by "wise and learned," a Subt. of the Cd. W-f; of which "wise" and "learned," are the co-ordinates of the S. W-f.

"Tallest, handsomest, and strongest man of his age."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "man" is the B. and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cx. and Cd. W-f; of which tallest, handsomest and strongest," is the B. of the Cd. W-f (The co-ordinates "tallest, handsomest and strongest," are each of the S. W-f.) and modified by "of his age," a Subt. of the Cx. P-f;-of which " of age" is the B. and modified by "his," a Subt. of the S. P-f.

"Of remarkable skill and power in the art of war."

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An element of the Cx. and Cd. P-f; of which " of skill and power," is the B. of the Cd. P-f, and modified by “remarkable," a Subt. of the S. P-f. Of remarkable skill and power," is the second B., and modified by "in the art of war," a Subt. of the Cx. P-f; of which "in art," is the B., and modified by "of war," a Subt. of the S. P-f.

"In art of war," is a second B. and modified by " the," a Subt. of the S. W-f.

1. Most noble, gracious and royal sovereign. 2. The first two books of the Ænead of Virgil. 3. Many other remarkable works. 4. Soil of great depth and richness. 5. When the rains descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew. 6. National debt at different periods of our history. 7. Committee of ways and means. 8. English Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, for the Colonies, and for the Home Department. 9. Violations of established rules of grammar and rhetoric. 10. Emotions of the sublime and beautiful. 11. Agreement of words in gender, number and case. 12. Sweetness, grace and beauty of Milton's numbers, in his Paradise Lost. 13. General change in manners and customs throughout Europe. 14. Criminal sins of lying and stealing. 15. That despicable degrading sin, the vice of covetousness. 16. Knew how it was done and who did it. 17. Inquired who came, where they lived, and what they said. 18. Remarked how grand the view was. 19. Encouraged his studying and your working. 20. The sun rising, and the clouds dispersing, what all desired.

Write five sentences containing co-ordinates of the word-form, five containing the same of the phrase-form, and five containing the same of the clause-form.

SEC. IX.-CLASSIFICATION OF CO-ORDINATES.

186. Coördinates may be divided, according to their logical relationship one to another, into,

1. COPULATIVE. 2. ALTERNATIVE. 3. ANTITHETICAL. 4. CONCESSIVE. 5. ILLATIVE.

187. Copulative coördinates are those which are considered together, either affirmatively or negatively with reference to another thought; as, "Homer and Virgil were poets." "Good

and great poets."

188. When it is desired to make the added thought emphatic, or to strengthen the connection between thoughts of equal importance, the correlatives, "both-and," "not onlybut also," "not only-but likewise," "as well-as," "andtoo," and-likewise," "and-besides," &c., are used; "Both rich and poor." "Not only the old, but also the young." "As well the bad as the good." "He and thou too."

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as,

"and not;" "Either

189. Copulative coördinates are connected negatively by the correlatives :-" Neither-nor," 66 nor-nor," as, "Neither you nor me," (=not you and not me). or," in negative interrogative clauses (Sec. XIII) is equivalent to "neither-nor," in force, and hence copulative; as, “Shall either interest or inclination withhold me from duty." (=Neither interest nor inclination shall, &c.

190. Coördinates are Alternative when one only is considered true in a given logical connection; which one, however, is not specified; as, "Either slavery or liberty must die." The Alternative connectives are, "Either-or," "neither-nor."

191. Coördinates are Antithetical, when they are set forth in contrast, one with another. The connective but is most commonly used; as, "Learning is good, but wisdom is better."

192. The Antithesis is strengthened by the correlatives, “Nownow," "Here-there," "On the one hand-on the other hand," &c.; as, They moved forward now to the right hand and now to the left.

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193. Copulative and Alternative Coördinates are sometimes Antithetical, likewise; as, "The rich and the poor." "Neither things present nor things to come."

194. Concessive Coördinates have substantially the same logical force as the Concessive modifier. (See Part II.) They are usually connected by the conjunctions, but, still and yet; as, "He was poor, but happy." "Wise, yet wicked."

195. Illative coördinates express an inference or conclusion, and thus very nearly resemble the attributive modifier of

CLASSIFICATION OF CO-ORDINATES.

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Consequence (See Part II.); as, "He was learned, therefore respected."

EXERCISE 22. Analyze the following.

ILLUSTRATION.

“Men learned, wise and influential.”

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which men is the B., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. W-f.; of which learned, wise and influential," are copulative co-ordinates, of the S. W-f.

