CHAPTER 111.

THE ADJECTIVE ELEMENT, (522–551).

The leading facts are the same as in English. Note also 253. 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, which apply equally to the Latin.

919. The W-f. is commonly an adjective proper, an adjective pronoun, or a substantive used as an APP.

Magister optimus, the best teacher.-Cic. Istam mentem, that purpose.Cic. Urbs Roma, the city Rome.

For the grammatical regimen of Adjectives, Pronouns and Appositives, see Hark. 438, 439; 445-459; and 363.

920-1. The P-f. is generally a GEN. case-form.

Pater consulis. (Relationship 547). Domus Cæsaris, the house of Cæsar. (Possession 543). Pars hominum, part of the men. (Inclusion 548). Adolescens summæ audaciæ, a youth of the greate t boldness. (Mental quality 530). 2. The P-f. of a complex adjective modifier may be expressed by the ABL.

Pulchritudine eximia foemina, a woman of exquisite beauty.-Cic. 3. The DAT. case-form occasionally occurs.

Casari ad pedes, at Caesar's feet.-Caes. Cui corpus, whose body.-- Virg. (254, 4). Exitium pecori, the destruction of the flock.-Virg.

4. The Acc. or the ABL., with a preposition, may be used. Nemo de iis, no one of them of and from them. (Incl. 548 and Sep.) Primus inter omnes, the first of all of and among. (Incl. 548 and Ass. 911).

5. The P-f. of the App. adjective element (258) is commonly a GEN. case-form.

Nomen sapientia, the name of wisdom.-Cic. Virtus continentiae, the virtue of moderation.

921. The C-f. is generally a Rel.-Indic. cl. (888).

Ninus et Semiramis, qui Babylona condiderant, Ninus and Semiramis, who had founded Babylon.-Vell. (Description 533). Animal quem vocamus hominem, the animal which we call man.-Cic. (Designation 535).

The C-f. of the App. adjective element may be either of the four Substantive clause-forms (906, 3).

Oraculum datum erat victrices Athenas fore, the oracle that Athens would be victorious had been given. (Decl. cl. 896).-Cic. Haec lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque rogemus res turpe, nec faciamus rogati. let this law be held sacred in friendship, (viz.) that we neither ask base things, nor, if asked, do them. (Imp. cl. 225, 897, 1), Hinc (226) intelligatis quod moleste fero, &c., you may know from this circumstance (viz.), that I exceedingly regret, &c. (Dec. il. 896, 3).-Cic.

922. Adjective Elements in Latin, as in English (528), are used to express Objective, Local, Temporal, Modal and Causal relations as well as their own proper adjective modifications (460, 468, 474, 479, 484, 488, 492, 503, 511, 559, 567, 579, &c., &c.).

W-f. Nostra caedes, our slaughter.-Cic. (Suf'g Obj.) Metus hostilis,fear of the enemy. (Suf'g Obj.) Fiducia tua, confidence in you.-Plaut. (Causal Obj.) Cura mea, my care.-Cic. (Agent and Author.) Meus labor, my labor. (Agent and Author.)

P-f. Odium vitii, hatred of vice. (Suf'g Obj.) Artifex mundi, the creator of the world. (Fact. Obj.) Iter Capuam, a journey to Capua.-Cic. (Place whither.) Frumentum dierum decem, corn for ten days,-Sall. (Time H. L,) Radii Solis, rays of the Sun. (Source.) Dolar podagrae, pain of the gout. Cause.) Apparatus triumphi, preparation for a triumph. (Purpose.)

C.f. Eo consilio ut praesto esset ille, with this plan that he should be present.-Cic. (App. Adj cl. Purpose.) Non is sum ui his utar, am not he who uses (such a one as to use) these things. (Consequence.)

923. Adjective elements of the W-f. in Latin are often best rendered by a P-f. in English, and vice versa.

Evandrius ensis, the sword of Evander. (Poss. 543). Virg, W-f. Civilis furor, the rage of the citizens. (Agent and Author, 581.)-Hor.

SUMMARY.

924-1. The Adj. El. in Latin expresses all the relations indicated by it in English.

2. The W-f. is generally an Adjective proper, or an App. 3. The P-f. is commonly a GEN. case-form.

4. The C-f. is generally a Rel.-Indic. clause; when an App. it may be either of the four Substantive clauses.

5. The Adjective element may express all the Objective and Adverbial relations.

THE LOCAL MODIFIER, (553-559). PLACE WHERE. 925-1. The W-f. is generally (554) an adverb ending in or ic.

Ibi, there; ubi, where; hic, here; illic, there; &c.

2.

The P-f. is expressed by the ABL. with IN.

In Thracia vixit, lived in Thrace.-Nep.

3. The relation-word is sometimes omitted. This is the case regularly with the NAMES OF TOWNS; frequently with loco,

locis, parte, partibus, dextra, laeva, terra, mari; and often, in the poets, with the names of countries.

Athenis fuit, was at Athens.-Cic. Terra marique, on land and on sea.Liv. Puppe sedens, sitting in the stern.--Ovid.

4. Names of Towns of the FIRST or SECOND DECLENSION and SINGULAR NUMBER, take the GEN. case-form.

Habitat Mileti, lives at Miletus.-Ter.

