elegant ivory combs." "A stone tem"Those books

combs ;" and not, "ivory elegant combs ;" 66
or
Again, "Many houses of brick,"=" Many brick houses."
ple of great beauty,"=" A very beautiful stone temple."
which were lost,"" Those lost books."

170. REMARK. That there is in our language a fixed order in the arrangement of different modifiers, based upon philosophy and recognized in universal usage, will become evident upon a little reflection. We say involuntarily," Large red roses;" not "Red large roses." The old stone tower ;" not " The stone old tower."-" Beautiful English cloths;" not " English beautiful cloths ;" &c. This will be more fully considered in Part II.

EXERCISE 18. Analyze according to the illustration. ILLUSTRATION.

"More beautiful books."

An El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "book" is the B. of the S. W-f., and modified by "beautiful ;” a Subt. El. of the S. W-f. Beautiful books"

66

is a Sec. B., and modified by " More ;" an El. of the S. W-f.

"Good kings of England."

An El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "kings" is the B. of the S. W-f., and modified by " of England;" (for the sense is "good English kings," and not "English good kings,) a Subt. El. of the S. P-f. "Kings of England" is a Sec. B., and modified by "good," a Subt. El. of the S. W-f.

"Jewels of gold from rich mines in California."

An El. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "jewels" is the B. of the S. W-f., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. El. of the Cx. P-f.; of which "of gold" is the B. of the S. P-f., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. El. of the Cx. P-f.; of which "from mines" is the B. of the S. P-f., and modified by "in California," (for the sense is, "rich California mines," and not "California rich mines.") a Subt. El. of the S. P-f. "From mines in California" is a Sec. B., and modified by "rich," a Subt. El. of the S. W-f.

1. Universal biographical dictionary. 2. Lexicon of the Latin language. 3. Books of the Chronicles of the Kings. 4. Josephus' History of the Jewish war. 5. Philosophical grammar of the English Language. 6. Author of the poor man's library. 7. Writings of the Apostolic Fathers of the first century. 8. At the Court of Elizabeth, Queen of England in the sixteenth century. 9. At the city of Boston, in the State of Massachusetts. 10. Those three, large, beautiful, cloth-bound volumes of American poetry. 11. Builds with great rapidity most elegant houses. 12. Said that you knew. 13. Since the weather was cold, an unfortunate circumstance. 14. If he had failed in business, what everybody expected. 15.

what you disbelieved.

Said that he was right,

Write five sentences containing a complex subordinate, of the word-form, five containing complex subordinates of the phraseform, and five containing the same of the clause-form.

SEC. VI. THE COMPOUND BASE.

171. "Large rivers and oceans." Here the word "large modifies both "rivers" and "oceans," and hence the base of "large" is compound. (149.)

172. Sometimes one of the constituents of a compound base is omitted. Such ellipses usually occur, when the same term (i. e. the base) is made to apply to different objects; as, "The old and the new Testament." Here the term "Testament" is made to refer to two different writings, and, fully expressed, would read, "The old Testament and the new Testament." This form of the compound base must be carefully noted.

173. NOTE. When there is an ellipsis of one of the constituents of a compound base, the article should always, if used at all, be repeatedthus, it would be bad English to say, "The old and new world," since two different worlds are referred to. Say, "The old and the new world."

EXERCISE 19. Analyze the following.

ILLUSTRATION. "Every man, woman and child." An El. of the Cd. W-f.; of which, "man, woman and child," is the B. of the Cd. W-f., and modified by "every," a Subt. of the S. W-f.

"Houses and stores which were burned." An El. of the Cd. W-f., of which, "houses and stores is the B. of the Cd. w-f., and modified by "which were burned," a Subt. of the S. Rel. C-f.

1. Of great size and beauty. 2. Among our friends and foes. 3. Since the sun shines and the rain falls. 4. Threescore and ten. 5. Brown and Smith, co-partners in the business of shoemaking. 6. Many noble sons and daughters of Adam and Eve. 7. Every tree, shrub and herb of the field. 8. English manners, customs and habits. 9. The old world and the new. 10. Of immense wealth, honor and greatness. 11. From the cities, towns and hamlets of the extensive domains of our country, beyond the Rocky Mountains. 12. Knows that seasons change, suns shine, stars twinkle, and zephyrs blow. 13. That we may be happy and prosper. 14. Him, who is the great Father of us all. 15. Prevents his going to sea. 16. Knew him to be

a traitor.

Write five sentences containing compound word-forms, five containing compound phrase-forms, and five containing compound clause-forms.

SEC. VII. THE COMPOUND SUBORDINATE.

174. 66 Long and deep rivers." Here "long and deep" is the modifier of “rivers,” and is, therefore, a compound subordinate. (149.) So "Men of genius and learning." Here "of genius and learning" is a subordinate of the compound phraseform. "Shall go if it be pleasant and if my friend arrive." Here we have a subordinate of the compound clause-form.

175. Sometimes one of the significant terms of a compound subordinate of the phrase-form, is omitted. Thus; " 'My travels in and about Boston."

176. The compound subordinate should not be confounded with the complex subordinate, (164) or the complex base. (156) The difference will be manifest, on reflection. Between each of the constituents of a compound subordinate a coördinate is either expressed, or clearly implied. This is not true of the others. Thus :

Good and wise and patriotic men. (Cd. Sub.)