"Knows that life is short but art is long."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which knows is the B. of the S. W-f and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. Dem. C-f; of which "that life is short," and "that art is long," are antithetical co-ordinates.

"Men of power, but of little influence."

An element of the Cx. W-f; of which "Men" is the B., and modified by the remainder, a Subt. of the Cd. P-f; of which "of power," and of little influence," are adversative co-ordinates.

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The first co-ordinate is of the S. P-f. The second is of the Cx. P-f ; of which "of influence" is the B. and modified by "little," a Subt. of the S. W-f.

1. Gifts not expensive but significant. 2. Men of wealth but of no power in society. 3. Houses neither costly nor convenient. 4. Houses costly, but inconvenient. 5. Asked whether he would go. 6. Said he would neither go nor stay. 7. Desires not preaching, but practice. 8. Severe, but salutary sorrows. 9. Considers himself slighted..

RECAPITULATION.

196. 1. Each of the three different classes of logical elements, may take three forms viz.: Simple, complex, and compound; or, sometimes, both complex and compound.

2. Simple elements are such as are unmodified.

The

3. Complex elements are such as have modifications. leading thought is the base; the modifier is called the Subordi

nate.

4. The base itself may be complex, or compound, with reference to a given subordinate.

5. The subordinate itself, may be complex, or compound, with reference to a given base.

6. Both base and subordinate may be complex, or compound, in the same logical element.

7. The coördinates of a compound element are, usually, of the same class, and the same kind of logical terms :—all substantive, all predicative, or all attributive.

8. Coördinates are divided into Copulative, Alternative, Antithetical, Concessive and Illative.

CHAPTER IV.

THE FUNCTIONS

ELEMENTS.

OF LOGICAL

SEC. I.-THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM.

197. Having in the preceding chapter considered the various Forms of Expression which Logical Elements may assume, we come now to consider the various offices which these elements perform, in a general way, in discourse.

198. We have seen (59) that logical elements may be divided into three classes, viz: Substantive, Attributive, and Predicative terms. Now substantive elements may perform five distinct offices in a proposition, viz:

1. The Subjective.

2. The Predicative.
3. The Objective.
4. The Appositive.

5. The Adjunctive.

199. A substantive element is used subjectively when it constitutes the subject of a proposition, i. e., that of which the affirmative is made;

as, "He came." (W-f.) "About twenty came." (P-f.) "That twenty came is manifest." (C-f.)

200. A substantive term is used predicatively when with the copulait constitutes the predicate of a proposition. "Debt is misery." (W-f.) "Out of debt is out of misery.” ̄`[P-f] “The truth is that debt is misery." (C-f.)

201. A substantive element is used objectively when it constitutes the object of a predicative element; as, "Said this." (W-f.) Spoke to me." (P-f.) Thinks me to be honest." (C-f.)

202. A substantive element is used appositively when it denotes, the same person or thing as another substantive term with which it is logically associated; as, "The city Boston." (W-f.) "The city of Boston." (P-1.) "The fact that this city is Boston." (C-f.)

203. A substantive element is used adjunctively when it constitutes the substantive term in a phrase-form; as, "From whom." (W-f.) From among whom." (P-f.) "From whoever is present. (C-f.) So likewise the possessive form, (69); as, Your book." (W-f.) A book of yours." (P-f.) “A sign of his coming" (C-f.)

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204. The adjunctive term may be at the same time a predicative term; as, "Over the hills is in the west." "This book is John's"

205. REMARK. The substantive term in its predicative office constitutes along with the copula, (200) a predicative term, and hence will be farther discussed under that head. The appositive substantive is properly an adjective element and will be discussed in connection with that element. The adjunctive substantive, along with the relation-word, constitutes a phrase-form, and consequently will be regarded hereafter only in the latter capacity.

SEC. II. THE SUBSTANTIVE TERM. CONTINUED.

206. The Word-form of the substantive term is commonly, grammatically considered, (18)

1. A Noun; as, " Caesar conquered." "Men die."
2. A Pronoun; as, 66
They were conquered."

It may be however any "part of speech." (20) Thus it is sometimes

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3. An Adjective; as, "We respect the wise."

4. An Adverb; as, "Knows where he came from." (63)

'Stopped at once." "Has waited until now."

5. A Participle; as, "Walking is healthful."
6. A Verb; as, "Made a forced march."

7. A Preposition; as, "A sound from within.”

207. The Phrase-form of the substantive term involves the use of a large number of relation-words; as, "About twenty came." "The city of Boston.” "Out of debt is freedom from care," &c.