5. Certain more indefinite relations of place where, are indicated by the Acc. with ad, ante, adversus, apud, cis, citra, circa, circum, circiter, contra, extra, infra, intra, juxta, propter, prae, pone, post, supra, secundum, trans, ultra, and some others.

Ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio decreta est, a thanksgiving has been decreed at all the shrines.-Cic. Cis Rhenum incolunt, they live on this side the Rhine.--Cæs. Inter falcarios, among the scythe makers.-Cic. Subter terras, under the earth.-Liv. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam, you were then at Laeca's.-Cic. Miseaum apud, (841) at Misenum.-Tuc.

The Abl. w. pro, sub, subter, and some other relationwords, is sometimes used.

Sub monte consedit, encamped at the foot of the mountain.-Cæs. Pro aede Castoris, berfore the temple of Castor.-Cic. Subter litore, below the shore.Catull.

PLACE WHENCE.

926—1. The W-f. is generally indicated by adverbs in de and inc.

Inde, thence; illinc, thence; unde, whence; alicunde, from some place; &c. 2. The P-f. is expressed by the ABL. with ab, de or ex, (either alone, or sometimes in composition with the verb).

Ex castris proficiscantur, they go forth from the camp.-Cæs. Ab Zama discedit, departed from Zama.-Sall.

3. The relation-word is sometimes omitted. This is regularly the case with Names of Towns, and with the forms domo, humo, rure, ruri; and rarely with the names of countries.

Corintho fugit, fled from Corinth.-Cic. Domo profectus, having set out from home.-Nep. Classis Cypro advenit, a fleet came from Cyprus.-Liv. 4. Adjective elements occur.

Narbone reditus, a return from Narbo.-Cic.

PLACE WHITHER.

927-1. The W-f. is an adverb in o or uc.

Aliquo, to some place; citro, whither; eo, thither; huc, hither; illuc, thither, &c.

2. The P-f. is the Acc. with in, (or ad, if the vicinity merely of the place is referred to).

Te in Epirum venisse (916) gaudeo, I rejoice that you have gone to Epirus.-Cic.

3. As in the case of Place Where and Place Whence, the relation-word is sometimes omitted. This ellipsis occurs regularly with the Names of Towns, and the words domum, rus, and foras; sometimes, with the names of small islands; and often in the poets, with any words.

Romam proficiscitur, goes to Rome.-Sall. Rus ibo. I will go into the country. Pausaniam Cyprum miserunt, they sent Pausanius to Cyprus.Nep. Italiam venit, came to Italy.-Virg.

4. The DAT. is sometimes used. This is always the regimen with propinquo; it often occurs with verbs compounded with ad, in, and sub; and is found occasionally with other verbs, in the poets.

Clamor it coelo, a shout rises to heaven.-Virg. Scopulo propinquat, approaches the rock.-Virg. Scalas moenibus admovet, moves the ladders to the walls. Tact.

5. Adjective elements occur here.

Iter est mihi Lanuvium, I have a journey to Lanuvium.-Cic. Adventus Romam, an arrival at Rome.-Liv.

PLACE WHICH WAY, (Route).

928-1. The W-f. is usually an adverb in a or ac.

Alia, by another way; ea, that way; hac, this way; qua, in which way. 2. The P-f. is generally an ABL.

Porta Collina urbem intravere, they entered the city by the Colline gate.Liv. Media urbe pergunt, they advance through the midst of the city.-Id.

3. When it is desired to indicate the route more definitely, the Acc. with per, trans, ad, in, circum, versus, and secundum, and some others is used.

Ad occasum, tɔwards the west.-Plin. Transmare currunt, they run across the sea.-Hor.

4. Adjective elements occur here.

Per Thebas iter fecit, made a journey through Thebes.-Nep.

SPACE HOW FAR.

929-1. The W-f. is an Acc.

Stadia centum et viginti processimus, they advanced one hundred and twenty stadia.

2. The W-F. may be expressed by an adverb, or by the Acc. case-form.

Quinque millia passuum ambulare, to walk five miles.-Cic.

3. The P-f. is expressed by the Acc. with per. It only rarely occurs.

4. When "Space How Far" is considered rather as the "Measure of Difference" between two places (673) than as simple distance, the ABL. is used.

Millibus passuum sex a Cæsaris castris consedit, sat down six miles from the camp of Cæsar.-Cues. Quindecem ferme millium (536) Spatio castra ab Ta. rento posuit, pitched his camp a distance of nearly five miles (538) from Ta

rentum.

5. If however the idea of distance is the more emphatic, the Acc. is used even when the element of "Meas. of Dif." is plainly involved.

Tria passuum millia ab ipsa urbe castra posuit, pitched his camp three miles from the city itself.-Liv.

6. Space How Far is sometimes indicated by marking the beginning of the route; sometimes by marking the end; and sometimes by indicating both. The constructions for Whence in the first case; for Whither in the second and the expressions for both Whence and Whither in the third case, are then used.

SUMMARY.

930-1. PLACE WHERE. The W-f. is commonly an adverb in i or ic.

2. The P-f. is the ABL. with IN; in is omitted with Names of Towns. Names of Towns of the FIRST and SECOND DEC. and singular number take the GEN. form.

3. More definite localities are expressed by the Acc. or ABL. with a preposition.

4. PLACE WHENCE. The W-f. is an adverb in de or inc.