Much more patriotic men. (Cx. Sub.)

Those ancient patriotic men. (Cx. B.)

177. NOTE 1. The difference in the logical force of these three different forms of expression, will become more manifest, if we put a connective between each constituent, in each case. Thus :

"Good and wise and patriotic men."

"Much and more and patriotic men."

"Those and ancient and patriotic men."

The first, now, makes good sense; the last two, absolute nonsense.

178. NOTE 2. Observe the difference in the meaning of the follow

ing:

"The black and white horse."

"The black and the white horse."

"The black and white horses."

In the first, reference is made to one horse, which is of a white and black, or dappled color. It is, therefore, an El. of the Cx. W-f., of which "horse" is the base, and modified by "black and white," a subordinate of the Cd. W-f.

In the second, reference is made to two horses, of which one is black and the other white. This is, therefore, an El. of the Cd. W-f., of which "horse," implied, is the first constituent, and modified by "black;" and "horse," expressed, is the second constituent, and modified by "white."

In the third case reference is made to two or more horses whose color is black and white. Here the analysis is the same as in the first example.

179. REMARK. As these distinctions materially affect the sense, they should be thoroughly mastered by the pupil. So likewise all those in the previous sections under this chapter.

EXERCISE 20. Analyze the following.

ILLUSTRATION. etry of Homer."

"Writings

concerning the birth, age, and po

An element of the Cx. P-f. of which "writings" is the B. and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. P-f.; of which "concerning, birth, age and poetry," is the B. of the Cd. P-f, and modified first by of Homer," (The sense is "the Homeric poetry," and not" Homeric the poetry.") a Subt. of the S. P-f.

"Concerning birth, age and poetry of Homer," is the second B. of the Cx. and Cd. W-f, and modified by " the," a Subt. of the S. W-f. "Easier and more agreeable manners."

An element of the S. W-f; of which "manners" is the B. of the S. W-f, and modified by " easier and more agreeable," a Subt. of the Cd. W-f. "Easier," is of the S. W-f, and " more agreeable," of the Cx. W-f. of which" agreeable," is the B. and "more," the Subt. of the S. W-f.

1. Obstinate, brutal and savage tempers. 2. States of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. 3. Bad habits of chewing and smoking. 4. Said that you must go and that I must remain. 5. Many beautiful Mexican horses. 6. By far more capacious dwellings. 7. Very many exceedingly large cities. 8. The old and the new Testament. 9. A greater or smaller obstruction to the speakers' or the writers' aim. 10. An epic and a dramatic poem. 11. A very excellent lyric poem by our most noted American author. 12. Ships of immense size and of great strength. 13. Very capacious and extremely beautiful apartments. 14. That a battle was fought and that the enemy was conquered. 15. The animal and the vegetable world. 16. Saw them advancing with great rapidity. 17. His going to Europe, which he had long contemplated. 18. For him to steal, a strange thing. 19. Prevented his advancing. 20. Thought of your coming.

Write five sentences containing a compound base, and five containing a compound subordinate.

SEC. VIII.—THE COMPOUND ELEMENT (Con.) THE CO-ORDINATE.

180. We have seen that a compound element, consists of two or more simple or complex elements taken together. Now the several constituents of a compound element, since they are of

equal rank and importance in the proposition, and hold the same logical relation to other elements, are termed CO-ORDINATES; as, "Cæsar and Brutus were at variance." Here" Cæsar" and Brutus are coördinates.

66

181. Coördinates of the word-form usually represent the same kind of logical terms (17.); as,

Substantive: Cities and towns were destroyed."

Predicative: "We read and write." "Saw them singing and dancing."

Attributive:

and great men."

"Works constantly and vigorously." "Good

182. Sometimes a participle and a verb, since they are both predicatives, are Co-ordinate. This is usually the case with the participle, when it is construed with the verb and has merely a predicative force without any attributive idea, as of time or cause, connected with it; as, "The soldiers, fixing their bayonets, charged.(=fixed their bayonets and charged.) This co-ordinate use of the participle is very common in the Latin.

So nouns and pronouns, since both are Substantive terms, are often coordinate; as, "James and thou and I went to the show."

183. Coördinates are usually of the same class. This is almost invariably the case, when the coördinates are copulative (187); as, "Wise and generous men." (W-fs.) "Men of wisdom and of generosity. (P-fs.) But not, "Wise men and of generosity."

Sometimes, however, we find coördinates of different classes, as, “Asked his name (W-f,) and whence he came.” (C-f.)

184. NOTE. When there are more than two co-ordinates in a compound element, the connective word is usually expressed only with the last; in the case of phrase-forms the relation-word is usually expressed only with the first; as, "Sovereign of England, Scotland and Ireland." So also a modifier common to all, is usually expressed only with the first; as," Every man, woman and child." These ellipses are supplied, however, when great force and emphasis are demanded; as, “Where Time, and Pain, and Chance, and Death, expire."-[Young.

185. Coördinates of the clause-form have each a substan tive, and a predicative term; as, "If John writes and James reads." But "If John and James read;" or, "If John writes and reads;" or, "If John and James write and read," contain coördinates of the word-form only.

EXERCISE 21. Analyze the following.

ILLUSTRATION. "Wise and learned judge."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "judge” is the B. and modified