially.

THE RELATIVE CLAUSE 117-130).

(117-119 same as in English.)

883. Relative Clauses introduced by ut (836, 4), must not be confounded with Dem. Cl's (855, 120).